Köttichau

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Location Köttichau around 1893

Köttichau was a former church village in today's Burgenlandkreis in Saxony-Anhalt . The place was three kilometers southeast of Hohenmölsen and nine kilometers northwest of Zeitz . As a result of the lignite mining , the population was relocated between 1960 and 1963, the community was devastated and then completely dredged over. The recultivation of the overburden dump area began in 1988. The Pirkau amusement park was created as a post-mining landscape in the vicinity of the desert . Today the crescent-shaped Mondsee , created from a remaining open pit , is located on the northwestern edge of the former location .

Settlement history

The settlement was in a fertile lowland, originally surrounded by seven hills. These seven hills of Köttichau were later the subject of various archaeological researches. They pointed to a very early settlement, since, according to various researchers, the existence of seven hills in antiquity was not insignificant when places were founded. Even before the Christian counting of the year , the seven symbolized a magical number with several accompanying phenomena in all cultures. The seven hills of Köttichau served as a burial place, as evidenced by urns with ashes as well as bracteates and spearheads from various early epochs.

The erosion of these hills began before the 20th century. The sandy earth was used to fill ponds, drain fields and straighten bumps. As shown on old maps, three of the seven hills still existed towards the end of the 19th century. Two of them had exactly the same height at 177 meters and were located northeast of the center of the village. On one of these two hills, at least in 1832, there was a huge, ancient elm . The third hill still preserved at that time was 189 meters high and was located about 400 meters southeast of the village. It was officially called Seven Hills . A windmill stood on it at least in 1893 , which can also be seen from old maps.

According to one assumption, the place name should be traced back to the name of the head of a Slavic family (Catechov, Coetche, Kotzschauw, Kötge, Gedsche etc.). No evidence of this existed at any time. It is also assumed that Germanic tribes ( Hermunduren ) settled in the area around Köttichau before our era . From the writings of Wiprecht von Groitzsch (1050–1124) it can be deduced that later in the course of the migration of the peoples the area of Wenden , abandoned by the Teutons, penetrated and founded a small group settlement in the 6th or 7th century AD . This assumption is based on the finds in the Seven Hills as well as stone boxes that were also present in Köttichau . In the 18th century, a skeleton as well as a bracelet and spurs made of bronze were recovered from these .

The Grunau flowed through the village . This brook had its original sources in the meadows of Köttichau. It flowed in the direction of Bösau , from where it begins today and is called Grünebach . The oldest written references to Köttichau, still available today, date from the 12th century. At that time, the von Bünau family owned at least parts of the village as a fiefdom . On January 17, 1206, the Bishop of Naumburg-Zeitz, Berthold II , transferred two hooves to the monastery of St. Stephan zu Zeitz , on behalf of Günther von Bünau , whose daughter was to be accepted there as a nun.

An estate had existed in Köttichau by the 13th century at the latest . This belonged temporarily to the Bose family at Kotzschauw . The Vorwerk was run in 1354 by the brothers Berthold, Dietrich and Hans von Poserna , who paid tithes of the farm's income in kind to the bishops of Naumburg . As a mother church village, the place was first mentioned in a document by Withego I of Ostrau in 1344 and belonged to the diocese of Naumburg-Zeitz until 1562 . The first church was built long before the Reformation . For parish Köttichau belonged to the mid-19th century, the church in Döbris .

During the fierce Reformation disputes in the then Electorate of Saxony , a witch hunt took place in the community . A rich farmer named Simon Seiffart from Köttichau was affected along with his wife. They were accused of doing magic with henbane . The bishop's trial court in Zeitz found the defendants guilty and announced the death by fire . The Schöppenstuhl in Leipzig confirmed the judgment. The execution took place on a Wednesday before St. Thomas' Day in 1549 on a stake in Zeitz. In the 19th century there was still a cross stone in Köttichau that is not described in more detail in the files . In the case of violent crimes by actual or alleged perpetrators, these had to be acquired and set up as an atonement cross for the most part between the 13th and 16th centuries before their sentences could be carried out.

Before the Thirty Years War , the place had 58 houses. In 1632 the village and the church were sacked by Imperial troops and in 1635 by soldiers of the Protestant Union . Köttichau lost 33 houses to fire during the Thirty Years' War. Another looting of the church took place in 1654. From 1657 jurisdiction over the corridor exercised the office of Weißenfels . The place itself initially remained with the now reformed Zeitz Abbey . In 1661, Köttichau was completely assigned to the Weißenfels office, with the church and the village school founded during the Reformation period remaining part of the Zeitz superintendent . Between 1714 and 1750 the church was completely renovated and enlarged. After a lightning strike in 1787, the church received a new tower with a clock. There were three bells in the church tower, the largest of which was cast by Melchior Mörinck in Erfurt in 1596 . The middle bell dates from 1607 and the small one, according to a poorly preserved inscription, probably from the 13th century.

In the processing area, the big bell was not only the most decorated bell in the Mörinck workshop, but also the most decorated Renaissance bell of all. It stands to reason that the lavishly decorated bell was cast on behalf of the city of Erfurt. The reason for their transfer to Köttichau is not known. The bell still exists and is now placed in the northern porch of the Sankt Petri Church in Hohenmölsen. The whereabouts of the two smaller bells is unknown. The altar of the Köttichau Church included a high-quality crucifix and a five-sided pulpit made of wood with many carved decorations , made in 1618 . The whereabouts of these cultural assets is unclear after the church was demolished in 1961. A photograph of the pulpit is in the State Office for Monument Preservation and Archeology Saxony-Anhalt .

After the Congress of Vienna , as part of the Prussian administrative reforms on October 1, 1816 , Köttichau was assigned to the Weißenfels district , which was part of the Merseburg administrative district of the Prussian province of Saxony . In 1828 around 280 people lived in Köttichau, who until then had only grown grain and raised livestock. The village consisted of a few large farmers, several small farmers and workers on the estate. The Köttichau estate, known as Schöppenhufe tax-free since the Reformation , became a Prussian state estate in 1815 , which was managed by a civil servant. It also gave the village a blacksmith , an inn and a grocer , a little later a grocery store . After 1871 there was a post office there , which was subordinate to the Hohenmölsen post office. In 1840 the place had 88 houses with a total of 580 residents.

During the founding period , several Köttichau families moved to the growing industrial cities due to the better income opportunities. Accordingly, in 1877 the village recorded a decrease to 367 inhabitants. In various publications, Köttichau has a population of 1170 in 1888. This information is incorrect. It comes from the registry office lexicon of Prussia , but refers to the entire registry office district of Köttichau. Background: From 1875, small neighboring communities in the German Empire formed uniform registry office districts with a common registry office . In addition to the municipality of Köttichau itself, the Köttichau registry office district also includes the following municipalities:

The function of the registrar (head of office) was exercised by the respective mayor of Köttichau, who carried out all marriages, registered births and deaths, and issued the relevant certificates. These so-called civil status certificates were issued in the office of the head of the office. That means that the “registry office” was nowhere else than in the living room of the respective Köttichau mayor, which was basically the case in small communities everywhere in Germany. The civil wedding of residents of the above-mentioned municipalities also took place here with a small speech. The registry office district of Köttichau existed until the end of February 1957.

Exposure of the Otto-Scharf mine

On December 1, 1912, Köttichau had 634 inhabitants. The population growth had various reasons. Towards the end of the 19th century industrialization began to increase in central Germany . The number of sugar factories rose rapidly - the province of Saxony became the "sugar province " of the German Empire. The enormous fuel requirements of these factories, but also of brickworks, distilleries and other businesses, had a major influence on the development of lignite mining . The rich deposits in the Zeitz-Weißenfels lignite district shaped the development of the entire region. The rapid growth of the mining industry required the settlement of workers. To create the necessary living space, mining settlements were built in a number of communities , including in Köttichau.

At the same time, a branch of the chemical industry based on the use of lignite emerged in the Zeitz-Weißenfelser Revier. In doing so, entrepreneurs like Carl Adolph Riebeck complied with the mining law of the Electoral Saxony, which was still valid until 1918 , under which the owner automatically acquired the rights of use for the mineral resources below with the purchase of a parcel. In the rest of Prussia , the natural resources were owned by the state. Another special feature of the region was the sedimentation of the coal. The main seam contained alternating deposits of bitumen poor fire coal and bitumen rich here Schwelkohle . In several places in the area there was particularly rich bitumen with a tar content of 30 to 70 percent .

However, until the end of the German Empire there was no question of devastating places in the Weißenfels-Zeitz mining area. It was only in the course of the German self-sufficiency efforts - which began in the Weimar period , accelerated during the Nazi era , but could never be fully implemented, and were extremely continued in the GDR - the state will to eliminate entire localities prevailed. Gaumnitz formed the prelude. From 1930 onwards, the village, about ten kilometers southwest of Köttichau, was almost completely surrounded by opencast mining. By 1932, the almost 330 residents had been relocated and the location dredged over.

This was followed in 1935 by Deuben (settlement) , around five kilometers (as the crow flies) southwest of Köttichau. In the course of "national self-sufficiency ", coal refinement was consistently geared towards the production of gasoline and other fuels from the mid-1930s. From 1936 A. Riebeck'sche Montanwerke AG built a new high-tech center for lignite processing near Deuben with its own power plant, modern briquette factory , Krupp ring roller press and Lurgi synthesis plant . A year later, began lignite-Benzin AG (BRABAG) with the construction of Hydrierwerks Zeitz to expand its own capacity for fuel production and to resume oil production from lignite tar, in particular from the Schwelerei came Deuben.

Similarly, the by-operated A. Riebeck'sche mining works began in 1937 digestion of the open pit Otto Scharf even with Köttichau, Otto Sharp pit called. It had been known since 1909 that coal containing particularly tar was stored under the fields north of the town. The first professional exploration took place in 1925. In April 1939, lignite mining began in the Otto-Scharf open-cast mine. The charred Winterfeldt mine near Zembschen was intended for the overburden . The name of the large open-cast mine near Köttichau was chosen in honor of Oberbergrats Otto Scharf , who died in 1935 .

This new pit was a superlative opencast mine and also equipped with the cutting-edge technology of the time. Used were among other Eimerketten- and bucket wheel not only in the overburden , but also in coal mining. The bucket chain swing excavator designed by Otto Carl Zimmermann was an absolute novelty; 1938 the largest excavator in the world. The cutting height was 55 meters. With a bucket capacity of 1.5 m³, this device achieved a daily output of 44,000 m³. The total installation power of all drives was 2000 kW . Despite a service weight of 1,800 tons, the specific floor load was only 1.24 bar .

Another novelty was the works track laid directly to the further processing plants in Deuben for the removal of overburden and coal from the Köttichau mine . The 1200 Volt DC electrified tracks consisted of a Krupp Steel - Special alloy . The tractors were from Kassel by Henschel & Sohn . These 150-ton electric locomotives with an axle load of 25 tons were the heaviest and most powerful electric locomotives in Germany in 1938 . As a height difference of 36 meters had to be overcome over a length of only 550 meters, the engineers opted for a high-performance cogwheel railway system from Emil Strub , which could be used to tow the freight trains weighing up to 560 tons together with the adhesion locomotives. The two tractors used at these points were supplied by Maschinenfabrik Esslingen in cooperation with Brown, Boveri & Cie. (BBC); for several years they were the most powerful rack-and-pinion locomotives in the world.

The Otto-Scharf opencast mine was located north of Köttichau, but did not reach the site until it closed in 1946. As can be seen in the "meeting records in mining issues relating to the Köttichau mine" still in the state archive of Saxony-Anhalt today, over-dredging of the village was not nearly up for discussion between 1932 and 1945 and was not even considered. Rather existed since 1941 when mining authority Zeitz plans for reclamation of mining area before Köttichau. For the safety of the residents, the mining authority had six wells built in the community for water control and groundwater level monitoring as early as 1936. The measurements showed no lowering of the groundwater until the mid-1950s.

Furthermore, in the 1930s, the roads from Hohenmölsen and Zeitz to Köttichau were rebuilt, the paths in the village were paved, the school renovated and some farms expanded. The place remained agricultural; Agriculture and animal husbandry shifted to the western and southern municipal area. The farm, whose northern fields were affected by the opencast mine, switched its production mainly to pig breeding from 1933. The Köttichau restaurant “ Stalactite Cave”, whose illuminated ceilings and walls with lots of plaster and paper maché were modeled on a stalactite cave and stalactites , achieved greater regional fame .

Nevertheless, the number of inhabitants in Köttichau fell from 759 in 1933 to 665 in 1939. However, this development was not related to open-cast mining. From 1933 onwards, a considerable rural exodus began in rural regions throughout Germany because of the far better opportunities to earn a living in the cities .

Apart from the devastating air raids on the hydrogenation works in Zeitz , the Second World War caused only minor damage to the lignite works in the area. The Riebeck'sche Montanwerke in Deuben, along with the Otto Scharf mine, were important production sites for the war effort. In the immediate vicinity of Deuben and Köttichau there were fogging systems and an anti-aircraft gun position between Tröglitz and Köttichau. This was equipped with eight-eight guns and belonged to the Zeitz Flak Group of the 14th Flak Division . Towards the end of the war, the “Zeitz anti-aircraft protection belt” was reinforced with 14 anti-aircraft batteries with 100 anti-aircraft cannons and two mobile anti-aircraft batteries on mobile railway carriages.

After the dissolution of the province of Saxony on July 1, 1944, Köttichau belonged to the newly created province of Halle-Merseburg , but remained in the Weißenfels district. In the spring of 1945, the county was occupied by United States forces.

End of war and dismantling

Coming from the direction of Weißenfels northwest, units of the 5th US Corps reached Köttichau on April 12, 1945 . The village was surrendered without a fight. However, that day about four kilometers south of Köttichau there was still a battle at the flak position in front of Tröglitz, in which several Hitler Youth and RAD youths sent into battle senselessly lost their lives. The invasion of the US troops in Köttichau and their occupation of the province of Halle-Merseburg, which lasted for three months, proceeded relatively civilized according to the statements of various contemporary witnesses. There was no expropriation or retaliation against the civilian population. This changed abruptly on July 1, 1945. According to the zone protocol , the US armed forces withdrew from Central Germany on that day and left the area to the Soviet occupying power in exchange with West Berlin . Their Red Army was responsible for the arrests, kidnappings, expropriations and dismantling operations that began.

In August 1945, all large farmers and the estate in Köttichau were expropriated without compensation and, without any registration, prey actions for property, including many valuables from public and private property, were carried out. The complete dismantling of the opencast mining equipment began on July 5, 1945. This included four turbines, all pumps, overburden conveyor bridges, machine tools, all tractors, carts , tracks and the crawler excavators. The removal lasted until November 1945. Because the Soviets could not operate the ultra-modern systems, they took several mining specialists from Riebeck'schen Montanwerke AG with them. These transports of booty were not credited to the Soviet reparations account. The world's largest bucket chain swing excavator from the Otto Scharf mine at the time went completely dismantled, first to the RG1-1 opencast mine on the Black Sea and, from 1970, to the Morosowskij opencast mine (Ukraine), where it is said to have been in operation at least in May 2003.

After the dismantling, the opencast mine near Köttichau came to a complete standstill. The mining engineers Julius Holzschuher, Otto Fischer, Rudolf Franke, Max Gerstenberger, Siegfried Junge, Fritz König and Georg Silbermann were arrested by members of the Red Army on September 21, 1945 and on December 11, 1945 in special camp No. 2 in Buchenwald for alleged war crimes shot. The Public Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation declared the judgments to be injustice in 1994 and posthumously rehabilitated the managers of the Deuben brown coal works and Otto-Scharf mine. It is possible that the former executives opposed the dismantling orders or simply stood in the way of the occupiers at the time with their further plans.

In June 1946, Riebeck'sche Montanwerke AG was converted into a Soviet joint-stock company (SAG) and the Otto-Scharf-Grube was renamed open-cast mine . The Soviet Military Administration in Germany (SMAD) thus proceeded to withdraw the reparation claims it had raised from ongoing production. The examination of the "re-establishment of the mine unit, formerly Otto-Scharf-Grube, 1946" was carried out by written order. Communist German cadres then drew up a report entitled “Consequences of the dismantling of the Otto-Scharf mine” and came to the conclusion that the open-cast mine near Köttichau could no longer be operated due to the complete lack of equipment. The mine was closed in 1946.

All opencast mines of the former Riebeck'sche Montanwerke AG, including those no longer operated, remained in the ownership of a SAG until 1952 and were then transferred to a state-owned company of the GDR . In the absence of pumps, the groundwater level in the pit unit rose considerably, so that between 1952 and 1953 there were several erosion- related landslides near the village of Köttichau. Countermeasures were not taken. From then on, the Köttichau children used a remaining hole in the opencast mine as a swimming lake. On the other hand, from this point on, the Grunau, which was still flowing through the village, increasingly dried up and degenerated into a "rat stream".

destruction

After the founding of the GDR , various district reforms took place in 1950 , as a result of which Köttichau was assigned to the newly formed Hohenmölsen district in the Halle district on July 25, 1952 . By 1948, as a result of the flight and expulsion of the German population from the eastern regions of the German Reich, the number of inhabitants in Köttichau rose to over 1000. Specific information is no longer available. In total, the district of Weißenfels had to accept 43,836 refugees and displaced persons, a large part of whom were Sudeten Germans .

Lignite mining and resettlement reached a new dimension in the GDR. The GDR almost exclusively used domestic brown coal to generate energy. The maximization of the production volumes led to the use of huge areas. Places that were in the coal fields were consistently dredged. The largest number of demolitions and resettlements in Central Germany therefore occurred in the time of the GDR. Centuries-old manors, castles and cultural monuments were destroyed, entire forests cleared, rivers and streams relocated, concreted deepened, canalized or diked. The mining of lignite took place in the GDR with practically no consideration for people or environmental concerns. The destruction, or the excavation, of localities was called devastation by the state, sounding somewhat belittling . After 1990, this designation also became increasingly popular in West German opencast mining areas.

The people in the GDR did not have any right to have a say or to object to a planned devastation. The prevailing practice was the resettlement of those affected in new blocks or prefabricated buildings . In principle, no compensation was granted. The families working in agriculture did not usually get new housing in the cities, but were relocated to nearby villages, where an LPG existed. With the decision to relocate - five or more years could pass before it was demolished - the place intended for devastation inevitably lost its future prospects. Often many residents left the place beforehand, which the state wanted. Because no new living space had to be created for these affected persons and these former residents did not appear in any statistics.

In 1949 the decision was made to expand the Pirkau opencast mine , which had been in operation from 1940, in a northerly direction. Pirkau (1951), Streckau (1954) and Mutschau (1957) were the first to fall victim to this open-cast mine . In 1955 the decision was made to include Köttichau in the northern field of the Pirkau opencast mine. The official announcement of the devastation was not made until 1957. From 1960 the evacuation of Köttichau began. In 1961 the church was blown up. All buildings were destroyed by the end of 1962 and completely dredged over by early 1963. In the same year Köttichau was deleted from the municipality register. This officially ended the existence of the place.

Agitation and propaganda

According to official information, around 2,800 people had to leave their homes in the area of ​​the former Pirkau opencast mine between 1947 and 1967. However, this information should be viewed with caution, as the population of the devastated places was deliberately downgraded, especially during GDR times. This was intended to avoid protests and to give the public the impression that only a few people were affected by demolitions and resettlements. The number of resettled Köttichauer was officially given as 795. For these new housing estates were built in Hohenmölsen and Zeitz.

In fact, Köttichau slowly "died out" at the latest when the devastation was announced. The place was presented to the public as a pure mining village. The VEB Braunkohlenwerk 'Erich Weinert' Deuben even published a book with the title Köttichau - Chronicle of a Mining Village . On 151 pages, it mainly shows the biological and geological conditions of the former community along with mining maps. This chronicle suggested that only miners lived in Köttichau, for whom resettlement in the general interest was a matter of course.

However, Köttichau was not a pure mining village. Until the mid-1950s, several farmers from Köttichau refused to join the LPG in Hohenmölsen. In the uprising of June 17, 1953 , both expropriated farmers from Köttichau took part in demonstrations in Hohenmölsen and miners from Köttichau took part in work stoppages in the pits of the Deuben lignite works. In response to the shock of the uprising in rural areas, the pressure to set up more agricultural production cooperatives was initially relieved. In addition, twelve large farmers in the Hohenmölsen district, one of them from Köttichau, received their expropriated farms temporarily back.

In mining operations were carried out after the uprising a lowering of standards , an increase in premiums for plan fulfillment as well as fulfillment or over-fulfillment of the norm, an increase of eligible amount of pit booze . There was no change in occupational health and safety. The fact that the miners were exposed to catastrophic conditions that miners in West Germany could not imagine was a fact that did not change until the end of the GDR and which was in fact officially admitted. Miners in lignite mining areas such as Deuben received an additional wage from 1959, among other things, because of the health-endangering working conditions with toxic gases and dust, and later a higher pension.

According to recent research, after the violent suppression of the popular uprising from 1953 onwards, not only did numerous doctors, academics and farmers leave the GDR: a number of mining families also took part in the mass exodus up to 1961. In the lignite combines , logs and monthly officially so-called western fluctuation reports had to be compiled. This included “outflows” as well as “inflows” from West Germany, with “outflows” from the GDR dramatically predominating. As a countermeasure, SED functionaries distributed publications on the “Situation of Miners in West Germany” or made posters with depicted starving children and the headline “Behind the facade of the economic miracle ”.

After the uprising in 1953, at the latest after the destruction of Köttichau was announced, several residents fled to West Germany. These were long-established Köttichau farming families as well as Sudeten German refugees who had been living in the village since 1945 and who worked in the Deuben lignite plant and who believed they had found a new home in Köttichau. Furthermore, in 1958 a group of young people from Köttichau fled with the support of escape helpers via West Berlin into the Ruhr area . Two of them had just finished their training as mining machinists at the Deuben lignite works and found a new job at the Prosper colliery in Bottrop . In addition, there was a commission from the Ruhr area in the 1950s that systematically recruited miners from the GDR with the knowledge of the Federal Government in Bonn . Historians speak of a veritable wave of recruiting that was so successful that until 1961 the labor requirements in the Ruhr mining industry could largely be met with GDR refugees, most of whom were young men.

present

After 1963, the former pit unit was backfilled with the overburden from the northern Pirkau opencast mine. This process ended in 1971. The coaling of the entire Pirkau opencast mine was already completed in 1969. Subsequently, the Pirkau opencast mine was tipped with waste material from the Profen opencast mine . In the following decades the area resembled a lunar landscape.

On November 21, 1986, the Hohenmölsen City Council , in coordination with the board of directors of the lignite works in Deuben, decided to recultivate all areas of the former Pirkau opencast mine. At that time there was a small water-filled residual hole on the north-western edge of the former location of Köttichau . This resulted in the Mondsee , the increasing filling of which was accelerated by the introduction of groundwater from the end of the 1980s. The mining work for profiling and shaping the future post-mining landscape began in 1988. Over 1000 trees and 3000 bushes were planted in an area of ​​about 37 hectares around the lake .

Further afforestation followed. A forest developed around the lake; densely overgrown banks, swamp, reed and reed biotopes give hardly any indication of the mining past. The entire local recreation area already extended to 85 hectares in 2013 and has developed into a retreat for protected plant and animal species. These include, for example, the black poplar , the stiff-leaved orchid , the marsh sitter and the gray larch tubule . A steadily increasing population of the great bittern indicates the abundance of reptiles, small fish, frogs, amphibians and aquatic insects. In 2006, 500 coots and ducks were counted, which are otherwise only native to distant nature reserves, for example on Lake Constance or in Norway and Sweden.

The extent to which the people living in the region continue to identify with the destroyed villages in their area and how important the processing of the mining past is, is testimony to the walkways on Mondsee that were built in 2014 . They are dedicated to the people who had to leave their ancestral home due to lignite mining and who often still suffer from the loss of their old homeland. Former Köttichau residents were involved in the development of the project, along with many others. The walkways symbolically lead to the 15 villages destroyed by the Pirkau and Profen opencast mines. Each village is identified by a stone slab with the name of the place and the outline of the village. The stone slabs are arranged to scale according to the map before the start of the devastation and connected to one another by a circumferential path. The area within the circumferential path is designed as a labyrinth of hornbeam hedges . Since September 2017 there are 15 metal steles next to the stone slabs . With a height of 2.20 meters, church towers protrude from the labyrinth and can be seen from a viewing platform and from a great distance.

Web links

literature

  • Gerhard Cheap : The Siebenhügel near Köttichau, Hohenmölsen district. in: Annual publication for Central German prehistory. Volume 46. Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften, 1962, pp. 77-136.

See also

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Hans von und zu Aufseß : Anzeiger für Kunde des German Middle Ages. Volume 1. Verlag George Jaquet, Munich, 1832, pp. 293-294.
  2. ^ Gerhard Cheap: The Siebenhügel near Köttichau, Hohenmölsen district. in: Annual publication for Central German prehistory. Volume 46. Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften, 1962, pp. 77-136.
  3. ^ Gustav H. Heydenreich: Church and School Chronicle of the City and Ephorie Weissenfels since 1539. Leopold Kell, Weissenfels, 1840, p. 260 f.
  4. ^ Friedrich Kruse: German antiquities. Volume 3. Verlag Friedrich Ruff, Halle, 1828, pp. 39–40.
  5. ↑ August Schumann : Complete State, Post and Newspaper Lexicon of Saxony. Verlage Gebrüder Schumann, 1816, pp. 593-594.
  6. ↑ Martina Schattkowsky: The von Bünau family. Aristocratic rule in Saxony and Bohemia from the Middle Ages to modern times. Leipziger Universitätsverlag, 2008, p. 136.
  7. ^ Joachim Schneider: Late medieval German lower nobility. Hiersemann, 2003, p. 514, footnote 289.
  8. ^ Heinz Wiessner: The Diocese of Naumburg. Walter de Gruyter, 1998, p. 849.
  9. ^ Gustav H. Heydenreich: Church and School Chronicle of the City and Ephorie Weissenfels since 1539. Leopold Kell, Weissenfels, 1840, p. 260 f.
  10. ↑ Manfred Wilde : The sorcery and witch trials in Saxony. Böhlau Verlag, 2003, p. 649.
  11. ↑ Kreuzsteine ​​Burgenlandkreis kreuzstein.eu, accessed on February 8, 2019
  12. ^ Friedrich Kruse: German antiquities. Volume 3. Verlag Friedrich Ruff, Halle, 1828, pp. 38–46.
  13. ^ Gustav H. Heydenreich: Church and School Chronicle of the City and Ephorie Weissenfels since 1539. Leopold Kell, Weissenfels, 1840, p. 260 f.
  14. ^ DI 62, Weißenfels (district), No. 192 (Franz Jäger) German inscriptions online , accessed on January 7, 2019
  15. ↑ DI 62, Weißenfels (district), No. 243 † (?) (Franz Jäger) German inscriptions online, accessed on January 7, 2019
  16. ↑ Die Schöppenhufe zu Köttichau (1715) Landesarchiv Sachsen-Anhalt, accessed on January 10, 2019
  17. ^ Friedrich Kruse: German antiquities. Volume 3. Verlag Friedrich Ruff, Halle, 1828, p. 43.
  18. ^ Gustav H. Heydenreich: Church and School Chronicle of the City and Ephorie Weissenfels since 1539. Leopold Kell, Weissenfels, 1840, p. 260.
  19. ^ Gottlob Heinrich Heydenreich : Geographical travel, post and newspaper lexicon of Teutschland. Verlag Johann Heinrich Schulzens, Jena, 1756, p. 644.
  20. ↑ Thomas Berger: Ancestors list Berger. A family from the family of Rudolf Stoye. Stoye Foundation, Marburg, 2008, p. 148.
  21. ^ Upper Presidium of the Province of Saxony (Ed.): Handbook of the Province of Saxony. 1877. Verlag E. Baensch jun., Magdeburg, 1877. p. 348.
  22. ^ Köttichau Verein für Computergenealogie , accessed on January 8, 2019
  23. ↑ Royal Statistical Bureau: Register Office Lexicon for the Kingdom of Prussia. Publishing house of the Royal Statistical Bureau, 1884, p. 175.
  24. ^ Upper Presidium of the Province of Saxony (Ed.): Handbook of the Province of Saxony. 1877. Verlag E. Baensch jun., Magdeburg, 1877. p. 348.
  25. ↑ Alexandra Maschwitz: The form of marriage. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2013, p. 63 f, p. 82.
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  27. ^ Municipal directory Germany 1900 - Kingdom of Prussia - Province of Saxony - District of Merseburg - District of Weißenfels. In: gemeindeververzeichnis.de. Uli Schubert, accessed on January 9, 2019 .
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