Mathilde II (Essen)
Mathilde II (* 949 ; † November 5, 1011 ) was the abbess of the Essen monastery . The granddaughter of Emperor Otto the Great from the Liudolfinger family is considered the most important abbess in Essen history. The works of art that she added to the Essen Cathedral Treasury are unique in their importance. In the unreliable Essen abbess list of 1672 she is listed as the second abbess of this name. Mathilde I , whose existence is denied, is said to have been abbess from 907 to 910.
Sources
Written sources on Mathilde's life and especially her work are rare. From the early days of the Essen monastery (approx. 845–1150) there are only around 20 documents, but no contemporary chronicle or biography. While Mathilde's life dates are known due to her belonging to the Liudolfinger family, her work can only be determined by a total of 10 mentions in other chronicles and documents received. Only recently have attempts been made to draw conclusions about Mathilde's person from the works of art and buildings assigned to her.
Family and youth
Mathilde came from the first family of the empire . Her father Liudolf was the eldest son of Emperor Otto the Great, her mother Ida came from the family of the Conradines . Her brother Otto became Duke of Swabia in 973 and also Duke of Bavaria in 976 , but died in 982.
Mathilde's year of birth is documented by Adalbert von Magdeburg's update of the Chronicle of Regino von Prüm . Mathilde was possibly given to the Essen Abbey for education and training as early as 953 , alternatively 957, the year of her father's death, or 966 are adopted. The Essen Abbey, founded around 845 by Altfrid , Bishop of Hildesheim, and Gerswid, the first traditional abbess, has been associated with the Liudolfingers since it was founded . In 947, after a fire that had destroyed all documents about the early days of the monastery, Abbess Hathwig had King Otto I confirm the old rights of the monastery and at the same time obtained immunity and exemption so that the monastery was secularly imperial and only spiritual was subordinate to the Pope . The handover of a princess for upbringing further upgraded the monastery; it was therefore on a par with the monasteries in Gandersheim and Quedlinburg as a Liudolfingian house monastery . Perhaps it was already decided at this point in time that Mathilde would later become abbess, at the latest this decision was made in 966, when Otto I gave the Ehrenzell court to the monastery sanctimonials, which was probably a gift on the occasion of Mathilde's entry into the community. Mathilde received, presumably from Abbess Hathwig, a comprehensive education appropriate to her class. The books available in Essen included not only Gospels but also the religious writers Prudentius , Boethius and Alcuin , but also secular books such as Terenz and other classics, which were not only used for reading but also for the schooling of the girls given to the monastery. Mathilde was therefore well prepared for her position. From the traditional inscriptions of the Marsus shrine it is concluded that she could write poetry in Latin and also speak some Greek .
Mathilde as abbess
In 973 Mathilde is mentioned for the first time in a document as abbess of Essen. Issued on July 23, 973 in Aachen it says:
“Otto confirms to the Essen monastery founded by Bishop Altfried at the request of Abbess Mathilde and, following the advice of Archbishop Gero and his relative Otto, like his predecessors, the free choice of the Abbess, the gifts made by the previous rulers and other loyal followers, which are listed by name and whose property titles perished in the fire of the monastery, and the immunity with the right of the bailiff elected by the abbess to call the monastery people to court if necessary. "
In this document is Otto as King Otto II. , Gero as the eminent Bishop of Cologne, which includes the Gero cross owes its name, and the relatives Otto as Mathilde's brother Otto of Swabia to read. At this point in time, Mathilde was around 24 years of age and thus below the age at which she could actually have received the appointment as abbess.
Mathilde was not an abbess who seemed isolated in monastic silence. In addition to the trip to Aachen 973, further trips to Aschaffenburg 982, to Heiligenstadt 990 and 997 to Dortmund and Thorr are documented. A trip to Mainz in 986 to attend the funeral of her mother can also be assumed. In addition, she must have maintained a wide network of contacts. Art-historical similarities point to contacts to Hildesheim , Trier and Cologne . In Koblenz ( St. Florinus ) and Lyon ( St. Marsus ) she acquired relics . She transferred land from her mother's property to the Einsiedeln Monastery . There she was listed as a benefactor and honored with the title ducissa , i.e. duchess. The Anglo-Saxon Earl Æthelweard , with whom she corresponded, wrote his chronicle for her, which is essentially a translation of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle into Latin . All of Mathilde's activities that have been handed down to us primarily served to fulfill the purpose of her monastery, namely to provide for the salvation of the deceased family members ( memoria ). This becomes particularly clear in the Æthelward Chronicle, in which Æthelward places particular emphasis on genealogical relationships, whereby in the introduction he already points to his and Mathilde's common descent from King Athelwulf of Wessex .
The politician
The Essen Abbey was an imperial abbey as Gandersheim or Quedlinburg ; the abbess herself came from the imperial family. There is no evidence that, like her aunt of the same name, Abbess Mathilde von Quedlinburg, and her younger brother Otto, she took part in the Italian procession of her uncle Otto II, who was the same age as her brother. Evidenced by an entry in a manuscript of the St. Peter and Alexander monastery is her participation in the funeral of her brother, who died in Italy, in the monastery church of St. Peter and Alexander in Aschaffenburg founded by her father .
Otto II's journey to Italy, on which both he and Otto von Schwaben died, was a turning point in Mathilde's life. First, it was the death of Otto of Swabia, the last member of the Swabian branch of Liudolfinger, thereby administrator of the home goods was this family branch. On the other hand, they catapulted the deaths into the middle of imperial politics, since Otto II's heir, the three-year-old Otto III. , the right to reign was challenged by Heinrich the Quarrel , the relative who had lost his Duchy of Bavaria to Mathilde's brother Otto in 976. Traditionally, the lack of written evidence of Mathilde's work is based on the assumption that she no longer exercised any political influence after the death of her brother. What speaks against this thesis is that Mathilde was certainly not in the favor of Heinrich the Quarrel, and Heinrich's success would have led to a reduction in the lordship and thus to a loss of importance for the Essen monastery. It therefore seems plausible to assume that Mathilde intervened in what was happening in this situation. On the donor picture of the Otto Mathilden Cross , created around 983, she is shown, contrary to the usual donor representations, in an upright posture and in the clothes of a noblewoman, not a sanctimonials. From this it is concluded that Mathilde had a pronounced self-confidence and was not satisfied with the role of a nun. What exactly Mathilde, who is also the tutor of Otto III's sister. Mathilde was in the phase in which Theophanu , Otto II's widow, together with Adelheid , Otto the Great's widow, fought with Heinrich the quarrel for government power is not documented. However, the Golden Madonna , which can be interpreted as a reflection of Theophanus' claim to power, came to Essen during this time . In 993 Otto III. paid a visit to the Essen monastery, during which he might have given him the crown with which he had been crowned king in 983 as a small child. In addition, Otto donated a battle-tested sword made of Damascus steel , which, with a golden coating, initially served as the ceremonial sword of the Essen abbesses and later became the benchmark sword of the martyrs Cosmas and Damian in Essen tradition . Who this sword actually served, possibly in the battle on the Lechfeld , in such a way that it became a royal gift is unknown. This donation of rulership insignia, for which there are no comparable processes, for example in other monasteries, allows the conclusion that Otto was expressing his gratitude for Mathilde's influence to secure his power. Mathilde had already met the king in 990. On January 20 of this year Otto renewed a foundation from Mathilde's mother in Heiligenstadt at her request and at the suggestion of Chancellor Willigis :
"At the intervention of Archbishop Willigis and at the request of Abbess Mathilde von Essen, Otto renews the donation of the town of Rhöda, which Ida, a distinguished woman, made to the Hilwartshausen canonical monastery."
Visit Otto III. in Essen are assumed for 984 and 986, in both years there is a time gap between notarizations in Dortmund and Duisburg . In April 997 Mathilde traveled to Dortmund for one of Otto's farm days, where Otto again transferred royal goods to the Essen monastery on the upper Leine . It is possible that she stayed in Otto's entourage for a long time this year, as she also participated in a notarization in Thorr in September . Otto also mediated the transfer of the relics, especially of Saint Marsus , to the Essen Abbey, which was the Saxon center of the memorial of his father, who was buried in Rome.
The artist
Taking over the management of her family's household goods, including in particular the inheritance of her grandmother Edgitha and, after 986, that of her mother Ida, enabled Mathilde to freely dispose of a considerable amount of property. From this fortune, Mathilde financed art treasures that were supposed to secure the memory of her relatives and herself. The chronicle dedicated by the Anglo-Saxon historian Æthelweard Mathilde served as a reminder of Edgitha's Anglo-Saxon ancestors. It is believed that he wrote his work on their behalf. It is possible that Mathilde thanked Æthelweard with a copy of De re militari des Vegetius , which was made in the writing room of the monastery , which came to England very early and is preserved there (London, British Library, Cotton Cleopatra D1, Part A).
Mathilde is best known for the works of goldsmithing that were made on her behalf or given to the Essen monastery by her. These treasures include two precious presentation crosses for the Essen monastery. The older of these is the Otto-Mathilden-Kreuz , which she had made either together with her brother Otto or more likely to commemorate him, the younger was a gem cross that her successor had transformed into a cross with the large sinkholes . The foundation of the large, originally gilded seven-armed bronze chandelier , which still stands in Essen Minster , is also inscribed . A precious reliquary , a memorial foundation for Empress Theophanus for Otto II , which Mathilde had made, is said to have surpassed even the treasures of Cologne's churches in its splendor. The assignment to Mathilde is secured due to the traditional consecration inscription, written in dactylic hexameters :
- Hoc opus eximium gemmis auroque decorum / Mechtildis vovit, quae Theophanum quoque solvit / Abbatissa bona Mechthildis chrisea dona / Regi dans regum, quae rex deposcit in aevum / Spiritus ottonis pascit caelestibus oris (“This sublime work, decorated with gold and gems donated as she promised this Theophanu. The good abbess Mathilde gives this splendid gift to the king of kings, so that the king, who is safe in eternity, Otto's soul, will rest on heavenly shores ”).
This collective reliquary, later referred to as the Marsus Shrine after the most important relic stored in it, was the oldest reliquary shrine in the empire and a forerunner of the Rhenish reliquary shrines, the most famous of which is the Epiphany shrine in Cologne . The Marsus shrine was made of gold and decorated with numerous gold enamels and gems. The largest enamel was a picture of Emperor Otto II on the front side, which ensured Otto's presence in the service and thus the memorial effect due to the installation of the shrine in an altarpiece. This first large shrine was destroyed by the lack of understanding of the monastery servant who was responsible for the escape in 1794 when it was supposed to be brought to safety from French looters. The remains were melted down, whereby a major work of Ottonian goldsmithing was irretrievably lost.
Mathilde is probably also the founder of the larger than life Ottonian wooden cross in the Aschaffenburg collegiate church of St. Peter and Alexander , the painted frame of which corresponds to the edge design of the Otto Mathilden cross. Since Mathilde's brother Otto was buried in this church, this cross was probably part of his memorial foundation.
Mathilde's construction activity
Already George Humann , who was one of the first art history focused on the buildings and treasures of Essen Abbey, had by Style Compare the west wing of the Essen cathedral attributed to Mathilde. Research has now returned to this finding; Because of Lange's work, Mathilde is once again regarded as the client of the westwork, which since the excavation of a previous building by Zimmermann in 1955 has mostly been attributed to Abbess Theophanu , who ruled from 1039 to 1058 . Mathilde is thus also the builder of the first proven water pipe in Essen, which led in a lead pipe laid in a stone bedding across under the westwork into the monastery building. Such a water pipe, which was unusual in the early Middle Ages and only appeared in magnificent buildings, testifies to the building owner's memory of prestige. The question of whether this was Mathilde or Theophanu was very controversial: although it is only a question of a time difference of 50 years, there was a change in the architectural style. Had the Essen Westwork - a high point of Ottonian architecture - been built under Theophanu, it would have come into being later as one of the high points of the later Romanesque , St. Maria in the Capitol in Cologne (whose builder Theophanus was sister Ida ). On the other hand, in the Brauweiler family chronicle of the Ezzone - Theophanu belonged to this clan - Theophanu is praised as the rebuilder of the Essen monastery. The dating carried out by Zimmermann was based on this entry, which also assumed that the previous building, excavated in 1955, was only completed in 965. In this case Mathilde would in fact have had a new building replaced by another.
Lange pointed out the construction program that can be seen in the westwork. The octagon makes clear reference to Aachen Cathedral and the renovatio-imperii idea of Otto III. In the epoch of Theophanus, this building program would have made no sense. The passage in the Brauweiler Chronik interprets this view to mean that Theophanu had the monastery buildings renewed, possibly only as a picture of a spiritual renewal of the community initiated by Theophanu. There is no certain date when the westwork of the previous building was built. The supporters of an early dating of the existing building therefore also date the predecessor earlier, since the western works of monastery churches are usually tackled immediately after the immunity has been obtained, i.e. for Essen possibly before 920. The previous western works was then no longer a new building when construction began under Mathilde. Lange's theory has been accepted by research, it is still unclear whether the west building was also completed by Mathilde, or whether it was completed under Theophanu.
It is also possible that both abbesses built the westwork of the Essen cathedral, as there are indications that there was a long interruption in construction. In this case, the information in the Brauweiler Chronik should be interpreted as meaning that Theophanu had a building begun by Mathilde completed.
Theories for the foundation of the Rellinghausen monastery
Mathilde was also referred to as the founder of the Essen-Rellinghausen Abbey , since there is said to have been a grave inscription in the abbey church there, according to which she founded the abbey in 998 and was buried there according to her wishes. The founding of Rellinghausen by them is doubted in recent research, since there is no direct evidence and the epitaph was recognized as a forgery of the early modern period. The claims made by Gabriel Bucelin zu Rellinghausen and Mathilde as early as 1662 have been refuted. Mathilde did not furnish Rellinghausen from her Essen property; the Rellinghausen property was mostly in areas where Essen did not have any property. The Rellinghausen Abbey was not subordinate to the Essen Abbey, the document from 1241 used for this did not refer to Rellinghausen according to the list of witnesses. Neither for Mathilde nor for one of her immediate successors is the office of provostess of Rellinghausen verifiable. The first reliably verifiable Rellinghauser provesses cannot be found in the Essen monastery. The annual memory attributed to Mathilde, which was celebrated in Rellinghausen on October 28th, actually referred to the Essen canon and Rellinghauser provost Mechthild von Braunsberg. The fact that Mathilde was considered to be the founder of Rellinghausen was a result of the attempt by Essens Abbey in the 16th century to gain influence over Rellinghausen, which was ultimately achieved by purchasing sovereignty over Rellinghausen in the 17th century.
Last years, death and burial
The death of Otto III, who had strongly promoted the Essen monastery, probably represented another turning point for Mathilde. Otto's successor was, of all people, the son of Heinrich the Quarrel, Heinrich II from the Bavarian line of the Ottonians. Heinrich confirmed the privileges of the Essen Abbey in a document in 1003, but it is possible that disputes about Mathilde's personal property from the inheritance of her brother and mother. None of the works contributed by Mathilde to the Essen Cathedral Treasury can be dated to the period after 1002 with certainty. Signs on the west building point to a construction freeze, so that it is assumed that Mathilde's income from the funds of the Swabian-Ottonian line suddenly decreased after Heinrich's accession to the throne. In this case, Heinrich would have prematurely appropriated the inheritance that was due to him as the last of this family line after Mathilde's death, and thus driven Mathilde into the ranks of the opposition, which was particularly strong on the Lower Rhine. The leaders of this opposition movement were the Archbishop of Cologne Heribert and especially the Count Palatine Ezzo , who was the sister of Otto III, who was raised in Essen. married and possibly claimed throne for his children. Ezzo found himself in a situation comparable to Mathilde, because he was married to a sister of Otto III, who died childless. the house inheritance of the Ottonian main line was due, which Heinrich refused to hand over. This inheritance dispute lasted until 1011 , then Heinrich had to give in after a lost battle. If Mathilde also got her inheritance back, it would be too late to continue the projects she had started. A denarius of King Henry II (HENRICVS REX) found in today's Poland in 1996, which on the reverse names Mathilde Abbotess of Essen (+ MAHTHILD ABBATISSA ASNI DENSIS), shows that Mathilde was at least temporarily so highly valued by Heinrich that she went to a coin. This coin can therefore either have been made shortly after 1002; a memorial minting after Mathilde's death appears possible as part of a reconciliation between the Rhenish opposition to the Ezzone and Heinrich II.
Mathilde, under whom the Essen monastery flourished, died on November 5, 1011 in Essen. In the annals of the women's monastery in Quedlinburg , founded by Mathilde's grandfather Otto the Great, it is noted:
- Abstulit [sc. mors] et de regali stemmate gemmam Machtildam abbatissam, Ludolfi filiam. ("[Death] also stole a gem from the trunk of the royal family, Abbess Mathilde, Liudolf's daughter").
Since Mathilde's funeral in Rellinghausen has proven to be a forgery, she was probably buried in a prominent place in the crypt of the Essen collegiate church. In 1952, during excavations in the church, a grave was discovered in front of the main altar of the crypt, a place where important people were often buried. At the time, this tomb was considered to be that of Abbess Suanhild , who died in 1085 and was known to have been buried in front of this altar. However, according to late medieval records, the canonesses were supposed to commemorate two abbesses there, one of whom was not named. This is now interpreted as meaning that Svanhild was buried in a high grave above Mathilde's grave and so Mathilde's place of burial was forgotten.
Succession and Memoria
Mathilde's direct successor was Sophia , a daughter of Otto II. This was probably a substitute solution, since her sister Mathilde , who was raised in Essen , had been married to Ezzo and thus failed as abbess, and possibly at the same time a political decision, since Sophia was in Gandersheim from sister Heinrich the brawler and was a partisan of Henry II . In this way, Heinrich II secured political control over the Essen monastery against his Rhenish opposition. Since Sophia had been abbess in Gandersheim since 1002 and also preferred this pen, the projects Mathilde started initially remained unfinished. It was not until Sophie's successor Theophanu , Ezzo's daughter and Mathilde, who had failed as abbess, that the plans of the most important abbess in Essen were completed. The so-called Mathildenkreuz of the Essen Cathedral Treasure, on whose donor picture Mathilde is depicted as Sanctimoniale at the feet of the enthroned Maria, is a foundation Theophanus for Mathilde's memoria. Theophanus rebuilding the crypt of the collegiate church moved Mathilde's grave into the center of the crypt and surrounded it with relics of saints, whom she particularly valued as advocates. With the erection of this memorial building, Mathilde's liturgical exaltation was sought.
Mathilde's memoria was celebrated in Essen in a particularly festive manner, namely with four masses and the illumination of the grave with 12 candles. In the manuscript of the Liber Ordinarius from Essen, dating from around 1300, it is referred to as “Mater ecclesia nostre” or “mother of our church”. Abbess Mathilde was depicted on the submerged west windows of the minster, which were donated between 1275 and 1297 by the Essen canon Mechthild von Hardenberg, who was called "Mechthildis abbatissa hujus conventus olim mater pia".
reception
Mathilde is the best-known abbess of Essen due to the works of art in the Essen Cathedral Treasure, but much has not yet been explored in detail. Only more recent research recognizes the fact that power in the Essen monastery was actually in the hands of women and that Mathilde in particular was not an imperial granddaughter who was art-loving but had no influence behind the walls of the monastery. An example of this is the change in the interpretation of the Otto Mathilden Cross, which was first referred to as the Otto Cross and Otto von Swabian Foundation for his sister's monastery. It is largely viewed as a joint foundation of the siblings; at the same time as the interpretation changed, the name Otto-Mathilden-Kreuz began to gain acceptance. In the meantime it is argued with convincing arguments that the cross was donated by Mathilde solely in memory of Otto. In this respect, Mathilde is exemplary of the underestimated importance of women in the Middle Ages.
The diocese of Essen celebrated the thousandth anniversary of Mathilde's death with a memorial exhibition in the cathedral and treasury from October 27, 2011 to January 22, 2012, and a memorial service on November 5, 2011, at which the younger Mathilde cross was drawn up by the cathedral treasury together with students from the University of Düsseldorf served as an altar cross.
literature
- Klaus Gereon Beuckers : The Otto Mathildenkreuz in the Essen Minster Treasure. Reflections on the character and function of the founder image. In: Herrschaft, Liturgie und Raum - Studies on the medieval history of the women's monastery in Essen. Klartext Verlag, Essen 2002, ISBN 3-89861-133-7 , pp. 51-80.
- Katrinette Bodarwé: Sanctimoniales litteratae. In: Reign, Education and Prayer. Klartext Verlag, Essen 2000, ISBN 3-88474-907-2 , pp. 101–117.
- Paul Derks : Gerswid and Altfried. On the tradition of the foundation of the Essen monastery. In: Essen contributions. Contributions to the history of the city and monastery of Essen. Essen 107, 1995, ISSN 1432-6531
- Birgitta Falk , Andrea von Hülsen-Esch (ed.): Mathilde - the heyday of the Essner women's foundation. Klartext Verlag, Essen 2011, ISBN 978-3-8375-0584-9 .
- Edgar Freise: Mathilde II. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 16, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1990, ISBN 3-428-00197-4 , p. 374 f. ( Digitized version ).
- Elisabeth van Houts: Woman and the writing of history in the early Middle Ages: the case of Abbess Matilda of Essen and Aethelweard. In: Early Medieval Europe . 1, 1, 1992, pp. 53-68, doi : 10.1111 / j.1468-0254.1992.tb00004.x .
- Ludger Körntgen : Between rulers and saints. In: Herrschaft, Liturgie und Raum - Studies on the medieval history of the women's monastery in Essen. Klartext Verlag, Essen 2002, ISBN 3-89861-133-7 , pp. 7-23.
- Klaus Lange: The crypt of the Essen collegiate church. In: Essen and the Saxon women's pencils in the early Middle Ages. Klartext Verlag, Essen 2003, ISBN 3-89861-238-4 , pp. 161-184.
- Klaus Lange: St. Cosmas and Damian to eat. A plea for a new perspective on older building history. In: Reign, Education and Prayer. Klartext Verlag, Essen 2000, ISBN 3-88474-907-2 , pp. 43–57.
- Hedwig Röckelein : The cult of St. Florinus in the Essen monastery. In: Essen and the Saxon women's pencils in the early Middle Ages. Klartext Verlag, Essen 2003, ISBN 3-89861-238-4 , pp. 59–86.
Web links
Remarks
- ↑ Tobias Nüssel: Thoughts on the Essen abbesses between Wicburg and Mathilde. In: Das Münster am Hellweg 63, 2010, pp. 20–22.
- ↑ Bodarwé, Sanctimoniales literattae, p. 54.
- ↑ Tobias Nüssel: Thoughts on the Essen abbesses between Wicburg and Mathilde. In: Das Münster am Hellweg 63, 2010, p. 30.
- ↑ on the Essen book inventory Bodarwé, Sanctimoniales litteratae, pp. 246–282
- ↑ Certificate No. 40 in: Theodor Sickel (Ed.): Diplomata 13: The documents Otto II. And Otto III. (Ottonis II. Et Ottonis III. Diplomata). Hanover 1893, pp. 58–59 ( Monumenta Germaniae Historica , digitized version )
- ^ Röckelein, The cult of St. Florinus in Essen, p. 84.
- ↑ Bodarwé, Sanctimoniales litteratae, pp. 279-280; van Houts, Woman and the writing of history in the early Middle Ages, the case of Abbess Mathilda of Essen and Aethelweard. In: Early Medieval Europe 1992, 56ff.
- ↑ Beuckers, The Otto-Mathilden-Kreuz im Essener Münsterschatz, p. 54.
- ↑ Körntgen, Between Rulers and the Holy, p. 20; Beuckers, The Otto-Mathilden-Kreuz in Essen's Münsterschatz, p. 63.
- ↑ Certificate No. 59 in: Theodor Sickel (Ed.): Diplomata 13: The documents Otto II. And Otto III. (Ottonis II. Et Ottonis III. Diplomata). Hanover 1893, pp. 464–465 ( Monumenta Germaniae Historica , digitized version )
- ↑ Beuckers, Marsusschrein, pp. 47-48.
- ↑ Bodarwé, Sanctimoniales litteratae, p. 441.
- ↑ Beuckers, Marsusschrein, pp. 116f.
- ↑ Beuckers, Marsusschrein, pp. 1f. with reference to Aegidius Gelenius , who described the shrine in 1639.
- ↑ Beuckers, Marsus Shrine, p. 121.
- ↑ Beuckers, The Otto-Mathilden-Kreuz im Essener Münsterschatz, p. 57.
- ^ Lange, Westbau, pp. 1ff.
- ^ Zimmermann: The cathedral to eat. The art monuments of the Rhineland; Supplement 3, p. 52.
- ^ Lange, Westbau, p. 72.
- ↑ Lange, Die Krypta der Essener Stiftskirche, p. 171; Sonja Hermann, Die Essener Insschriften, pp. 69–70 assumes that the inscription is genuine, but refers to another person.
- ^ Ute Küppers-Braun: Stoppenberg Abbey and Rellinghausen Abbey. Research status and perspectives. In: Birgitta Falk, Jens Lieven, Jens Oboth (eds.): Viewed from close up. Regional networks of the Essen women's foundation in the Middle Ages and early modern times. Essen 2017, pp. 231–255.
- ↑ Beuckers, The Otto-Mathilden-Kreuz im Essener Münsterschatz, p. 55.
- ↑ Heinz Josef Kramer: A Mathilden Denarius from Masovia - Chronicle of a discovery in: Das Münster am Hellweg 65, 2012, pp. 26–33.
- ↑ edited: Martina Giese (ed.): Scriptores rerum Germanicarum in usum scholarum separatim editi 72: Die Annales Quedlinburgenses. Hannover 2004, p. 531 lines 9-10. ( Monumenta Germaniae Historica , lines 9-10. Digitized version )
- ↑ Lange, Die Krypta der Essener Stiftskirche, p. 172ff.
- ↑ Beuckers, Marsus Shrine, p. 46.
- ↑ Lange, The crypt of the Essen collegiate church, p. 177.
- ↑ Sonja Hermann: The Essener Inscriptions P. 74-75 No. 45.
| personal data | |
|---|---|
| SURNAME | Mathilde II |
| BRIEF DESCRIPTION | Abbess in Essen |
| DATE OF BIRTH | 949 |
| DATE OF DEATH | November 5, 1011 |
| Place of death | eat |