Yes

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Yes is a German word with the basic meaning of approval, confirmation and affirmation. In dictionaries it is treated very differently and is assigned to several parts of speech . As a particle in general, yes is either the positive answer to a decision question or has a different confirmatory character and is therefore the opposite of “ no ”. In the sentence inside acts so as Modalpartikel , pushing on many levels of what is said from. It can further so as in given cases interjection are interpreted and then in the spoken language is often a filler word . Ultimately, the word can become a conjunction with the appropriate syntactic environment .

etymology

“Yes” is a hereditary word and therefore belongs to the oldest stock of German vocabulary and its equivalents in the Germanic languages are usually very similar in terms of sound. The word ja is already used in this form in Old High German before the 9th century and is present in several other languages ​​of this time in the same or a similar form.

The origin is unclear, according to Wahrig (1991). The exact phonetic reference to the original language Indo-European can only be assumed so far. Morphologically , Adelung (1793) places yes to an Old High German verb jahōn ' to say'; today's verb affirmative can be understood as a prefix verb of such an earlier word. Today is indeed a reconstructed Indo pronominal / * ie - - * i io (as in the word / * that occurs) has been correlated.

The meaning of the German word ja hardly changed from the earliest times. Yes was not subject to any change in meaning over time , which makes the word part of the basic vocabulary of the language.

pronunciation

As with a large part of the vocabulary of a language, the pronunciation of the word yes , especially that of the a -sound, depends on several factors.

  • The degree of openness ( vowel quality ) depends to a large extent on the language region ( dialectal variation) and changes consistently between an open a ([ja]) via a half-open a ([jɑ]) to an open o ([jɔ]). In standard language , an open a is considered the norm; The vowel tends to be raised in dialect areas of the southern German-speaking area . But also the idiolect and possibly the social class (sociolect) can play a role in the pronunciation.
  • The vowel length ( vowel quantity and sound duration ), [ja] or [ja:], can be speaker-dependent (basically slower or faster speaking), but is mainly determined pragmatically and depends on the respective speaking situation and the linguistic context.
  • The intonation (falling or rising pitch or combined) is usually dependent on the same factors as the vowel length. A strong or weak emphasis also indicates a different meaning of yes as a modal particle.

Yes as a modal particle

→ See also the section on the assignment of yes to parts of speech

The word ja stood at the beginning of a sentence in Middle High German and was used with the meaning 'fürwahr' ("jâ tuon ichz through din êre", 'for sure, I do it for your honor'). In New High German , the word wandered into the interior of the sentence when using "with particularly pronounced relationships".

Meaning and use

In the various dictionaries the description of the word is yes than Modalpartikel of different approaches. The ways in which the word is used are used to infer its meaning.

In Adelung (1793) is so divided into a use

  • in the real sense (answer to questions and requests)
  • in the figurative sense (modal use)

In Adelung, the modal yes is a pictorial use of the answer yes , without this pictoriality being described in more detail.

Paul (1908) also differentiates between the modal particle (without designating it as such) and yes as an answer. In the case of modal use, it divides the mode of use in terms of emphasis:

  • yes with a strong emphasis
    • when prompted ("Write that down!", "Don't do that!")
    • in the case of intentions ("He lies so that one doesn't find out about him.")
    • (nowadays no longer with yes , but with nevertheless common) in conditional clauses, "to indicate that the occurrence of the condition is not likely: we don't want to wait for him anymore, if he should come, he may ..."
  • yes with a weak emphasis
    • for grants and objections ("The swimming pool is new, but ...")
    • as a reference to something already known ("We're going to the swimming pool today.", "You know him.", "As you know")
    • to indicate that something is happening anyway and nothing else is necessary ("I'm coming!", "You never guess that.")
    • in the case of conclusions that contradict expectations ("Then I can go.", "Then what he said would be true.")
    • when exclaiming astonishment ("You are already back!", "That is not possible!") or annoyance ("It can be cheerful! It is unbearable!")
    • when something expected occurs ("There you are.", "There she's coming.")

Duden (1994) categorizes it in all its uses as an unspecified particle. The answer is yes with the modal use of the word in a row and not juxtaposed (as in Adelung, Grimm or Paul). Like Paul, the Duden also categorizes the modal usage of yes with the inclusion of the emphasis and comes to similar results as that. In addition, synonymous meanings are usually given:

  • unstressed yes
    • expresses a résumé, points out what is known, serves to justify what is generally applicable; Meaning: 'yes, well known' ("I knew that", "You know him", "Since Berlin and Paris are capital cities ...")
    • expresses astonishment or irony; Meaning: 'really, actually' ("You're already there!", "That'll be cheerful!")
    • means a restriction, mostly with but used ("The swimming pool is new, but ...")
    • serves for the increasing sequence of sentences or partial sentences; Meaning: 'even more, not to say' ("I guess, yes, I adore him")
  • stressed yes
    • is in call sentences as an expression of urgent reminder; Meaning: 'absolutely, definitely, definitely / not under any circumstances' (“Don't do that!”, “He's lying so that you don't find out about him.”)
    • (also unstressed): "Adds a sentence in which a concessional reference is made to previous statements or thoughts"; Meaning: 'however' ("Yes, if I had known that!", "Yes, unfortunately, that doesn't work.")

Yes as an answer and confirmation

meaning

As explanations of the meaning for yes as an answer (particle), the dictionaries include the following:

  • According to Adelung (1793), the word yes is used as an answer “where it almost assures that something is, has been, or will be”.
  • In Grimm (1854-1961) is indeed the "affirmative answer to a question, assertion or requirement."
  • In Schiller (approx. 1905) "[ yes ] serves as an assurance that a thing is as the questioner thinks".
  • Sanders (1912) is yes , "a set representing affirming to a question, the Instead have the characteristic in question asked".
  • Brockhaus (1951) describes it as "consent, assurance of truth or obedience".
  • Bünting (1996) recorded so as "affirmation, positive, affirmative answer to a ruling" and it serves "to sth. To reaffirm"

A special meaning of yes is when the word is appended to a question as a refrain question. In cases like “That’s true, yes?” Or “Shall we go to the swimming pool today, yes?” The appended yes corresponds to one that can be found in the standard language , doesn't it? or expressions used synonymously and regionally differently such as … or ?,… right? or ... well? .

Yes can also intensification or increase to express. "I guess so, I adore him," It reaffirms the yes the previous statement so much that you almost to the courage, what was said once again in amplified form to express bring. Similarly forcefully making acts so when the aforesaid for a yes is repeated in the same form. Formulations such as “I, yes I” or “in his sorrow, yes, sorrow ...” are now considered to be stylistically superior, outdated or as a literary form of expression.

Logical function of yes to questions

  • Positive questions
Yes confirms the statement in a positively formulated question. Depending on the content of the question, this confirmation can either apply unreservedly ("Are you going to the swimming pool today?" - " Yes (, I'm going to the swimming pool today)!") Or only to a limited extent, with certain adverse expressions following in the answer such as but, however , however, etc. ("Yes, but ..."). Such restrictions relate only to the content of the question or to situational conditions; the logic of affirmation and the act of asking itself remain unaffected.
  • Negative questions
Negatively formulated questions are more complex than positively formulated ones: The question “Aren't you going to the swimming pool today?” Should logically correctly be answered with “Yes” if you do not go to the swimming pool (confirmation). Such a purely logically understood use of a negation in question form is hardly to be found in everyday language usage . Rather, the “not” in such cases does not refer to the content of the question, but to a presupposition of the questioner: The question “Aren't you going to the swimming pool today?” Implicitly means something like “I thought you were going to the swimming pool, and now I see that you are not there Are you going to go there after all? ”Or“ I think you're going to the swimming pool today. Is that right? ”And the like. The “not” in the question is pragmatically not a negation of the content (going to the swimming pool), but expresses astonishment, a doubt or an insecurity of the questioner or the contradiction to his expectations. Therefore the answer to “Aren't you going to the swimming pool today?” Is interpreted as an answer to what is indirectly expressed and not as an answer to the logical content of the question. Consequently, it is not a “yes” but a “no” that is perceived as correct if the person asked does not go to the swimming pool. The “yes” is therefore the positive confirmation of a positively formulated statement and “no” the positive confirmation of a negatively formulated statement (“yes, I will go to the swimming pool” vs. “no, I will not go to the swimming pool”).
  • "Or" questions
To decision-making questions with “or” (“Are you going to the swimming pool today or not?”) An answer with “Yes” (or “No”) does not make any logical sense. In such questions, the two semantic elements are linked with an exclusive or (XOR) , so the contents are mutually exclusive . Therefore, an answer like “yes” or “no” can only refer to either the first or the second part of the question and the question is left unanswered. A mere “yes” to an “or” question is therefore considered to be a wrong answer in purely logical terms.
In everyday parlance, on the other hand, the question “Are you going to the swimming pool today or not?” Is assumed to be a “Yes” together with an extended statement such as “Yes, I'm going (already / probably / but)” as a correct answer. The same applies to the negative answer “No, I'm not going”. A single “yes” or “no” is also accepted, especially since these words can be seen as an abbreviation of the extended statement. The degree of acceptance of a single “yes” (or “no”) can vary depending on the speaker and / or the situation. For example, a corresponding intonation of the question can tell whether more weight is placed on the front or the back element of the question. The context in which the question is asked can also play a role.

Syntactic function

A “yes” can result in a positively formulated sentence or a positive sentence-valued phrase such as “Yes, that's the way it is!” Or “Yes, I want.” In syntactic terms, the word yes itself has a sentence-valued status, i.e. corresponds when used alone a complete sentence ( holophrase ) or forms a partial sentence (“Yes, that's so”). The sentence-valued character of a single yes is shown in the fact that a partial sentence can depend on it: "Do you want to come with me?" - "Yes, if you wish." "

Pragmatic and prosodic aspects

→ See also the section below, Yes as an interjection

The meaning of yes can vary, especially with regard to pragmatics or speaking . Much of the content can, under the appropriate situational circumstances, be uttered more or less without a difference in meaning, both in the form of a statement sentence and in the form of a question mark ("We wanted to go to the swimming pool today." ). Depending on the type of sentence, a subsequent “Yes” can be seen either as an answer or as an interjection (“Yes! Let's go!”).

Differences in the meaning of the answer “yes” also result from the sentence or word melody .

  • A questioning “Yes?” That rises in pitch means less a positive and affirmative answer to a question, but rather the opposite of amazement, amazement (“I was in the swimming pool again yesterday.” - “Yes (actually)?”) Or doubt (“ Yes (do you really mean)? ").
  • A clearly long or short pronounced yes shows, depending on the speech situation, different types of emphasis such as enjoyment and joy (“Yeah, that's going to be nice!”) Or a reaction to impatience (“Yeah, I'll do it!”), While a clearly short, precise and concise “Yes.” can also reinforce the act of confirming itself (“Do you really want to do that?” - “Yes.”) In such cases, depending on the speaker - often with a joking character - phonetic variants of yes (such as for example yo or yep or the military jawohl - also used in the spelling yawoll , with the sharp brevity indicated . Grimm (1854–1961) also mentions the use of such varieties of yes when it is emphatic through brevity or length .

A reduplication of yes ( "yes, yes") in everyday language today is not intensifying, as is often the case, a reduplication in other cases or as the repeated yes it was especially in literary texts some time ago, but is related with an assessment or evaluation on the part of the respondent, often of the opposite character:

  • Appeasing and appeasing the questioner or relativising the content of the question ("Yes, yes, yes.")
  • Decreasing the importance or demeaning of the question content or the person asking ("Yes, yes, it's okay / stop it!")
  • Reference to the fact that the question will answer itself anyway or that the statement will not be doubted ("Yes, yes, I know.").

The use of yes as a question tag (“That's right, yes?”) Anticipates the positive answer and expresses the opinion of the questioner or is intended - often in suggestive form - to get the person asked to agree with the person asking.

In addition to the answer and confirmation function of yes , the word, when it is alone, expresses willingness to talk (“Yes.” In the sense of “Yes, please ?, Hello?” Etc.) and understanding (“Yes. “In the sense of 'I understood' etc.).

Social significance - yes as a political slogan

Propagandist information sheet for the referendum in 1938 regarding the annexation of Austria to the Third Reich

In explosive political matters, “yes” can be given a mobilizing character - either as an answer to a directly formulated question or in shortened form to a political slogan . This became clear, for example, in two referendums :

Advertising poster for the vote “Yes” in the referendum for a European constitution in France in 2005

In the referendum carried out after the annexation of Austria to Nazi Germany (at the same time as the election to the German Reichstag), the "yes" was given a prominent meaning, as a no - apart from the prevailing political pro-Nazi mood - already had to seem ridiculous to the critical voter simply because of the already completed connection. In addition, with the vote, a junction was made, so that with the approval of the connection one also voted for Adolf Hitler as Reich Chancellor. The question about the referendum in Austria was according to the legal gazette : "Do you confess to our Führer Adolf Hitler and thus to the reunification of Austria with the German Reich on March 13, 1938?" The pseudo-character of the referendum was also reflected in the different sizes of the answer choices on the ballot on which the Yes was depicted much larger what the leading question supported on the ballot.

“Yes” became the clear political slogan in the referendum on the Treaty on a Constitution for Europe in France in spring 2005. After months of exchanging pro and con arguments, in the days immediately before the important election it was mainly about that to express one's personal convictions by means of an Oui or Non and thus to mobilize voters who are still undecided.

Semantic equivalents for yes

Synonyms and linguistic variants

Yes can be used in all linguistic situations and is considered linguistically correct in all varieties . To express “yes” there are several synonymous possibilities for the word yes , although none of them has this universal character. The use of such synonyms is limited, primarily with regard to the

  • Language region: Of course! (especially in the southern German language area), fits! (especially in Bavaria and Austria), runs! (especially in Hamburg and northern Germany). These expressions are very often used together with yes (“Yes, of course!”) And thus have a reinforcing effect.
  • Technical areas: Yes! (in the military as an agreement without doubt or contradiction (e.g. when taking orders), can also be used in common parlance as an affirmative form), positive! (on the radio to avoid misunderstandings), Aye! (mostly in the doubled form Aye-aye! in the sailor's language , loan word from English)
  • Language level ( colloquial language , dialects ): Nu! (in the Saxon colloquial language), okay (loan word from English, can only be used to a limited extent in the standard language ), eh (in the sense of 'yes, right eh', in informal language use regionally limited and depending on the speaking situation)
  • Social varieties ( group languages , jargons ): This area is characterized by a large number of variants in terms of spelling and sound. To be recorded are in particular
    • Variants of German ja and English yes or yeah ( e.g. ya, ye, jo / yo, jou, joa, jau, ju and group-specific variants such as japp / yap, jepp / yep, jupp / yup )
    • Corruptions (for example yodihoo , snacks , yihaa )
    • The typographical abbreviations "k" (as an abbreviation of okay ) and y (as an abbreviation of yes ), which are particularly found in Internet jargon, are followed by the abbreviation ACK (short form of to acknowledge  = 'take note, agree, confirm') ) for the meaning field 'yes, ok, agree, acknowledged'.

Paraverbal equivalents

A paraverbal utterance, which corresponds in its meaning to a "yes" or an equivalent confirmation, is the realization of two successive sounds , whereby the second sound is usually aspirated with an [h] and the pitch of the second sound is higher than that of the previous one. A reversal of the pitch (and articulation without aspiration) also means a reversal of the semantic content of the utterance and therefore means a rejection and “ no ”. When the lips are closed, these sounds correspond roughly to an “ʕm-hm”, when the mouth is open the sound quality circles around a swat (ə) ([ʕə-hə]) or an almost open central vowel ([ɐ]) ([ʕɐ-hɐ ]).

Nonverbal Correspondences

In many countries the nod is used as a sign to express “Yes!”. There are exceptions in some countries, such as India, Albania and Bulgaria, where you rock your head to the right and left.

In Greece or Turkey one indicates a “no” by tilting the forehead back a little. In Bulgaria, a “no” is often confirmed by a nod. Those unfamiliar with the area can misunderstand both as an affirmative nod.

productivity

The word yes as an answer and confirmation is the starting point for some training courses:

The particle is the determinant of some compounds . The two expressions in use today are listed

  • Yes 'favorable answer to an advertisement' (Brockhaus 1951); Duden 1994; Paul 1908
Bünting (1996) differentiates between the actual meaning 'official consent, consent to marriage' and the transferred meaning 'consent to sth.' (“I had not yet said my yes”).
  • Yes-man 'who (slightly) agrees' (Brockhaus 1951); 'A person who always joins the majority, subordinates other people, etc. does not represent its own opinion '(Bünting 1996, here also the feminine form Yesagerin ); 'Someone who says yes to everything without his own opinion' (Duden 1994)

as well as its obsolete synonyms

  • Jaaffe 'monkey who says yes to everything' (Grimm 1854–1961)
  • Jabruder 'a thoughtless and willless approver' (Adelung 1793); 'Someone who says yes to everything, does not represent his own opinion' (Grimm 1854–1861)
  • Jaherr , a person who says yes to everything, promises, approves and concedes everything , who because of weakness does not have the heart to contradict others or refuse them something '(Adelung 1793); 'One who to everything yes, sir! speaks' (Grimm 1854–1861); 'Someone who says yes to everything', in use until the 18th century (Paul 1908)
  • Jaknecht 'someone who says yes without a will' (Grimm 1854–1861)
  • Jamensch 'man who says yes to everything' (Grimm 1854–1861)

Jabruder of the outdated forms can still be found in the first decades of the 20th century.

As a derivation , especially as a substantiation of the particles, there is yes with the meanings or components of meaning

  • 'Consent' (Duden 1994, Sanders 1912)
  • 'Consent' (Brockhaus 1951, Sanders 1912)
  • 'Affirmative, affirmative answer' (Wahrig 1991)
  • 'Consent to a question requiring a decision' (Bünting 1996)

Yes in other languages

“Yes” is a basic word in almost all languages . Because of its importance, it is short and usually differs significantly from “No”. Apart from real relationships within language families , similarities in the sound across language boundaries are more likely to be justified by the brevity and therefore mostly coincidental:

There are also languages ​​that have no counterpart to yes and no , for example Chinese , Latin or Irish . Often the verb of the question is repeated in the affirmative to express a "yes", while in the case of "no" it is given a negation. This practice is more common in Japanese than the use of the word hai .

In some languages, in which there is no actual yes and no , there are expressions that can sometimes be used instead of a (partial) repetition of a sentence. In Chinese, this includes “shì” (是; is ) or “shìde” (是 的). Similar to this, the formulas "ita est" ("so it is") and "sic est" are used in Latin, whereby the latter results in the Italian, Spanish and Portuguese forms for "ja" ([si]) by falling off the rear sound elements. have formed.

Yes as an interjection

Mainly in spoken language , it is often used (with regard to the part of speech ) as an interjection or (with regard to the syntax ) as a filler word and has an affirmative character like an answer or modal particle, but without much additional semantic content. Depending on the type of linguistic utterance, the speaking situation and the speech act performed , the word then has other functions or secondary meanings:

  • expression related
    • Link to your own preceding, also interrupted phrase ("... and then he went to the swimming pool. Yes, actually!", "He went to the swimming pool and then ... yes, that was it!")
    • Linking up with a statement made by the other person ("Why don't you go to the swimming pool?" - "Yes, I just don't feel like doing it.")
  • Expression-related: expressing the speaker's own sensitivities
    • Amazement, amazement (“Yes, something like that!”, “Yes, that's the possibility!”) In such utterances, the opposite of yes can sometimes be used (“No, something like that!”).
    • Joy, pleasure ("We could go to the swimming pool today." - "Yes! / Yes, great!")
    • Relief ("Yes! Finally!", "Yes! That's the way it is!")

After Paul (1908) has indeed a filling function. Is there where, during an own recollection connected to previously That said, fills a yes in cases such as "Yes, I must first see," or "Yes, that might work," the period of reflection from. Thus, even considered as interjection and filler. For Paul is yes but even no interjection, but can be connected to such ( "oh yes, oh yes, oh well").

For Brockhaus (1951), however, is yes or doubtful ( "So, what am I doing?") And a "cry very undetermined significance," the mocking ( "so, what do we have here?") Is used.

Yes as a conjunction

Yes is not a conjunction in the classic sense, but basically has a connecting function - sometimes also depending on the current expression - in that it takes up a reference to previous utterances and connects to their content. When used appropriately, Adelung (1793) also used the word as a “connective word”, for example in cases such as “Yes, what did I want to say?”, “Yes, now it comes back to me.” Each confirmation of a statement and answer a question connects the preceding and following contents in a certain way. Even in cases such as "I appreciate it, yes, I adore him even" can-enhancing yes syntactically contact binding function in appearance.

A connection function to previous statements did so well at the beginning of the sentence standing together with the expression of personal emotions such as

  • Hesitation, thoughtfulness ("Yes, that could work.")
  • Resignation ("Yes, then that would have been it.")
  • Embarrassment ("yes, then I'll ...")

In such contexts, tja is often used instead of yes . Due to the brevity of the two expressions, it is difficult to decide whether tja is a phonetic variant of ja (originated as a corruption) or whether it is a genuinely separate word .

Assignment of yes to parts of speech

The assignment of the word yes to the types of speech shown here is one of several possibilities.

The yes , which can also be used alone as an answer and confirmation, must often be distinguished from the yes within the sentence. With all uses of yes inside the sentence, the statement in the sentence is shadowed or tinted in a certain direction by means of the particles. Therefore they called the word yes in such cases, a Abtönungspartikel. With regard to the syntax , this gradation function - similar to the expressions yes, yes , but and others - is a sentence adverb, and therefore an adverbial definition , so that the word can also be counted as part of the part of speech adverb . Accordingly, also disagreement in dictionaries where yes is counted as different parts of speech:

  • generally as an "affirmative epithet" (Adelung 1796)
  • generally as particles (Bünting 1996, Duden 1994, in each case without further specification)
  • "Original ... an insurance particle that comes next to a verb "(Paul 1908)
  • "Conjunction or adverb, closely inserted into the sentence" (as a modal expression in contrast to the "affirmation particle, without close insertion into the sentence" as an answer) (Grimm 1854–1961)
  • generally as an adverb (Kluge 2002, Sanders 1912, Schiller ca.1905, Wahrig 1991)
  • not specified (Brockhaus 1951, Mackensen 1986, ÖWB 2006)

A subclassification of yes into certain types of particles is worth discussing, especially since the word has somewhat different properties.

  • can not flexed be
  • can not negate be
  • cannot be coordinated by means of and or by means of or with other similar expressions

All three properties are especially valid for modal particles, but only the first for the completely different part of speech adverb. Thus, one might indeed initially among the Modal. Another feature of modal particles is that they cannot be literally translated into other languages. In the sentence "Do not come too late!" Is so literally not be equated with a particular word of another language, whereas Yes in response and confirmation is very comfortable. Thus, so clearly distinguished as a confirmation of the modal particle in the sentence inside.

For an assignment of yes to several of speech is supported by the possibility of the negation of yes in response and confirmation of cases where the meaning, no accepts', "Should I jump?" - "Yes not!" With the possibility of negation is yes then not a particle, but an adverb. As a modal particle, on the other hand (“Don't jump !”), The verb jump rather than yes is negated. On the other hand, the objection can be made that the answer “Yes, don't!” Is merely a linguistic shortening of “Don't do that!” And the like because of the urgency of the situation and / or because of great emotional involvement. like. is.

Another difficulty in assigning yes to individual types of speech is with regard to its current use with emotional expression. In cases like “Shall we go to the swimming pool?” - “Yeah! Immediately! ”It is a matter of discretion whether the yes is viewed as an answer or confirmation particle and / or as an interjection. Similarly doubly interpreted is indeed in such use cases where the word can also be regarded as a conjunction; so as is the so -sentence "Yes, what I wanted to say?" after Adelung a conjunction, according to Brockhaus an interjection is.

Ultimately, yes because of different productivity are counted as different parts of speech. While the tinting particle inside the sentence does not allow any word formation processes , the answer particle allows composition and derivation.

swell

  • Adelung (1793) = Johann Christoph Adelung : Grammatical-critical dictionary of the High German dialect , second increased and improved edition, Leipzig, by Johann Gottlob Immanuel Breitkopf and Compagnie. 1793, online edition. Retrieved February 25, 2019 .
  • Brockhaus (1951) = The language Brockhaus. The picture dictionary for everyone. Sixth, improved edition, Wiesbaden, Eberhard Brockhaus 1951.
  • Bünting (1996) = Karl-Dieter Bünting: German dictionary . Chur, Isis Verlag 1996, DNB 1063974224 .
  • Duden (1994) = Duden: The large dictionary of the German language in eight volumes. Volume 7, 2nd edition., Mannheim 1994, ISBN 3-411-04802-6 .
  • Grimm (1854–1961) = Jakob and Wilhelm Grimm : German dictionary . 16 volumes in 32 sub-volumes. Leipzig 1854–1961. Online edition. Retrieved February 26, 2019 .
  • Mackensen (1986) = Mackensen. German dictionary. 11th edition. Munich 1986, OCLC 742362212 .
  • ÖWB (2006) = Austrian dictionary . published on behalf of the Federal Ministry for Education, Science and Culture, 40th edition, Vienna, öbv hpt 2006, ISBN 3-209-05511-4 .
  • Paul (1908) = Hermann Paul : German dictionary. second, increased edition. Hall a. S., Niemeyer 1908.
  • Sanders (1912) = concise dictionary of the German language. by Daniel Sanders . Eighth, revised and enlarged edition by Dr. J. Ernst Wülfing. Leipzig and Vienna, Bibliographical Institute 1912.
  • Schiller (approx. 1905) = Karl Schiller's Handbook of the German Language. First part: dictionary of the German language and common foreign words. Second, completely revised and enlarged supplement, edited by Dr. Friedrich Bauer and Dr. Franz Streinz. Vienna, Pest, Leipzig, A. Harleben's publishing house, [o. J.]
  • True (1991) = True. German dictionary. Gütersloh, Bertelsmann 1991, ISBN 3-570-03648-0 .

See also

Web links

Wiktionary: yes  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations
Wiktionary: Yes  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Remarks

  1. ↑ In the following, sources are given, unless otherwise stated, in the form that the dictionary author, in one case the name of the dictionary itself as an acronym, and the year of publication of the book edition are named. The respective bibliographic data can be found in the Sources section .
  2. ↑ Strictly speaking, this yes is not about the particles themselves, but the substantiated derivation of the yes (“Europe needs our yes)”.
  3. ↑ The y is also used as an abbreviation for why? In Internet jargon because the letter and the question word are pronounced the same in English .  = 'Why, why?' used. The same motive of the phonetic equality of letter and word or part of a word is also present in the case of k too okay .
  4. ↑ There is a corresponding error in Adelung (1793). In addition to phonetic equivalents of the word yes in related languages, a similar form of a language spoken on the Cocos Islands is also cited, which is supposed to be phonically related.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Kluge: Etymological dictionary of the German language . 24th edition. de Gruyter, Berlin 2002.
  2. ^ Etymological dictionary of German. developed under the direction of Wolfgang Pfeifer. 7th edition. dtv, Munich 2007, ISBN 978-3-423-32511-0 .
  3. ↑ a b c d See Paul (1908).
  4. ↑ Duden (1994).
  5. ↑ For Adelung (1793), the word yes , in addition to questions and requests in a third use as a direct affirmation, represents an “insurance” and cites as an example of use “yes, yes, she may have a good mind”; corresponding examples also in Grimm.
  6. ↑ See Duden 1994.
  7. ↑ Law Gazette 1938. Retrieved on February 19, 2019 . ; The personal name is emphasized in the original in bold.
  8. ↑ The word is still registered in the Großer Duden. Spelling of the German language and foreign words. Eleventh, revised and enlarged edition, first improved reprint, Leipzig, Bibliographisches Institut 1939. In the 13th edition from 1950 Jabruder is no longer listed.
  9. ↑ See Heinrich Evers, http://www.plattdeutsches-woerterbuch.de/pages/plattdeutsches_woerterbuch.html Klaus Düring, http://www.duering-online.de/platt.htm Burkhard Strassmann, DIE ZEIT, 29/1997 , http://www.zeit.de/1997/29/Jo_statt_Ja
  10. ↑ According to Duden ( The great dictionary of the German language in eight volumes , Volume 7, 2nd edition , Mannheim 1995, ISBN 3-411-04802-6 ) is considered to be a separate interjection and "expresses a hesitant attitude, thoughtfulness, concerns, also embarrassment or resignation ”(p. 3399). Mackensen (1986) gives “doubt” (p. 1052) as the meaning. In the ÖWB (2006) it is an 'exclamation of uncertainty, thoughtfulness'. In the Wahrig (1991) as well as in older German dictionaries (Adelung, Grimm, Paul, Sanders, Schiller) and in etymological dictionaries ( Kluge. Etymological dictionary of the German language , Wolfgang Pfeifer: Etymological dictionary of the German , Duden: The dictionary of origin ) is the word well not registered.