Art school
Art school is a collective term for different art educational institutions with artistic and musical orientation to impart skills and knowledge in the fields of the performing arts , the visual and the applied .
“Art school” can be understood in common parlance as the repeatedly offered private painting course as well as the state-recognized art academy or art college or music college . Private art schools can be recognized by the state as well as state-sponsored art schools.
history
The European tradition of art schools begins in the Middle Ages, when painters and sculptors her profession as a craft under consideration, in the frequently Luke Academy n schools mentioned. The latter were opened by free associations, brotherhoods or guilds in which artisans were united for the purpose of mutual promotion and training, such as the Guilds of St. Luke in Venice (statutes from 1290) and Florence (founded around 1339, statutes from 1386, academy since 1571) . Likewise, the Paris community of master painters and sculptors, Communauté des maîtres peintres et sculpteurs (founded in 1391, statutes in 1705) trained sculptors, painters and craftsmen at their own school called Académie de Saint-Luc .
When academies were also later by Leonardo da Vinci in Milan opened Accademia Vinciana (1494) and Baccio Bandinelli Academy on the belvedere of Pope Leo X in Rome called, although they initially only loose artist Communities formed where the discussion and tutorial dialogue maintained were. They lacked the institutional structure for the actual academy. However, a change took place after Bandinelli's originally purely philosophical , religious and humanistic circle expanded to include the group of sculptors, as Agostino Venezianos' copper engraving dated 1531 shows with the representation of the academy . The engraving shows older and younger artists working together but differently in the sculptor's workshop. It was drawn within this society and the theory and practice of art were discussed.
The first European academy to be regarded as a purely educational institution for budding artists was the Accademia e Compagnia dell'Arte del Disegno (1563) in Florence , which was co-founded by Giorgio Vasari . The Flemish painter Karel van Mander , who had stayed in Florence in the 1570s and met Vasari there, opened the painting academy (1587) in Haarlem together with Cornelis Cornelisz and Hendrick Goltzius based on the Florentine model .
National
Germany
history
The painter academy in Nuremberg , founded in 1662 by the engraver and publisher Jacob von Sandrart , is considered the first German art academy (converted into a provincial art school in 1818). This was followed by the future King of Prussia I. Friedrich founded " Academy of Mahler, sculpture and architectural art " in Berlin (1696; 1786, 1875 and 1882 reorganized) and that of Carl Eugen , Duke of Württemberg ", founded Académie des arts ”in Stuttgart (1761).
In the course of the industrialization of the manufactories that began in the 18th century , sovereigns and private entrepreneurs soon recognized the economic advantages of a qualified craft and artistic training for the next generation. In addition to the procurement of labor, this offered a guarantee for design quality that could be used as a sales argument. As a result of this knowledge, so-called “drawing schools” arose in addition to the predominantly academically oriented art schools, which were initially primarily organized as Sunday and evening schools. Such a drawing school for apprentices was opened in 1716 by Johann Daniel Preißler in Nuremberg . These schools also included the drawing school in Pforzheim (1767), the Grand Ducal Hessian Academy of Drawing Art in Hanau (1772), the Princely Free Drawing School Weimar (1776), the drawing school of the Hamburg Society for the Transport of the Coast and useful trades , the drawing school for craftsmen at the Berlin Academy of Arts (1786) and the Magdeburg drawing school (1793). In the 19th century, most of these drawing schools, which were now partly differentiated from the craft schools, adopted the designation trade school, arts and crafts school or, later, craft art school. From the 1960s onwards, they went up in different ways in technical colleges and other universities.
The Aschaffenburg Art School (founded in 1807 by Carl Theodor von Dalberg ) and the Grand Ducal Saxon Art School Weimar (1860–1930) were established in the 19th century . During this time, various art schools were closed, while others, such as the arts and crafts schools, were integrated as courses of study in technical colleges, but still others were given the status of an art college, which was previously reserved for state institutions. Because women were not admitted to conventional art schools at the time, the first art schools for women as artists were formed , including the school of the Association of Berlin Women Artists and the School of the Munich Artists' Association .
Art schools today
A variety of federal , countries or communities supported art schools is an integral part of the state, regional and municipal cultural and educational policy. Some of the schools run by private providers are integrated into this school system.
In the German education system , the names and school models are subject to the sometimes different decisions of the federal states. The degree of artistic orientation of individual schools can be very different. The learning and teaching offers of the different art schools are classified according to educational level:
- Primary level (elementary school)
- Secondary level (special school, Hauptschule, Realschule, Gymnasium, comprehensive school)
- Upper secondary level (technical school, technical college and others)
- Tertiary level or tertiary sector (technical college, academy with university status, college, university)
- Quaternary area (further education after graduation, diploma or other degree)
At the primary and secondary levels of education, there are schools in some cities that offer artistic and musical instruction, or work with art schools, but are not themselves referred to as art schools in the narrower sense (see Rosa Luxemburg Grundschule).
In the secondary level II education, vocational schools (old name: Gewerbeschule), technical colleges , schools for arts and crafts or crafts , schools for applied arts, for design or for design can provide training with a clear focus on artistic skills and professions. Traditional subjects are product design ( ceramic , glass , porcelain , textile , metal and precious metal design , etc.) and graphic design (see list of schools for design in the craft ). Only in Germany can stonemasons and stone sculptors complete their vocational training at a master school (see stone masons and stone sculptors ).
In addition to the artistic design of everyday objects ( consumer goods ) or architectural spaces, today it is about the design of processes of action, movements and communication. To this end, new training opportunities such as communication design ( graphic design , visual communication ) and other design disciplines were created .
The tertiary level is assigned to universities of applied sciences with an artistic department, art colleges, art academies and the Berlin University of the Arts. The courses offered in the tertiary sector must meet the requirements of an artistic development project .
Technical colleges with design and artistic departments provide training for professions in the field of applied arts. Comprehensive artistic and scientific courses of study with theory and practice-oriented subjects for freelance visual artists and art teachers are offered by art colleges and art academies. In Germany, art colleges and art academies are not integrated into universities, as in some other countries, so that studying combined at the same time is difficult.
Some privately owned art schools offer challenging teaching and state-recognized degrees. They can compete qualitatively with state schools and universities. On the other hand, there are private art schools that are irrelevant for any artistic professional training and development as a freelance artist. Groups of private art schools worth mentioning because of their social importance and quality standards:
- Anthroposophically inspired art schools: Alanus University for Art and Society , Ottersberg University of Applied Sciences and others
- Private vocational schools: School for Fine Arts and Design
- Art and creativity schools and youth art schools: These schools are part of extracurricular cultural educational and leisure work and do not offer any professional qualifications. The focus is on leisure activities that contribute to personal development , primarily of children and young people.
Austria
In Austria , the regular art schools in the education system are divided into the following sectors:
- Music schools (with a focus on all the arts), higher vocational schools with creative professional subjects (fashion, design, etc.) and schools with a focus on music - primary and secondary schools
- Master schools (technical-commercial) and master classes (fine arts) - post-secondary schools and courses
- Art universities - the former academies (all creative professional fields except literature and the like)
There are also numerous schools in the course system, such as the music schools (in the narrower sense) , summer academies , adult education centers , the drawing factory in Vienna and others, both within the regular education system and privately.
Switzerland
The first art education in German-speaking Switzerland was established at the F + F School for Art and Design in Zurich in 1971. At that time, the arts and crafts schools only provided training in the applied arts; an actual art degree could not yet be completed in Switzerland.
Liechtenstein
In Liechtenstein there is the Liechtenstein Art School in Nendeln. It is an independent foundation under public law. The art school offers different course formats for children, young people and adults, not only in painting, drawing and photography, but also in the field of digital media in particular. In addition, in the one-year preliminary design course at the Liechtenstein Art School, students can prepare for an apprenticeship in a design profession or (with a Matura) for access to a university for design and art.
France
There were many art schools in Paris , including the Académie de Saint-Luc , Académie Vitti , Académie Carmen , Académie Colarossi , Académie Matisse , Académie Suisse . The Académie de la Grande Chaumière and the Académie Julian still exist today, as are the École nationale supérieure des beaux-arts and Ecole nationale supérieure des arts décoratifs .
United States
The development of art schools in the United States in the 20th century was influenced by the Bauhaus . Black Mountain College in North Carolina, USA , was particularly connected to the Bauhaus tradition .
See also
literature
- Nikolaus Pevsner , The history of the art academies ISBN 3-88219-285-2
Web links
- State Association of Art Schools Lower Saxony
- State Association of Youth Art Schools and Cultural Education Institutions in Bavaria
Individual evidence
- ↑ Cf. Werner Hofmann: Bildende Kunst 2
- ↑ See Dictionnaire de la peinture flamande et hollandaise , Larouse, 1989 Pari, ISBN 2-03-740015-2
- ↑ FC Flick Foundation - Art School Potsdam 2007 - Rosa Luxemburg Elementary School. FC Flick Foundation, accessed August 14, 2010 .
- ↑ Youth art schools (creativity schools) would like to offer an independent leisure time offer for children, teenagers and young adults from all social classes in cooperation with the regular school. On the basis of creativity research, pedagogy and developmental psychology, the promotion of musical and artistic skills contributes to personal development. See the website of the Federal Association of Youth Art Schools and Cultural Education Institutions
- ^ Liechtenstein art school. Retrieved May 20, 2017 .
- ↑ Law of December 13, 2001 on the "Liechtenstein Art School" foundation (LGBl. 2002 No. 22 LR 442.1).
- ↑ http://www.kunstschule.li/DE/Gestalterischer-Vorkurs/Vorkurs/tblid/123/Default.asp ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
