Deuben industrial power station

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Deuben industrial power station
Power plant (2004)
Power plant (2004)
location
Industrial power plant Deuben (Saxony-Anhalt)
Deuben industrial power station
Coordinates 51 ° 6 '43 "  N , 12 ° 4' 34"  E Coordinates: 51 ° 6 '43 "  N , 12 ° 4' 34"  E
country Germany
Data
Type Lignite power plant
combined heat and power
Primary energy Fossil energy
fuel Brown coal
( Central German brown coal region )
power 86 megawatts (as of 2017)
owner EP Energy
operator MIBRAG
Start of operations 1936
Website https://www.mibrag.de/
f2

The Deuben industrial power plant is a lignite power plant in Deuben in the Burgenland district in Saxony-Anhalt . The complex is operated as a CHP plant in conjunction with a dust and previously also a briquette factory by the Mitteldeutsche Braunkohlengesellschaft mbH (MIBRAG). Domestic lignite from the Profen open-cast mine located around five kilometers to the southwest is processed in the production facilities . According to information from Greenpeace and the Federal Network Agency, the industrial plant is the oldest active lignite power plant in Germany. Parts of the technology have been in operation since 1936.

history

Electricity has been generated at the Deuben location for more than 100 years. The beginnings of coal processing even go back to the 19th century. In 1880 the mining entrepreneur Carl Adolf Riebeck opened the Marie brown coal mine with an attached briquette factory near Deuben . For this purpose, A. Riebeck'sche Montanwerke AG built a first power plant in 1908, consisting of two piston steam engines with flywheel generators and two steam turbines with an output of 2.5 megawatts. From 1912 the system was expanded to 9.3 megawatts and electricity was also fed into the public network . In 1934, the Marie mine was closed and the steam engine power plant was demolished.

1936 to 1952

From 1936 A. Riebeck'sche Montanwerke AG built a new, high-tech center for lignite processing with its own CHP power plant , modern briquette factory, a ring press system and a coal mill . As of 1938, the power plant comprised six steam boilers and four back pressure turbines with an installed capacity of 57.6 megawatts. The briquette factory was equipped with eight dryers and twelve presses with a capacity of 1,800 tons of briquettes per day, and the indulgence was equipped with six Lurgi purging gas steamers . At that time, the plant in Deuben was considered the largest and most modern coal refining plant in the Central German lignite district . The complex had a dedusting system with electrostatic precipitators to separate particles from gases and, from 1942, a flue gas desulfurization system .

For the supply of industrial plant with lignite began in 1937, the disruption of the pit Otto Scharf at Köttichau , then a surface mining of superlatives. Among other things, a bucket chain swing excavator with a cutting height of 55 meters was used; 1938 the largest excavator in the world. Out of the pit one went works railway directly to the processing plant in Deuben. The tractors specially developed for the Otto-Scharf-Grube were among the world's heaviest and most powerful electric locomotives for several years .

The open pit went into operation in April 1939. In the same year, Braunkohle-BENZ AG (BRABAG) started fuel production and lubricating oil production from lignite tar in the newly established Zeitz hydrogenation plant , which was largely supplied by the Deuben brewery. After the Second World War, parts of the facilities in Deuben and the entire equipment of the Otto Scharf mine were dismantled as a reparation payment and Riebeck'sche Montanwerke AG was transferred to a Soviet stock corporation (SAG). In 1953 it was converted into a state-owned company of the GDR .

1953 to 1989

In honor of the proletarian writer Erich Weinert , who died in 1953 , the industrial works in Deuben, along with the connected opencast mines, were given the official name VEB lignite works 'Erich Weinert' Deuben . It was later converted into a combine . In common parlance, the abbreviation BKW Deuben was used. The plant belonged to the GDR focus companies, which were regularly reported on from 1955 to 1989 in the SED central organ Neues Deutschland . During this time, around 5,000 people worked in shifts at BKW Deuben and produced around 6,000 tons of briquettes a day.

In addition, prisoners from the Naumburg penal institution at the BKW Deuben had to do forced labor throughout the GDR period . There were strictly guarded prisoner barracks on the company premises. The factory provided some of the guards themselves. The guards were instructed not to engage in private conversations and not to make any concessions. Most of the prisoners were political prisoners whose will was to be broken by operative psychology and hard physical labor. It is documented that those affected in the 'Erich Weinert' Deuben lignite works had to lay tracks and perform extremely dirty work such as removing dust from filter systems even in snowstorms and at -18 ° C. In addition, it is documented that if the daily performance was not fulfilled, the forced laborers received beatings, kicks and individual arrest or had to march for hours. However, the files also show the human sympathy of a company guard in Deuben, who, out of pity, gave a prisoner tea and cigarettes and received a heavy disciplinary punishment for this himself.

Since there were officially no forced laborers in socialist countries, the GDR followed the propagandistic play on words of the Soviet Union by calling forced labor labor education . As a wealth of documents shows, the BKW Deuben profited extraordinarily from the exploitation of the prisoners. For example, a prisoner sentenced to “work education” in 1971 received a total of 74.76 GDR marks when he was released from prison on June 14, 1972 as wages for hard work in the Deuben lignite plant  . Immediately before the turning point and the peaceful revolution in the GDR , 105 prisoners were working in the VEB lignite works 'Erich Weinert' Deuben.

As a key company in energy policy, the Deuben industrial plant was under special supervision by the Ministry for State Security (MfS) along with a large number of unofficial employees within the combine. Not only the factory staff who supervised the prisoners were selected by the MfS according to special criteria. Up to the end of the GDR, specially selected and reliable informers were active in all hierarchical levels of the company. Their task was to prevent any behavior by the workforce that could endanger the system. When, for example, in 1981, after martial law was declared in Poland, a worker expressed his solidarity with the Solidarność workers' movement , it was enough for the manager of the BKW Deuben to report them to the Stasi. After a preliminary investigation, the worker was given a prison sentence.

Loyal SED members of the plant regularly initiated activist movements and, under the motto "BKW Erich Weinert calls for the week of highest production", called on all lignite companies in the GDR to hold "a week of struggle for highest production results". In 1988, the factory management published a brochure in which a self-praising assessment of the 40-year activist movement was drawn up. Accordingly, the BKW Deuben produced several activists of socialist work and Honored Miners of the German Democratic Republic . A pioneering role was played by the circle of writing workers of the lignite combine 'Erich Weinert', whose members wanted to set new standards nationwide on the way to a “socialist national culture” with the Deubner Blätter .

The ideological motivation, however, could not hide the ailing pre-war technology. From the mid-1950s, the plant drove to wear . System failures were firmly included in the annual plan. In the GDR, these were trivialized as average . As early as 1956, company employees in New Germany committed themselves to "reduce the downtime in the Deuben lignite plant by half". The denial of the technical problems culminated in a letter to Erich Honecker published nationwide in 1979 , in which, due to “weather-related difficulties”, the “mates of the lignite combine 'Erich Weinert' in Deuben on the consistently high achievements, their excellent deeds and the full fulfillment of the plan taken over - and supply tasks ”.

The plants in Deuben were supposed to be completely demolished as early as the early 1970s. The old dedusting systems could no longer withstand the decades-long continuous load, so that the emissions of dust, exhaust gases and noise were extremely high. The combine in Deuben was one of the largest polluters in the country. The only decisive factor for the well-being of the residents was the direction of the wind. Deuben was not only a synonym for the ailing energy industry in the GDR, but also a synonym for catastrophic pollutant emissions, widespread destruction of nature and working conditions that were dangerous to health.

The problems that can no longer be overlooked were exacerbated when the GDR concentrated on the production of key technologies in the 1980s and was thus able to provide fewer funds for the modernization of traditional industry. Even shortly before the fall of the Berlin Wall , even the Ministry for State Security, in the person of Alfred Kleine, had to state in an unvarnished analysis that "negative consequences for the health of working people and the environment" would arise in another operation, as the lignite-fired power station in Deuben "To a large extent outdated and physically worn out". Although Major General Kleine ruthlessly analyzed the state of the GDR's economy, he gave the order to keep the extent of environmental pollution in the GDR secret.

1990 to the present

The GDR planned economy left behind a completely outdated and ailing industrial power plant, which in fact could not survive under market conditions. Nevertheless, the combine was initially transferred to a stock corporation owned by the Treuhandanstalt and was given the name Mitteldeutsche Braunkohlenwerke AG (MIBRAG). After several acquisitions , the company is a GmbH completely since 2012, owned by the EP Energy as the Czech, a 100 percent subsidiary Energetický a průmyslový holding .

In 1990 the heavy mill, in which tar, oil and gas had been extracted from lignite, was shut down. In 1992 the power plant received a new steam power plant together with a condensation turbine as an extension and partial replacement of the old plant. A year later, a new dust factory went into operation, in which lignite dust is produced, among other things, for the cement industry. The briquette factory with eight steam-driven presses from the early days, which has been producing since 1936, remained in operation with a reduced output of 1000 tons of briquettes per day. Briquette production was stopped in November 2003, but resumed in May 2011. Since then, more than 55,000 tons of briquettes have been produced annually and delivered to the contract partner Rheinbraun . Sump lime and anthracite coal are added to the briquettes , which, according to the company, guarantees the limit values ​​for sulfur dioxide emissions . Old technology is used for pressing; individual machines date unchanged from the 1930s.

The link between the power plant, the dust factory and the briquette factory is a central raw coal processing facility. Production is characterized by the sale of pulverized lignite, briquettes, electrical and thermal energy. Further products of the Deuben industrial plant are perforated coal, fluidized bed coal, dry coal, anthracite grinding dust and gypsum. The scope of production is determined by the respective order situation. In the power plant area itself, a flue gas desulphurisation system went into operation in July 1996 after almost two years of construction . According to MIBRAG, the modernization of the power plant included, in addition to retrofitting , the upgrading and reconstruction of the existing production facilities. By 2001, according to company publications, among other things:

  • Steam boiler upgraded
  • Cooling towers newly built or reconstructed
  • Reconstructed water treatment plants
  • Counterpressure machines replaced by new or reconstructed turbines
  • Coaling systems upgraded
Profen opencast mine

Sewage and organic sludge should be able to be incinerated in the boilers. The current emission values ​​of the “thoroughly reconstructed power plant” are, according to the company, “below the legally permitted limit values”. However, even MIBRAG planned to shut down the power plant in Deuben and replace it with a larger new power plant at the Profen opencast mine . Originally, the new power plant with a net output of 600 megawatts was supposed to go online in 2018. In order to supply it with coal, the opening of a new opencast mine near Lützen has already started. Massive protests against both projects formed in the Burgenland district . For years, the company was looking for investors for the project - without any result, in April 2015 MIBRAG officially stopped the power plant project in Profen.

In this respect, the lignite processed in Deuben is transported unchanged from the Profen open-cast mine located around five kilometers to the south-west via an in-house works railway. This means that the Profen open-cast mine supplies the power plant with the required amount of raw coal and the Deuben power plant is mainly used to generate electricity for the open-cast mine. Only a small proportion of electricity flows into the public grid when there is excess production.

The relatively high water content of 48 to 60 percent remains characteristic of lignite. Only around 35 to 50 percent are combustible material (pure coal). Up to 16 percent of the burned raw lignite remains as ash and slag . The high water content leads to a comparatively low calorific value . The main disadvantage, however, is the sulfur content : In addition to the Schleenhain opencast mine , the coal from the Profen opencast mine has the highest sulfur content in Germany of 1.7%. A high sulfur content generally leads to higher wear and tear in the power plants as well as to higher expenditure and higher costs for flue gas cleaning . In addition, an unfavorable overburden-to-coal ratio of 7: 1 on average and large-scale quartzite banks in the Profen opencast mine make it difficult to extract lignite.

Incidents

From the 1950s onwards, a number of breakdowns, fires, explosions, accidents, smog and environmental disasters have been documented or subsequently become known. During the GDR era, the community of Deuben was characterized by gray houses, smoking chimneys, black clouds and a sulphurous smell. Depending on the wind direction, coal dust , fine dust particles and sulfur reached Hohenmölsen or Zeitz . The municipality of Deuben itself, located in a valley, was a dark hole. Doctors who practiced in the area for many years reported terrifying clinical pictures in 1990. In Hohenmölsen, about six kilometers (as the crow flies) from Deuben, the environment was still contaminated with carcinogenic substances such as benzopyrene . Likewise, the cases of skin cancer in Deuben and the surrounding area exceeded the GDR average by two to three times, and asthma cases by almost twenty times. Signs of an increased risk of leukemia were found in workers in the revelation and serious inflammatory changes in the mucous membranes were diagnosed.

In addition, there was a contaminated site that was not largely removed until 2004. Between 1950 and 1968, highly concentrated phenolic wastewater from the brown coal smoldering of the industrial plant was channeled into a remaining open pit between Deuben and Trebnitz . A highly toxic lake was created with a volume of two million cubic meters, an area of ​​nine hectares and a depth of up to 27 meters. The stench of the black and heavily contaminated "water" alone was hazardous to health and put a lot of strain on the people in the area. The oxygen content in the lake was zero. An efficient remediation seemed impossible with this dimension and the special nature of the pollutants. From 1992 scientists from the Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research developed a renovation concept. At the end of August 2004, the equipment and technology from the Phenolsee renovation project could be removed. An ecosystem was created that slowly but steadily breaks down the organic pollutants itself. However, the lake will have to wait many decades for fish , as the ammonium nitrogen still contained in the water is poisonous for fish even in very low concentrations. Water birds, on the other hand, have now accepted the ecosystem.

One of the largest direct accidents occurred on September 23, 1986. On that day at around 11:30 am, a violent detonation shook the entire power plant. Due to material fatigue in the boiler system, an explosive 480 ° C steam escaped at a height of 22 meters. The roof of the power station rose, kettles, broken glass and firebricks flew through the air like projectiles. The steam moved as a dark brown cloud in the direction of Zeitz. Six workers lost their lives in the incident. Numerous injuries had to be treated with severe scalds in nearby hospitals. After the event, the entire factory premises were hermetically sealed off by security forces for 14 days. It is not known which substances were released into the environment. Although a short message appeared in various media about an "average" in the VEB brown coal works 'Erich Weinert' Deuben, the full extent in the GDR was not discussed.

The largest incident to date in the 21st century occurred on July 26, 2018. Two men aged 18 and 56 were seriously injured in a fire on the site of the coal-fired power plant that was triggered by an explosion . Another worker suffered a shock. The pressure wave caused considerable damage to surrounding buildings. Incorrect operation was ruled out by investigation experts as the cause of the accident. In an interview with the Mitteldeutsche Zeitung, a company spokesman for MIBRAG referred to “a chain of several unusual circumstances”, but consequently avoided the question of what exactly these circumstances were. According to the company, the system should not have been in poor condition. Repairs and recommissioning were not carried out, as this is associated with considerable costs and "currently makes no economic sense".

Controversy

The operation of the power plant in Deuben continues to require a maximization of the output of lignite and thus the use of huge areas. Places in the coal fields are still being consistently dredged. Bösau was devastated in 2001, Deumen followed in 2002, Mödnitz in 2005 , Großgrimma , Domsen and Grunau in 2006 . The complete over-dredging of the Schwerzau district was completed in 2008. Centuries-old churches and monuments are destroyed, cemeteries desecrated, forests cleared, rivers and streams relocated, concreted deepened, canalized or diked. Protests from opponents of open pit mining and angry residents who did not want to leave their homeland spread through the media. The place of Pödelwitz is highly controversial . The resettlement of residents should be completed by 2018 at the latest. So far, coal opponents have been able to prevent the implementation of the plans, but in July 2018 a spokesman for MIBRAG affirmed the intention that the excavation should begin no later than 2028 and said: "We need the coal to reliably supply the power plant."

At that time, environmental activists and members of the German Bundestag had already known that MIBRAG had been using lignite from the Profen opencast mine, presumably since 2012, but officially since 2014 according to company information, the Komorany ( Komořany u Mostu ) power plant and the power plant Opatovice ( Opatovice nad Labem ) in the Czech Republic , where the operation of open-cast lignite mines is expected to cease in 2022 at the latest, and involuntary land assignments have no longer been permitted since 2012.

In 2009 MIBRAG quarreled with the German Emissions Trading Authority and the Federal Environment Ministry over the costs of emissions certificates . The company saw it as a "case of hardship" because the emissions payments for the years 2008 to 2012 would consume a large part of the company's profits. The management of MIBRAG wanted all certificates for free or at least at a reduced price. The Emissions Trading Authority, on the other hand, saw no hardship and justified its decision by stating that free or discounted emission certificates are only given to particularly efficient power plants, but the power plant in Deuben, among other things, is one of the worst power plants in Germany in terms of efficiency. The Federal Environment Ministry had promised MIBRAG the hardship case regulation in 2007, but only under the premise that the company would shut down the old power plants and build a modern power plant by 2012. For this, however, the management of MIBRAG found no partner and put the plans in 2015 shelved .

The then Federal Environment Minister Sigmar Gabriel also described the two plants operated by MIBRAG in Mumsdorf (shut down in 2013) and Deuben as the worst power plants in Germany. According to Gabriel, instead of investing, MIBRAG would transfer profits it has made since 1990 to financial investors without tackling the most essential climate protection policy on site. In contrast, his later successor Peter Altmaier paid tribute to the importance of the Central German Lignite Company during a visit to the Profen open-cast mine on August 14, 2013 and said that lignite would remain important for a "very long time". He did not want to comment on journalists' questions about MIBRAG's power plants. However, Altmaier tried to talk to a group of demonstrators who were present and emphasized how important the dialogue with critics was to him, but added at the same time: “Talk yes, but in the end there will be decisions to be made that not everyone agrees with. "

On November 3, 2015, between 80 and 100 activists from the environmental organization Greenpeace occupied the industrial power plant in Deuben and called for the coal-fired power plant to be shut down. They hoisted a banner reading "Coal Kills" on the chimney of the power plant. MIBRAG asked its around 80 employees to leave the power plant building. The protest reached its climax when the chimney was supposed to be blocked with a huge symbolic cork. It was a hot air balloon that climbers brought into position and moved with ropes in the exhaust fumes of the chimney. The campaign received national media attention. A spokeswoman for Greenpeace described the Deuben power plant a month earlier as the worst power plant in Germany and said literally: "It's a scandal that age-old polluters like Deuben are allowed to blow greenhouse gases into the air unchecked in the country of the energy transition."

According to an energy expert from Greenpeace, the operation of the power plant was not affected by the action. There were no arguments with the plant security or the police. The police only recorded the protesters' personal details. The management of MIBRAG viewed the process differently and filed charges against several Greenpeace activists for trespassing, coercion and disruption of public operations. According to the company, employees were at risk during the protest. In addition, there was a risk of backwater through the use of the balloon, which could have led to an emergency shutdown or, in the worst case, to a deflagration.

In its final report submitted to the Federal Government on January 26, 2019, the Commission for Growth, Structural Change and Employment came to the conclusion that the Deuben industrial power plant was "successively modernized over the years and adapted to the needs of a modern power plant and refining location". The commission recommends ending the power plant operation in Deuben in the medium to long term and connecting the site to the existing gas network on an industrial scale. According to the resolution, all lignite power plants in Germany are to be shut down by 2038 at the latest. On the same day the decision was published, a company spokesman for MIBRAG described the coal phase-out for 2038 as too early, as there was no planning security on this basis.

See also

Web links

Commons : Industriekraftwerk Deuben  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

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