Marie de Ponthieu

Marie, Countess of Ponthieu

Marie de Ponthieu (* before April 17, 1199; † September 21, 1250 in Abbeville ) is known under the name "Ponthieu", the county of the same name owned by her family, while her real family name was de Montgommery . As the last of her line and the only child of her father, she was Countess of Ponthieu and Countess of Montreuil-sur-Mer as his heiress from 1221 to 1250 . Through her mother Alix of France, Countess of Vexin (* 1160, † 1221) Marie was a granddaughter of Louis VII. King of France. Marie's life - about which only little data is known - was shaped by her family relationships, by the tensions between France and England, by the Crusades as a "family affair" and, last but not least, by her first husband Simon von Dammartin's unstable loyalty to the king . She is also a European ancestral mother, as she is one of the ancestors of the later Kings of England from the Plantagenet family .

origin

Montgommery

Marie de Ponthieu came from the Norman house of Montgommery , which was named after her property Montgommery (today Saint-Germain-de-Montgommery ) in the Calvados department in Normandy . Significant was Roger II. De Montgommery († July 27, 1094), who accompanied William I the conqueror in 1066 on his military expedition to England and was then elevated to Earl of Shrewsbury and Earl of Arundel (in Sussex) in 1074 . Through his marriage to Mabile de Bellême , Roger II also became Count of Alençon and Ponthieu , and Lord of Bellême . Due to the widespread ownership there was a threefold fiefdom dependency: from the Duke of Normandy - then the King of England - from the Count of Maine and from the King of France , which is why the tensions between these feudal lords regularly tested the loyalty of the Counts of Ponthieu.

The tower that was built in Abbeville in 1126 to commemorate the death of Marie's grandfather, Count John I of Ponthieu, on the crusade.

Marie's grandfather was John I of Montgommery, Count of Ponthieu and Montreuil, who took part in the Third Crusade and died in the siege of Acre in 1191 . He was married to Beatrix von Saint-Pol, a daughter of Anselm "Candavene" Count von Saint-Pol , for the third time .

Map of the possessions of the Counts of Ponthieu

Her father was Wilhelm V of Ponthieu , called Talvas (* after 1178, † October 6, 1221), who was Count of Ponthieu and Montreuil from 1191 to 1221 and, according to the marriage contract of August 20, 1195 in Yvelines Alix of France, Countess of Vexin (* 1160, † 1221) married. She was a daughter of Louis VII, King of France (1137–1180) and his second wife, Constance Infanta of Castile , who died in 1160 giving birth to her daughter Alix. The Chronicle of the Alberic de Trois-Fontaines names Margarete and Alix as children of King Louis VII and his second wife and records that Alix married Count Wilhelm von Ponthieu. According to other representations, Alix of France was born around 1170 as the daughter of the third wife of King Louis VII, Alix of Blois-Champagne (* 1140, † 1206).

Life

youth

Towers in the citadel built by Marie's uncle, King Philip II August in Montreuil-sur-Mer.

Marie de Ponthieu was born before April 17, 1199 as the daughter of her father Wilhelm II "Talvas", who, as Count of Ponthieu and Montreuil, was one of the most important feudal bearers of the French crown. Through her mother, Princess Alix of France, Marie de Ponthieu was one of the closest relatives of the French royal family. To the disappointment of her parents, Marie remained the only surviving child and therefore became the last representative of her family and the heir to her parents' extensive estates.

Marie appears several times in documents that were issued by her father, in each of which her consent to various legal transactions is recorded. For example in 1205 when it was donated to the church of Saint Giosse, or in 1207 and 1208 when rights were transferred to a vassal of her father. In September of the same year, her (future) brother-in-law Rainald I. von Dammartin confirmed the marriage contract between Marie and his brother Simon von Dammartin in a document . While these documented mentions do not provide any information about Marie's living conditions, they can be inferred from family relationships and contemporary history.

French marriage policy

Marie's mother's marriage plans

For Marie de Ponthieu, the fate of her mother Alix of France († 1221), who was naturally part of the dynastic marriage policy of her father, King Louis VII of France, was undoubtedly decisive in her youth. The aim was to bind the House of Plantagenet, whose representatives were kings of England but also the most important fiefdoms and thus rivals and partners with regard to the crusade, to France. Marie's grandfather had married his daughter Margarethe of France, the older sister of Marie's mother Alix, to the English heir to the throne Heinrich the Young Plantagenet (* 1155, † 1183), who was already known as the "young king" in 1170 during his father's lifetime. was crowned and carried this title until his death in 1183, whereby Marie's aunt Margarete also carried the title of the young Queen of England.

In order to double the dynastic bond, Marie's mother, Alix of France , was betrothed to Heinrich's younger brother, twelve-year-old Richard the Lionheart , now Duke of Aquitaine, in the Peace of Montmirail in 1169 . However, thirteen years later there was still no marriage, and in 1183 the county of Vexin was contractually provided as a dowry, but it was left open which of the sons of King Henry II Alix would marry. She therefore traveled expectantly towards her wedding in England around 1185, but Richard refused to marry her there. In order to avoid an impending crisis in bilateral relations, this engagement by King Henry II of England and King Philip II August of France was confirmed again in the Treaty of Colomiers in 1189 .

However, this had no effect, as King Henry II died in the same year and Richard I the Lionheart, now as King of England, insisted on the refusal of marriage, relying on the canonical obstacle to marriage of "affinitas" to be there own father King Henry II would have come too close to his bride Alix. In March 1191, King Richard officially dissolved the engagement in Messina.

King Philip Augustus did not allow himself to be dissuaded from his strategy and now offered Alix to Richard's younger brother, Johann Ohneland, as a bride, even though he was already married. Since this attempt also failed, Maria's mother Alix had to swap the intended role as Queen of England for that of a rejected bride with a not entirely flawless reputation. At the same time she remained under English control during the Third Crusade and was held in the Tower of Rouen. Only after King Richard had returned to England in 1195 after the crusade, his capture near Vienna and his imprisonment in Trifels Castle, was Alix able to return to France, where she immediately met her half-brother King Philip II on August 20, 1195 with Mary's father , Count Wilhelm IV of Ponthieu, was married. Their original dowry - the county of Eu and the town of Arques in Normandy - had now been brought under his control by King Richard.

Marriage policy with Marie de Ponthieu

Ponthieu coat of arms

As the king's niece and future heir to the Counties of Ponthieu and Montreuil, Marie was naturally the subject of royal marriage policy. This was not about a foreign policy alliance at the highest level, but about binding a powerful aristocratic family whose loyalty fluctuated to the French crown. Marie was therefore married by her uncle King Philip II of France in September 1208 to Simon von Dammartin, Count of Aumale , (* 1180, † September 21, 1239). This connection seemed urgently needed, since Simon, with his father Aubry II von Dammartin and his older brother Rainald I von Dammartin , had fallen away from France a few years earlier to join the English King Richard the Lionheart , which led to the confiscation of their French fiefs. Only after the death of King Richard in 1199 in a dispute with his successor King Johann Ohneland and the death of her father Aubry iII. in 1200 the von Dammartin brothers changed sides again and returned to France to repentantly submit to King Philip Augustus. In France, the brothers now distinguished themselves in the fight against England, as a result of which Rainald I von Dammartin - Marie's later brother-in-law - got the county of Aumale back in 1204, which he exchanged with his brother Simon for the county of Mortain in 1206.

Simon von Dammartin

Descent from France

However, the expectation of King Philip II August and probably also of Marie de Ponthieu that this generosity and the marriage with a niece of the king would secure the loyalty of the Dammartin family to the French crown was not fulfilled. A major reason for this was the attempt by King Philipp August to restrict the power of the nobility, which led Marie's husband, Simon von Dammartin and his older brother Rainald I to switch sides again in 1211 and face the enemy: King Johann Ohneland from England to join. For Marie, the betrayal of her husband was not only a personal setback, but also because her father, William IV Count von Ponthieu, was loyal to the king, which placed Marie between the two conflicting parties.

The tensions with England finally led to the Battle of Bouvines , where on July 27, 1214 her father fought alongside King Philip August against a combined army of English and Germans under the leadership of Emperor Otto IV , in which Marie's husband Simon von Dammartin and her brother-in-law Rainald I. von Dammartin exercised command functions. This renewed defection of the House of Dammartin from France turned out to be a mistake, since Philipp August won the battle, took Marie's brother-in-law Rainald von Dammartin prisoner and let him die in prison. Marie's husband Simon von Dammartin was able to flee, but had to go into exile in England. King Philip II confiscated the possessions of the two rebels and transferred them to his youngest son Philipp Hurepel († 1234), whom he - to secure the estate - in 1216 with the heiress Rainalds, Mathilde von Dammartin, Countess of Boulogne and Dammartin († 1259) , married.

Marie thus lost her brother-in-law, was left without a husband in France and was probably herself suspected of being on the side of the apostate.

Battle for the county of Ponthieu

When Marie's father Wilhelm von Ponthieu died in 1221, the line of succession in her father's possessions - especially the counties of Ponthieu and Montreuil - seemed secure, as Marie was the sole heir. However, King Philip August had not forgotten the faithlessness of the Dammartin family and therefore now extended the expropriation to his niece Marie by confiscating her inheritance.

The death of King Philip August in 1223 was the signal for Marie's exiled husband to try to take possession of the County of Ponthieu by force. He landed with a fleet from England and occupied Abbeville , the county's capital. His plan failed, however, as the city opened its gates to the army sent by the new King Louis VIII "the Lion" - a nephew of Marie - whereby the planned conquest of the county of Ponthieu collapsed and Simon again only managed to flee to his English Exile could save. For Marie this meant renouncing both her husband and the county of Ponthieu inherited from her father for years.

Marie Countess of Ponthieu

Marie de Ponthieu nominally Countess of Ponthieu since 1221, but finally obtained the return of the County of Ponthieu from her nephew King Louis VIII, but had to make significant concessions: So she had to renounce her claims to the County of Alençon, had to the King Doullens and Saint-Riquier was no longer allowed to build the destroyed castles in their domain and was not allowed to marry off their daughters without the consent of the king. Her husband, however, remained in exile and in disgrace.

A rapprochement with the king did not take place until 1230, when Simon von Dammartin finally submitted to King Philip August again and agreed to the conditions that were the basis of the agreement between his wife Maria von Ponthieu and König. Thus, after many years, Maria returned to normal life, ruled her territories, which had been reduced by territorial losses, and in particular the County of Ponthieu together with her husband. He was finally given the county of Aumale, which he had owned from 1206 to 1214, in 1234 again, which sealed the full reconciliation with the King of France.

A major turning point in Mary's life was the death of her husband Simon de Dammartin on September 21, 1239, who was buried in the Abbey of Valloires.

Marie von Ponthieu and the Crusades

In addition to the rivalry between France and England, and the wavering loyalty of her husband, which had a deep impact on her life, Marie, like most of her contemporaries, was shaped by the dominant idea of ​​her age - the movement of the Crusades - and this was especially true their closest relatives and brothers-in-law as leaders of the crusades and rulers of the crusader states often played a dominant role.

Crusades as part of family history

Legends and facts about the heroic victories and defeats of Western crusaders have been part of the widespread literary and family traditions since Marie's childhood.

Marie's maternal grandfather, King Louis VII of France, accompanied by Marie's step-grandmother Eleanor of Aquitaine - the "Queen of the Troubadures" - undertook in the years 1147 to 1149, together with the Roman-German King Konrad III. von Hohenstaufen, the Second Crusade . Not only did the conquest of Damascus fail , but also the marriage of King Louis VII with Eleanor of Aquitaine. A circumstance to which Maria owes her life, because this was the only way that Ludwig's second marriage to Maria's grandmother Konstanze of Castile came about.

Marie's uncle Philip August King of France set out in 1190 after the conquest of Jerusalem by Sultan Saladin together with Richard the Lionheart, King of England, on the Third Crusade , through which not Jerusalem but the heavily fortified city of Acre was conquered on July 12, 1191 could be a day of mourning for Maria because her own grandfather, Jean I. de Montgommery, Count of Ponthieu, fell during the siege of Acre.

With the Kingdom of Jerusalem Marie was through her cousin Heinrich II. Count of Champagne (1181-1197), the son of her aunt Marie of France († 1198), who also took part in this crusade, through his marriage to Isabella I of Anjou, rose to be king of Jerusalem and ruled there from 1192 to 1197. This is because Isabella was a daughter of Amalrich I of Anjou, king of Jerusalem (1162–1174) and granddaughter of Fulk of Anjou, king of Jerusalem (1131–1143). Isabella's mother was Maria Komnena , a great niece of the Byzantine emperor Manuel I , which is why Marie de Ponthieu was related by marriage to the Byzantine imperial family.

Marie also had family ties to the rulers of the Byzantine Empire , because her aunt Agnes of France (* 1171, † after 1240) was Empress of Byzantium from 1180 to 1185, as she was Emperor of Byzantium in 1180 with Alexios II Komnenus in 1180 –1183 and in the second 1183 was married to Andronikos I. Komnenos , the murderer and successor of her husband, who ruled from 1183 to 1185. In 1204 she married the Byzantine general Theodor Branas for the third time.

Marie's aunt Margarethe of France, widowed by Henry “the young” King of England since 1188, married Béla III in 1186 . of Hungary, King of Hungary (1172–1196). Béla lived in his youth in Constantinople, where he was betrothed to Maria Komnena (* 1152, † 1183), daughter of Emperor Manuel I of Byzantium, took the name Alexios and was officially appointed heir to the Byzantine throne in 1165. Since Emperor Manuel I later had a son, Béla was stripped of this title in 1169 and his engagement dissolved.

Crusades in the East

For Marie, however, the crusades were not just family heroic legends of the past, they were actual reality.

In her childhood, it came to the Fourth Crusade in 1204 , with which Marie was connected through her cousin (granddaughter of King Ludwig VII.) Marie von Champagne (* 1174, † 1206). She was married to Baldwin I, Count of Hainaut and Flanders , who took part in this crusade, was elected the first emperor of the Latin Empire of Constantinople and ruled from 1204 to 1206. His brother Heinrich followed him from 1206 to 1216 as the second Latin emperor.

Marie also had direct family ties to the Kingdom of Jerusalem, as her niece, Alice of Champagne , a daughter of Count Henry II of Champagne , married Hugo I of Lusignan in 1208 , who ruled as King of Cyprus from 1205 to 1218 and was the only one Son of Amalrich II of Lusignan was King of Cyprus and from 1197 to 1205 King of Jerusalem.

The only son of Alice, Henry I "the Fat" of Lusignan, was King of Cyprus from 1218 to 1254 and from 1246 ruler of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.

Crusades in the west

Marie was also involved in the crusades in western Europe through her relatives. Her father, William IV Talvas Count von Ponthieu, took part in the Albigensian Crusade in 1209/10 . Marie's nephew Louis VIII, King of France (1223-1226) undertook a crusade against the Albigensians in 1226. He was married to Blanka of Castile († 1252), a daughter of Alfonso VIII, King of Castile, who undertook a crusade against the Almohads in 1212 and defeated them in the battle of Las Navas de Tolosa .

Wife of Mathieu de Montmorency

Matej 1224

Damiette 1249 02

However, the Crusades were to encroach even deeper into the life of Marie de Ponthieu. She was married in the second marriage since 1241 to Mathieu de Montmorency, Seigneur d'Attichy, who through this connection became the Count of Ponthieu and Montreuil.

A few years later, Marie von Ponthieu was involved in the preparation of the Sixth Crusade , which her great-nephew Louis IX. "The Holy" King of France from 1226 to 1270, undertook in 1249/1250, when her husband Mathieu de Montmorency was determined to take part. It was a very expensive undertaking, also financially, as the count had to be equipped with a troop of knights as well as the necessary staff and servants for an expedition lasting several months, which is why Marie, as the owner of the county, was undoubtedly involved in the preparations. The occasion of the crusade was the capture of Jerusalem by Turkish mercenaries of the Ayyubid Sultan As-Salih Ayyub of Egypt († 1249) in 1244, which is why King Louis IX. Set Egypt as a destination.

The core force around the king, which also included Marie's husband Mathieu de Montmorency, set out from Paris on August 12, 1248, embarked on August 25 in Aigues-Mortes , wintered in Cyprus and reached the Nile Delta on June 4, 1249 in front of the city of Damiette . After the unexpectedly rapid capture of the city on June 6, 1249, the city of al-Mansura was besieged in February 1250 .

Fateful for Marie de Ponthieu was the recklessness of her great-nephew, Count Robert I of Artois , who commanded the vanguard and, contrary to existing instructions, on February 8, 1250 with his troops - including Marie's husband Mathieu de Montmorency - a surprise attack on the City undertook. However, these troops were ambushed, with the majority of the attackers - including Marie's great-nephew Count Robert I of Artois, the Grand Master of the Templar Order , Guillaume de Sonnac and her husband Mathieu de Montmorency were killed. A little later, Marie's other great-nephew, King Louis IX, was captured by the Egyptian troops with the rest of the army in April 1250. Ludwig was released for a large ransom, but remained in Palestine.

Succession

Since Marie de Ponthieu was the last of her line and had no sons, the claims to the property of her family were passed on to her eldest daughter Johanna von Dammartin (* around 1220, † 1279), and from 1239 to 1279 to her father as Countess von Aumale and in 1250 succeeded her mother as Countess von Ponthieu. Through her marriage, she was also Queen of Castile and León from 1237 to 1252.

After Joan's death, the county of Ponthieu fell to her eldest daughter, Eleanor of Castile (* 1241, † 1290), who was Queen of England from 1272 to 1290 as the wife of Edward I. The county of Ponthieu then passed on to her son King Edward II and her grandson King Edward III. from England across.

family

ancestors

16. Wilhelm III. of Montgommery, Count of Ponthieu , † 1172

8. Guido II. Count of Ponthieu , † 1147

17. Helen of Burgundy, † 1142

4. Johann I Count of Ponthieu , † Akkon 1191

9. Ida Ne

2. William IV. Talvas Count of Ponthieu , † 1221

20. Hugo III. Count of Saint-Pol , † after 1145

10. Anselme de Campdavaine, Count of Saint-Pol, † 1175

21. Béatrix de Rollancourt

5. Beatrix of Saint-Pol, & v. 1170

22. Guillaume IV. De Gouet seigneur de Montmirail, † 1169

11. Eustachie de Gouet († 1164)

23. Isabelle de Blois, † after 1168

1. Marie Countess of Ponthieu, † 1250

24. Philip I, King of France 1060–1108

12. Louis VI. King of France (1108–1137)

25. Bertha of Holland, Queen of France (1072-1092), † 1093

6. Louis VII "the boy" King of France (1137–1180)

26. Humbert II. Count of Savoy , † 1103

13. Adelheid of Savoy (Maurienne) Queen of France (1115–1137), † 1154 Montmartre

27. Gisela, Countess of Burgundy; Countess of Savoy, † after 1133

3. Alix of France, Countess of Vexin , † after 1218

28. Raimund Count of Burgundy , † 1107

14. Alfonso VII “the Emperor” King of León and Castile (1126–1157)

29. Urraca Queen of Galicia, León and Castile , † 1126

7. Constanze of Castile Queen of France (1154–1160)

30. Raimund Berengar III. Count of Barcelona , † 1131

15. Berenguela of Barcelona , Queen of Castile and León (1128–1149), † 1149

31. Dulcia Countess of Provence , † 1127

Marriages

According to the marriage contract, Marie de Ponthieu married Simon von Dammartin, Count von Aumale , son of Aubry II. Von Dammartin and his wife Mathilde von Clermont-en-Beauvaisis, who became Count of Ponthieu and Montreuil through this marriage .

Marie married Mathieu de Montmorency Seigneur d'Attichy, a son of Mathieu II. De Montmorency from his first marriage to Gertrude de Soissons, before December 15, 1241 . Through this connection her husband became Count of Ponthieu and Montreuil. He fell on February 8, 1250 on the Sixth Crusade at the Battle of Mansura.

progeny

Offspring only from first marriage:

Eleanor of Castile

1. Johanna von Dammartin-Ponthieu (* around 1220 in Abbeville, † March 16, 1279, buried in the monastery of Valoires), was Queen of Castile and Leon through her marriage from 1237 to 1252 and followed her father as Countess of Aumâle in 1239 and in 1251 on her mother as Countess von Ponthieu. ∞ I. in Burgos before August 1237 Ferdinand III. "The Holy" King of Castile and Leon (1217–1252) (* Monte de Valparaíso July 30 / August 5, 1201, † Seville May 30, 1252) ∞ II. 1254 Jean de Nesle seigneur de Falvy et de La Hérelle ( † February 2, 1292) She had three surviving children from her first and two from her second marriage:
   1. Ferdinand Infant of Castile and Leon (1238, † before 1264). He appears in a document in 1250 as Ferdinand de Ponthieu, Count of Aumâle, Baron de Montgommery et de Noyelles-sur-Mer. ∞ after 1256 Laure de Montfort, Dame d'Epernon († around 1270), a daughter of Amaury VII. De Montfort († 1241), Earl of Leicester, crusader, 1218–1224 Duke of Narbonne, Count of Toulouse etc. (progenitor of the later Counts of Ponthieu)
   2. Eleonore Infanta of Castile and Leon (* 1241, † November 28, 1290) through her marriage Queen of England (1254-1290), accompanied her husband on the crusade in 1270. ∞ in Burgos October 18, 1254 Edward Plantagenet Earl of Chester, from 1272 Edward I "Longshanks" King of England (1239–1307) (progenitor of the following Kings of England from the House of Plantagenet.)
   3. Luis Infant of Castile and Leon (* before 1243, † before April 20, 1279) since 1253 Señor (master) de Marchena and Zuheros, ∞ Juana Gómez de Manzanedo Señora (mistress) de Gatón
   4. JEAN II de Nesle († December 1300), Sire (Lord) de Falvy et de la Hérelle, ∞ as their second husband, Marie van Oudenaarde, († after 1276). Daughter of Jan Herr van Oudenaarde and his first wife Adela de Soissons
   5. Jeanne de Nesle († October 10, 1280) ∞ Guillaume III de Béthune, Seigneur de Locres et de Herbuterne, son of Guillaume II de Béthune Seigneur de Locres et de Herbuterne and his wife Beatrix de Herbuterne.
2. Mathilde von Dammartin-Ponthieu (* before 1220, † after January 1257) ∞ after August 1237 Jean vicomte (Vice Count) de Châtellerault (1240–1290) son of Aimery II. Viscount de Châtellerault († 1224) and his wife Agatha Ne
   1. Jeanne de Châtellerault Dame de Lillebonne (* 1243/47, † May 16, 1315) ∞ I. 1259 Geoffroy de Lusignan Seigneur de Jarnac et de Château-Larcher († 1272/1274), ∞ II. Around 1276 Jean II. Harcourt "le Preux" Seigneur d'Harcourt, Baron von Elbeuf, Marshal of France , Admiral of France , by marriage Vice Count of Châtellerault (* 1245, † December 21, 1302) 1270 participants in the Seventh Crusade.
3. Philippa von Dammartin-Ponthieu († April 14, 1278/81) ∞ I. Raoul de Lusignan Count of Eu, († September 1-2, 1246). ∞ II. After November 1246 Raoul II. De Coucy Seigneur de Coucy, crusader, († falls in the battle of Faraskur on April 6, 1250). ∞ III. 1252/54 as his second wife, Otto II. Count von Geldern, (1229–1271), children only from the third marriage:
   1. Rainald I, Count of Geldern (1271–1320), Duke of Limburg (1280–1288) († Montfort October 9, 1326). ∞ I. 1276 Irmgard von Limburg, heiress of Walram V. Duke of Limburg. ∞ II. 1286 Margarete von Flandern (* 1272, † 1331) daughter of Guido I. Count of Flanders.
   2. Philippa von Geldern († before June 24, 1300) ∞ before May 30, 1275 Walram II. Heer van Valkenburg, Seigneur de Montjoie. (* around 1253, † September 5, 1302).
   3. Margarete von Geldern († 1282/87), ∞ before 1279 as his first wife, Dietrich VI./VIII. Count of Kleve (1275–1305),
   4. Maria von Geldern, wife of Trankeel in 1281 († before September 8, 1306).
4. Marie von Dammartin- Ponthieu († after 1279). ∞ before December 15, 1241 as his second / third wife Jean II. De Pierrepont Count von Roucy, (1221–1251), son of Robert de Pierrepont Lord of Pierrepont and his wife Eustachie Countess von Roucy, heiress of the County of Roucy († 1221 ).
   1. Jean III de Pierrepont Count von Roucy (1251–1271) ∞ before 1260 Isabelle de Mercœur († after 1269) daughter of Beraud VI. (VIII.) Seigneur de Nercoeur and his wife Beatrix de Bourbon-Dampierre († 1274).
   2. Ne (daughter) de Pierrepont ∞ Jean I. de Garlande, Seigneur de Possesse, son of Anseau de Garlande.

swell

• Charles Cawley: Medieval Lands. Capet: fmg.ac
• Charles Cawley: Medieval Lands. Ponthieu: fmg.ac
• Detlev Schwennicke : European family tables . New series, volume II, plates 11, 12, Verlag JA Stargardt 1984.
• Jean de Joinville : Life of Saint Louis of France. Translated into German by Theodor Nißl, according to the story of his comrade at the time and combat, Johann von Joinville. Manz, Regensburg 1852. (digitized reader.digitale-sammlungen.de )

literature

• René Grousset: Histoire des croisades et du royaume franc de Jérusalem. Volume III: 1188-1291. La monarchie musulmane et l'anarchie franque. Perrin, Paris 1936. (Reprint: 2006, ISBN 2-262-02569-X , pp. 447–457)
• Heinz Halm: caliphs and assassins; Egypt and the Middle East at the time of the First Crusades. Verlag CH Beck, Munich 2014, ISBN 978-3-406-66163-1 .
• Ulrike Kessler: Richard the Lionheart. King, Crusader, Adventurer, Styria Verlag, 1995, ISBN 3-222-12299-7 .
• Steven Runciman : History of the Crusades. Translated from English by Peter de Mendelssohn. 5th edition. DTV, 2006, ISBN 3-423-30175-9 .

Individual evidence

1. ^ Charles Cawley: Medieval Lands. http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/CAPET.htm#_Toc495733105
2. ↑ Chronica Albrici Monachi Trium Fontium 1164, MGH SS XXIII, p. 848.
3. ↑ Ulrike Kessler: Richard Löwenherz; King, crusader, adventurer. Styria Verlag 1995, ISBN 3-222-12299-7 , p. 61.
4. ↑ Detlev Schwennicke : European family tables . New series, Volume II, Plate 11, Verlag JA Stargardt, 1984.
5. ^ John W. Baldwin: Aristocratic Life in Medieval France. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002, p. 58.
6. ^ Charles Cawley: Medieval Lands. Comtes de Ponthieu (BELLÊME-MONTGOMMERY) fmg.ac
7. ↑ Ulrike Kessler: Richard Löwenherz; King, crusader, adventurer. Styria Verlag 1995, ISBN 3-222-12299-7 , p. 31.
8. ↑ Ulrike Kessler: Richard Löwenherz; King, crusader, adventurer. Styria Verlag 1995, ISBN 3-222-12299-7 , p. 32.
9. ↑ Ulrike Kessler: Richard Löwenherz; King, crusader, adventurer. Styria Verlag 1995, ISBN 3-222-12299-7 , p. 72.
10. ↑ Ulrike Kessler: Richard Löwenherz; King, crusader, adventurer. Styria Verlag 1995, ISBN 3-222-12299-7 , p. 60.
11. ↑ Ulrike Kessler: Richard Löwenherz; King, crusader, adventurer. Styria Verlag 1995, ISBN 3-222-12299-7 , p. 74.
12. ↑ Ulrike Kessler: Richard Löwenherz; King, crusader, adventurer. Styria Verlag 1995, ISBN 3-222-12299-7 , p. 61.
13. ↑ Ulrike Kessler: Richard Löwenherz; King, crusader, adventurer. Styria Verlag 1995, ISBN 3-222-12299-7 , p. 74.
14. ^ Charles Cawley: Medieval Lands. Comtes de Punthieu (BELLÊME-MONTGOMMERY) http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/nfraamp.htm#MariePonthieudied1250
15. ↑ Steven Runciman: History of the Crusades. translated by Peter de Mendelssohn. 3. Edition. Deutscher Taschenbuchverlag, Munich 2006, ISBN 3-423-30175-9 , p. 565.
16. ↑ Steven Runciman: History of the Crusades. translated by Peter de Mendelssohn. 3. Edition. Deutscher Taschenbuchverlag, Munich 2006, ISBN 3-423-30175-9 , p. 822.
17. ↑ Steven Runciman: History of the Crusades. translated by Peter de Mendelssohn. 3. Edition. Deutscher Taschenbuchverlag, Munich 2006, ISBN 3-423-30175-9 , p. 839.
18. ↑ Steven Runciman: History of the Crusades. P. 728.
19. ^ Charles Cawley: Medieval Lands. fmg.ac
20. ^ Heinz Halm: Caliphs and Assassins; Egypt and the Middle East at the time of the First Crusades. Verlag CH Beck, Munich 2014, ISBN 978-3-406-66163-1 , p. 321.
21. ↑ Steven Runciman: History of the Crusades. P. 1047.
22. ^ Charles Cawley: Medieval Lands. http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/nfraamp.htm#MariePonthieudied1250
23. ↑ According to Charles Cawley, Medieval Lands comtes de Saint-Pol fmg.ac, Eustachie was the divorced wife of Geoffrey de Mandeville Earl of Essex, but her origin is not specified there. The filiation given here is based on the articles "Anselme Campdavaine" and "Perche-Gouët" in the French-language Wikipedia
24. ^ Charles Cawley: Medieval Lands. NORTHERN FRANCE, AMIENS, MONTREUIL, PONTHIEU, http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/nfraamp.htm#_Toc494871040

predecessor	Office	successor
William IV	Count of Ponthieu 1221–1251	Johanna von Dammartin