Market (Schwerin)
The market in Schwerin is a rectangular historical market square in the old town of Schwerin , the history of which goes back to the founding of the city in 1160. To distinguish it from the shelf market of the Neustadt ( Schelfe ), which was independent until 1832 , it is also referred to as the old town market . It is located south of the cathedral . Four of the buildings surrounding the square are listed.
description
The old town market got its area after the great fire of 1651. This area was extended a few meters to the north in 1783-85 and today measures 60 × 52 meters. The market is bordered in the north by the new building (pillar building), in the east by the town hall , by the town house with a facade reconstructed in 1975 based on a historical model, three gabled houses built in 1975 , in the south by residential buildings with a late classical facade from the years after 1840 and in the west from other community centers, of which a half-timbered building was partially preserved. The lion monument stands in front of the new building.
Schmiedestrasse , Schusterstrasse and Puschkinstrasse as well as two passages from the butcher's market lead to the market mostly as a pedestrian zone . The Schwerin Cathedral is located north of the market square .
The new building (Am Markt 1), two residential and commercial buildings (Am Markt 3, Am Markt 7) and the old town hall (Am Markt 14) are listed as historical monuments.
History of the market
The market already existed as a central place when Schwerin was founded. The importance of the city for trade made the establishment of a market square necessary, among other things as a location for annual markets. City founder Heinrich the Lion promoted the development of long-distance trade by allowing Schwerin merchants to enjoy duty-free freedom throughout Saxony and to keep two cogs and any number of smaller ships in the port of Wismar . Only in the market place was it allowed to trade in food and handicrafts. Small craftsmen owned stalls in which they produced and sold. Butchers, bakers and fishermen offered their products from covered stalls, paws or benches in areas of the market divided according to occupational groups; for example, fish was traded in the northeastern part of the market. Only on special days, such as September 9th since 1171, were foreign traders allowed to sell their products on the Schwerin market square. The market was also a meeting place. Before newspapers came up, new laws, statutes and ordinances were read out here once or twice a year and on special events or there were public debates. It is not known how the market was built at that time. The geologist and monument conservator Nils Rühberg assumes single-storey half-timbered mud houses whose roofs were thatched. Road pavements were, where necessary, only in the form of wooden planks. The town hall once stood freely on the market, as evidenced by a cemetery mentioned in 1284, whose graves were uncovered in 1983/84.
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Only part of the market area originally about 75 × 75 meters in size and now largely built-up overlaps the current floor plan in the southeast. Because newly founded cities such as Wismar and Parchim were more conveniently located on navigable waterways, trade in Schwerin declined and the market was gradually built up to a small remaining area (60 × 20 m). Even market stalls have been converted into residential buildings due to the population growth. It was a narrow residential area with tall, narrow houses without a yard or garden. Only after the devastating city fire in 1651, which broke out in a smithy behind the town hall and with 150 houses almost the entire old town in rubble and ashes, the market got roughly its current area according to the plans of the city architect Johann Wedel, whereby the Center shifted slightly northwest. In 1651 Wedel drew up a reconstruction plan in which, in addition to the new floor plan, the old streets were also drawn. City commandant Colonel Görzen demanded the erection of handsome baroque gabled houses on the market, with rows of houses running in a straight line and no thatched or thatched roofs to protect against fire. Since many citizens lacked the money to rebuild their houses, donations were asked in the Reich. Of the more than 3000 Reichstalers achieved, 1200 were used to rebuild the town hall, the rest was distributed to the citizens. Most of them received around 10 to 20 Reichstaler, which was not enough to start a new existence without their own initiative. The new baroque town hall was completed in 1654, with only a few components from the Renaissance being used. The other residential developments must also have been almost completed by 1654, with mostly half-timbered houses with gables pointing towards the market. With the construction of the new building from 1783–85 on the north side of the market, the market area was expanded by a few meters, leveled and paved.
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For centuries, the market was the political, economic and religious center of the city, although long-distance trade could not flourish due to the unfavorable location to the traffic routes. In 1807, the market square was the scene of the pompous entry ceremony of Duke Friedrich Franz I , when after the Peace of Tilsit he regained his rights as sovereign.
In 1835 the town hall got its current appearance in the Tudor style according to plans by Georg Adolf Demmler . The late Classicist facades of the south front of the square were created during redesign work in the 19th century. Around 1838 the market area was paved with a new pavement, whereby the mention of asphalt suggests a joint casting. A five-armed candelabra was used for the evening lighting. In 1848 the central cab station was set up on the market square . In 1853 the square and the old town received gas lighting. At that time, however, the lanterns were not lit by moonlight. The sidewalks were paved with granite stones in 1866. In the 1890s, a sewer project required extensive earthworks in the market as well. As a result, the market was re-paved. The carefully executed substructure, the packing warehouse and the cubic paving stones were exposed in 1975. From the end of the 19th century a lively trading life developed on the market. The purchase of the buildings adjacent to the town hall at Am Markt 10-13, as well as buildings in Domstrasse and Schlachterstrasse to expand the town hall also fell during this period . The houses on the market were not changed, however, because the plans to expand were not implemented.
Opened on July 1, 1894 Department Store Kychenthal, the successive into two in a row of houses located, late nineteenth buildings on the market 4/5 and in the Schusterstraße was 1, the time of was until the beginning of Nazism a traditional trading company, mainly for the “Simple” shifts and for young people. As a Jewish-owned department store, it was fought against by the National Socialists with boycott measures from 1933 onwards. Among other things, customers who bought in this and other Jewish shops were printed by name in the column Am Pranger in the Niederdeutscher Beobachter . In 1935, however, the NSDAP-Blatt itself admitted that the measures had failed in part. In October 1938 the Kychenthal family was presented with a contract according to which the business, which was planned to continue, was to be sold for 140,000 Reichsmarks. The Kychenthals did not sign the paper. During the Reichspogromnacht the department store and the living quarters of the Kychenthal family above it were devastated, Louis and his two sons Ludwig and Willy were arrested the next day and taken to the Neustrelitz penitentiary , from which they were released after a short time after they were even lower than accepted the previously determined purchase price. Ludwig narrowly escaped being transported to Sachsenhausen concentration camp . The department store was sold below market value, and the family was subjected to building control measures, according to which they themselves had to pay for the repair of the damage caused by the devastation and structural changes. The family members who were forced to close down the business fled abroad in 1939 - with the exception of Louis Kychenthal, who was now 75 years old. Louis Kychenthal was deported to Theresienstadt in 1942, where he died in 1943. The department store was acquired by Bernhard Knop from Neukloster, who fell in the war. However, it was in the land register until the GDR era, when the department store was managed by the municipal housing administration. The business premises were used by a uniform factory. After both Hans Kychenthal, grandson of Louis Kychenthal, as well as Knop's descendants submitted applications for retransfer, the Kychenthal heirs received the house back as the first injured party, who sold it to a real estate company in Schwerin. In front of the building today, so-called stumbling blocks remind of the fate of the Kychenthals.
On the southern front of the market, in the four-storey late classicist building Markt 7, there was the lively residence café of the master confectioner Erich Weist, which stretched over two floors. The Resi was in the first half of the 20th century as a meeting place almost an institution.
Opposite the town hall there used to be a market fountain, which served to supply the citizens with water until a water supply system was set up at the end of the 19th century, and a pillory . The decorative fountain Rescue in Distress in the Art Nouveau style with bronze sculptures by Hugo Berwald, which was set up in front of the former Residenzcafé on the south side in 1910, was a donation from the wealthy councilor and merchant widow Emma Mühlenbruch. Her late husband was a benefactor of the Sea Rescue Society, which explains the choice of motive. As the system seemed too big for the market, the fountain was moved to the forecourt of the main train station in 1927 , where it still stands. From 1908 to 1938 the tram line 1 crossed the square on a single track on Königsstraße (today Puschkinstraße) .
The bronze statue of Otto von Bismarck on a pedestal, made by the sculptor Wilhelm Wandschneider , has been in front of the new building since April 1, 1901. It was moved to Bismarckplatz, today's Platz der Jugend, in 1939, removed around 1950 and later melted down. Until 1995 the location was recognizable in the paving of the market.
An urban redevelopment that also affected the market and was planned in the late 1960s and early 70s, in which only 15 historic buildings in the old town were considered worthy of preservation and the resulting gaps were to be provided with modern buildings in socialist style, was due to the 8th party congress of the SED changed housing projects in the GDR not implemented. An ideas competition for urban redevelopment was announced in 1968. In 1975 some restorations were carried out, for example on the new building. At the same time, four houses on the west side of the market were demolished and rebuilt. The establishment of shops in these buildings increased the number of visitors. Maintenance work and partly new buildings at the town hall took place from 1983 to 1985.
Comprehensive renovations took place after the reunification of Germany. In autumn 1990, the sculpture Round Table made of steel and field stones by the Lübeck sculptor Guillermo Steinbrüggen was set up in front of the new building . It was dismantled in July 1995 and, after repairs and a color scheme , put up again a few meters south on the corner of Pushkinstrasse and Großer Moor. In the course of the fall of the Berlin Wall, it should be a symbol of self-determination and liberation for the citizens of the former GDR.
After the fall of the Wall, the square was repaved in 1999 and got two rows of low trees on the south side. Due to the attractive architecture, the downtown location, the existence of retail stores and not least the proximity to the Schwerin Cathedral, the market is now a tourist attraction. Furthermore, the Martensmarkt, with the reception of the Martensmann from Lübeck , the Christmas market and occasional major events are held annually .
Buildings
New building (Am Markt 1)
This building is popularly known as a pillar building or junk building . The building was built between 1783 and 1785 based on designs by Johann Joachim Busch as a market hall, reminiscent of the reliefs with a wheel and a winged Mercury rod as symbols of trade. The building has Baroque and Classicism features and has an attic and a portico with 14 Doric columns, two columns and a triglyph frieze along the front . The baroque mansard roof is equipped with a pavilion-like roof structure above the central riser of the building, at the top of which there is an artistically designed, central chimney.
The new building was deliberately built only on two floors so as not to obstruct the view of the cathedral. The hall replaced open market stalls with poor hygienic conditions in the open space between four old, irregular properties. Duke Friedrich , whose residence was in Ludwigslust, was repugnant to the stench of the market and the screeching of the market women when he visited Schwerin. On his orders, a market hall was to be built that could not be converted into a dance hall at the end of the day. For this purpose, the four plots of land on the north side of the market were bought and the new building was built with a narrow floor plan on the side facing the cathedral. The enlargement of the undeveloped area and the representative northern closure enhanced the marketplace.
The open pillared vestibule, which occupies the entire front of the market, was used for outpatient trade and the two-storey closed section behind it for the sale of food. Since the hall replaced the so-called Krambuden on the market, the name Krambuden building was created . However, it only served as a market hall until around the 1850s. The police had their headquarters there shortly before 1900 to 1938. The exhibition rooms of the municipal gas works have been mentioned since 1927, which the tourist association later used as a travel agency from 1937 onwards. The new building was already inhabited before and especially after the Second World War, but there were offices on the lower floor until around 1965. After the expansion, exhibitions, including those of the city archive, took place here from 1965 to 1995. The barrel-vaulted cellar was drained in 1975 and prepared as a guest room for private events. A café had been located in the new building since 2001. Since 2016, an Italian restaurant with ice cream specialties has been in the house.
Residential and commercial building (Am Markt 2)
The Markt Nr. 2 building is a two-part structure with four and a half storeys on Schmiedestrasse and three and a half storeys on the cathedral side.
Around 1850 this building consisted of a flat, single-storey building facing the cathedral with two doors and several windows as well as a higher half-timbered house with a mansard roof. In 1855 the three-and-a-half-storey part of the building facing the cathedral was built at the instigation of a butcher. It has a raised corner towards the cathedral and barrel vaulted cellars. With the exception of the business premises, the building was initially unused. After the half-timbered house was demolished, a four-and-a-half-storey building section with a sloping corner and a bay window with a balcony above was erected. In the 1950s, the historic plaster design and the crowning went Maschikulifries with pinnacles lost. The latter were reconstructed after 1990.
Residential and commercial building (Am Markt 3)
The listed building is of baroque origin. The two floors above the ground floor are half-timbered. On the side facing the market, the mansard roof has an asymmetrical dwelling and four gable dormers that were added around 1860 . During this time, a balcony was installed on the first floor, which is no longer available today. Compared to the original state, there have been changes to the house since the 19th century with shop fittings in the now solidly bricked ground floor. The western half of the house was removed. Behind house no. 3 is a building that was built around 1860 (Schmiedestrasse 2).
The building was erected as a sales and warehouse over a barrel vaulted cellar. A freight elevator was still attached to the Zwerchhaus around 1840. The house has been inhabited since the 1860s.
Residential and commercial building (Am Markt 4/5)
The ten- axis building section no. 4 takes the place of two older houses with basements. Its plastered facade is divided into storeys by cornices and has flat, arched, closed window profiles on the first floor, as well as small rosettes ; it has a monopitch roof originally provided with a wrought iron railing on the eaves side. It was probably built after 1840 according to Demmler's plans. Louis Kychenthal's department store forcibly “ Aryanized ” in 1938 had been located on the ground floor, also in the neighboring Schusterstrasse 1 property , since the 1920s .
In the 1930s, the architect Paul Korff planned to simplify the facade . In 1939 only the roof railings and the balconies, which have since been reconstructed, were removed and the shop front on the ground floor was remodeled.
The three-axis part of the building No. 5 adjoins No. 4 directly to the left as seen from the market side, but differs significantly in terms of the shape and color of the facade, including staggered window heights and other window shapes. Until the restoration work after the fall of the Wall, the facade of both parts of the house appeared uniform, at least on the ground floor.
Residential and commercial buildings (Am Markt 6–8)
The houses on the southern front are characterized by sober late classicist facades and were built shortly before 1849. Their predecessor buildings can be recognized as half-timbered houses on a painting by JC Wilck from 1807.
The five-storey house no. 6, each with four axes to the market side and Schusterstrasse, was built in 1865 almost completely new in half-timbered over a barrel-vaulted basement. The massive facades in front of them contain arched windows on the second floor, continuous window sill cornices and ornamental plaster structures. After its owner, a grocer, the building was also known as the Wetteringsches Haus .
The four-and-a-half-storey, seven-axis late classical building No. 7 on the southern market front is a listed building. The plastered building is divided into three parts and is closed above by a strongly profiled cornice with a triangular gable above the risalit-like central part. On the two lower floors it housed the lively Residenz Café - also known as "Resi" or "Café Resi" for short. The Resi was before the Second World War, the meeting place of many Schwerin: Afternoon in dance and music, and late in the Resi-bar (first floor), which had opened up after midnight. Around 1938 the balcony on the first floor, which originally and still today extends over the middle three axes, was extended to the entire width of the house. During the GDR era, the house was named Café am Markt . Today a Swedish bank has set up a branch here.
House no. 8 is four-story and has five axes to the market side and to Puschkinstraße. The corner of the house is sloping and has a bay window on the first floor and a balcony above it. The tall rectangular windows, framed by Faschen , are connected on the second and third floors by continuous sill cornices.
Residential and commercial building (Am Markt 9)
The house at the entrance to Puschkinstrasse has classicist features through a flat, closed facade with an indicated gable triangle and the vertical structure created by wall pillars. It has a pent roof sloping to the south. A pre-blinded attic with round-arched windows raised towards the center simulates a mezzanine. The ground floor is equipped with two arched entrances and a segment-arched shop window. The two full floors are divided by four plaster pilasters .
The house was probably built in the 19th century over a partially flat-roofed basement. Before the building was erected, a street from Schlachterstrasse, which was recorded in a city map until 1843, flowed on the market side to the right of the previous building . However, a passage (today access to a bakery) continued to exist for some time.
Gabled houses (Am Markt 10–12)
The three massive buildings were built in 1975 according to plans by Joachim Kühl and the monument conservator Dietmar Zander, after houses were demolished due to their poor structural condition in the course of the redesign of the old town market. The new buildings fit into the market ensemble thanks to the triangular gable shape and were not based on the direct predecessor buildings. However, according to a tradition from 1807, houses with triangular gables existed in the same place. In December 1975 the Schwerin Information Center and a milk ice bar were housed on the ground floor. House 10 housed an antique shop and from November 2006 to August 2011 the weever museum. The “Café Rothe” pastry shop is currently located in building 11–12.
The building at Am Markt 10 has three floors and four axes. On the north side there is a single-axis, gable-independent bay window that extends over the two upper floors. The previous building of house no.10 can be seen in a painting by JC Wilck from 1807. It received a half hip by 1849 at the latest and existed until 1975.
House number 11 has three floors and three axes. The three-and-a-half-storey, three-axle building was built over a barrel-vaulted cellar, presumably before 1800, and underwent renovations between 1808 and 1849, such as a purlin roof and a late Classicist facade.
The building at Am Markt 12 looks like the gabled house on the right side of the market. The predecessor building, which was redesigned several times, was built around 1800 and had a plank truss roof and a barrel-vaulted basement. After 1849, a massive facade with profiled frames for the high rectangular cross - frame windows was blinded.
Bürgerhaus (Am Markt 13)
This house has a yellow baroque gable facade on the market side and a half-timbered gable on the Schlachtermarkt side. After the house was demolished in 1975, the front facade was modeled on the historical model from 1700. It thus resembles the original, as it existed until its redesign in 1835. When the building was demolished, historical details could be obtained. The cell vault on the ground floor, the barrel vault in the cellar and the back half-timbered gable from the 17th century were lost during the demolition work. The latter was also reconstructed and faded in mainly for reasons of urban cohesion on the Schlachtermarkt. When the building was dismantled, canvas wallpaper from the 17th century and a painted wooden ceiling were secured.
From 1640 to 1809 the farm pharmacy was located in house 13. With royal permission, the pharmacy also served beer for a long time. In 1975 a bookstore moved to the lower floor. An auction house has been located here since January 1st, 2009.
Town hall (Am Markt 14)
- Main article: Old Town Hall (Schwerin)
The building, which has been occupied on this site since 1338, was destroyed three times in its history by city fires. Parts of the listed building date from the 14th to 20th centuries. The faded facade was built in 1835 according to plans by Georg Adolph Demmler . There are passages to the butcher's market through the archway in the southern part of the building and the arch connecting the town hall with the neighboring building to the north in Pushkinstrasse.
The town hall finally lost its original function as the administrative center when the administration moved to the town house built in 1998 near the main train station. Only city representatives' meetings are still held here, and the city marketing company and the tourist information it operates are housed in the historic building.
Lion Monument
The stele with a lion sculpture on the north side was made by the Constance sculptor Peter Lenk in 1995 and was donated by a bank. It was erected on the eve of the 800th anniversary of the death of the city's founder, Henry the Lion . The square base is equipped on the sides with four relief images that satirically depict four episodes of the life of the Duke of Saxony. These are the Wendenkreuzzug of 1147 , through which Christianity was to be enforced in Mecklenburg , among other places , the founding of Schwerin in 1160 , the production of the Brunswick lion , of which Heinrich the lion is a model, and the Bardowicker homage to the buttocks as a contempt for Heinrich exiled to England by Bardowicker Citizens, since their city lost its key role as a trading center during Heinrich's reign.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Report on the creation of the monument lists as well as on the administrative practice in notifying the owners and municipalities as well as on the handling of change requests (status: June 1997) (PDF; 934 kB)
- ↑ Rooster / Polenz / Lösler / Schaeffer / Menzel: Architectural Guide GDR. Schwerin district . VEB Verlag für Bauwesen, Berlin 1984, p. 22
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Nils Rühberg: Market and Town Hall. On the history of the Schwerin market development. Schwerin-Information, Schwerin 1988, 24 pp.
- ^ A b c d State capital Schwerin (ed.): City guide. Data, facts, figures and a street directory. 4th edition, 2006, p. 11
- ↑ a b c d http://www.hartmutstein.com/markt.html
- ^ A b c d e Gerhard Steiniger: The old town in Schwerin street stories, Verlag Reinhard Thon, Schwerin 2000, pp. 54–67
- ↑ a b c Horst Ende in the Mecklenburg magazine of the Schweriner Volkszeitung , 15/1997
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Sabine Bock : Schwerin. The old town. Urban planning and housing stock in the 20th century. Thomas Helms Verlag, Schwerin 1996, ISBN 3-931185-08-7 , pp. 129-140.
- ↑ a b c d The expropriation of the Kychenthals , article by NDR Nordmagazin on February 1, 2011
- ↑ a b c d Matthias Baerens: The "Aryanization" of the Jewish department store Kychenthal in Schwerin (PDF; 118 kB)
- ↑ Against forgetting (Stolpersteine project) - website of the Gymnasium Fridericianum Schwerin ( Memento from August 3, 2012 in the web archive archive.today )
- ↑ Rooster / Polenz / Lösler / Schaeffer / Menzel: Architectural Guide GDR. Schwerin district. Berlin 1984
- ↑ BOCK, p. 369, photo from 1980
- ↑ Jürgen Borchert : Schwerin, as it was ; Page 36, Droste Verlag, Düsseldorf, 1991, ISBN 3-7700-0951-7
- ^ Horst Ende: Monuments in Mecklenburg , 1978
- ↑ Preparatory studies "Eastern Paulsstadt " , state capital Schwerin, October 2007 ( digitized version , PDF file)
Bernd Kasten and Jens-Uwe Rost: Schwerin. History of the city. Thomas Helms Verlag, Schwerin 2005, ISBN 3-935749-38-4
- ↑ p. 10
- ↑ p. 28f.
- ↑ p. 106
- ↑ p. 132
- ↑ p. 257
- ↑ a b c p. 259
- ↑ p. 12. The authors' findings are based on MUB IX, 5905; XIII, 7508. In other sources, the year 1351 is often mentioned for the first mention.
literature
- Nils Rühberg: market and town hall. On the history of the Schwerin market development. Schwerin Information, Schwerin 1988.
- Sabine Bock : Schwerin. The old town. Urban planning and housing stock in the 20th century. Thomas Helms Verlag, Schwerin 1996, ISBN 3-931185-08-7 .
- Norbert Credé: The old town market in Schwerin. A place as an indicator of historical change. In: Christine Rehberg-Credé / Norbert Credé on behalf of the City History and Museum Association Schwerin e. V. and the City History Museum Schwerin (ed.), Schweriner Geschichtsblätter 1. Thomas Helms Verlag, Schwerin 2001, ISBN 3-931185-89-3 , pp. 57-83.
- Norbert Credé: The reorganization of the marketplace after 1651. pp. 84–90 ibid.
Web links
- Historical information and photos of the Schwerin market
- Blog with historical information and photos about the former Jewish department store Kychenthal on Schweriner Markt
Coordinates: 53 ° 37 ′ 44.2 " N , 11 ° 24 ′ 53.6" E
