Mistletoe

Mistletoe
	White berry mistletoe ( Viscum album )
Systematics
Class :	Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
	Eudicotyledons
	Nuclear eudicotyledons
Order :	Sandalwoods (Santalales)
Family :	Sandalwood family (Santalaceae)
Genre :	Mistletoe
Scientific name
	Viscum
	L.

White-berry mistletoe on winter-bare deciduous trees in the temperate zone

2-year-old white berry mistletoe (green) and common yellow lichen

White berry mistletoe on branches of a maple tree in spring

Fruits of the white berry mistletoe

Mistletoes are perennial plants that live ectoparasitic on the above-ground parts (trunks, branches and twigs) of woody plants, in very few cases endoparasitic in succulents or as root parasites. In Central Europe, “mistletoe” refers in particular to plants of the Viscum genus from the sandalwood family (Santalaceae). In the past, the more than three dozen types of Viscum and their related genera, such as B. Arceuthobium and Korthalsella placed in a separate family Viscaceae. Mistletoes are semi- parasitic , epiphytic shrubs. Especially in the tropics and subtropics, this form of life is also found in other plant families, e.g. B. in the distantly related, species-rich belt flower plants (Loranthaceae).

etymology

The name mistletoe ( mhd. Mistel , ahd. Mistil ) is related to manure (ahd. Mist ). Mistletoe seeds are eaten by birds, especially the mistletoe thrush, and get back onto the trees with their excretions ("bird manure"). It is based on a Germanic root “mihst” (“dung; urine, excrement, fertilizer”), which can also be interpreted as “(sticky) exudate or pathological outgrowth” (“juice, plant slime, secretion substance”) on the host plant.

The Latin generic name Viscum is identical to the Latin word viscum for "glue". The Romans made bird glue from the sticky berries , which was used to catch birds. The term viscosity (measure of viscosity) goes back to late Latin viscosus "sticky" and thus also to viscum , the sticky slime of mistletoe berries (mistletoe glue).

description

Mistletoes are predominantly evergreen one- or two- lobed semi-parasites that grow on trees or bushes . Their branches often branch out forked. Leaves appear in pairs or in whorls . In some species, which in addition to water also obtain their nutrients primarily from their hosts , the green parts that are capable of photosynthesis (leaves, green branches) are very small. Species that grow on succulent hosts and thus have to endure seasonal water shortages with their hosts are themselves succulent. In the extreme case (with Viscum minimum ), with the exception of the flowers and fruits, the entire plant is located within the host. So this is a full parasite.

The male or female flowers of the Viscum species are inconspicuous, 1 to 3 millimeters in diameter and greenish yellow. After pollination by insects and subsequent fertilization , white, yellow or red berries are produced . In each of them there are individual seeds . These often contain more than one embryo and are then referred to as multi-embryonic seed kernels.

A special feature of the mistletoe fruits and seeds is that they do not form a seed coat. Instead, the mesocarp forms a sticky layer of cellulose , hemicelluloses, and pectins called viscin. The seeds are spread by birds that eat the fruit or at least the berry skins with their somewhat nutritious mucous lining. The sticky seeds can, for. B. be stripped with the beak specifically on branches. Or the berries without the indigestible skins pass through the intestines and are excreted through the anus, while the slimy berry skins are choked out as spit balls. The viscin is not completely digested and ensures that the seeds stick to branches even after they have passed through the bird's intestine. Ingestion, i.e. the passage through the intestine, is of no importance for the germination of the seeds.

During germination , a “tube” with a terminal disc is created under the tiny cotyledons , from which a haustorium develops on contact with a suitable host on a still smooth bark , through which the seedling can penetrate to the pathways of the host plant.

Trees that cannot be attacked by mistletoe or that are immune to a type of mistletoe that occurs or predominates in the area are referred to as mistletoe-proof . So apply in Central Europe z. B. plane trees , red beeches , real walnuts , sour cherries and sweet cherries , elms and tree of gods as mistletoe. The ginkgo and bald cypress - both living fossils - as well as the sequoia seem to be mistletoe-proof in principle. The black walnut tree and American elm native to America , on the other hand, are not mistletoe-proof. Similar conditions seem to apply to the tree-shaped species of alder on the one hand in Europe (black and gray alder) and on the other hand in North America (e.g. red alder ). After all, before the negligent introduction of European mistletoe to California, there were no Viscum mistletoes in North America to which the trees there could have developed a resistance.

distribution

Mistletoes are common in tropical , subtropical and temperate zones around the world. The number of their recognized species is controversial - depending on the delimitation of the family, it is between around 400 and over 1400 species.

Cultural history and popular culture

The mistletoe has symbolic meaning in Germanic mythology . Loki kills Balder , the son of Odin and Friggs , by stretching a mistletoe on the bow of the blind Hödr and aiming it at Balder. Mistletoes are Balder's “ Achilles heel ”, since all elements and living beings on earth, with the exception of mistletoe, have sworn not to harm the beautiful, young god.

Kissing under mistletoe hanging in apartments is a Christmas tradition in the United States and England. The origin of the custom is unknown.

Mistletoe are in the Asterix - Comics a component of the Druids brewed Miraculix potion . Only the mistletoe in the drink gives the inhabitants incredible strength to defend the last Gallic village not yet conquered by the Romans. The authors are probably inspired by the account of the Roman Pliny that the Gauls priests, the druids, revered mistletoe and the trees on which they grew as sacred, especially if they were oaks. The central and western European oak species are, however, mistletoe-proof; so you will not find a Viscum mistletoe on any oak here . Pliny describes how the mistletoe was "cut with a golden sickle" by a white-clad druid in a special ceremony and then put into a potion intended to make sterile animals fertile and cure poisoning.

Popular names of mistletoe are: thunder broom , druid's foot, witch's broom , witch's herb, wintergreen, goat butter, albacore, bird weed, crosswood.

use

All parts of the plant contain poisonous thionins and lectins. In alternative medicine, mistletoe is said to have an anti-carcinogenic effect, although this seems questionable based on current knowledge.

Types (selection)

Dwarf mistletoe ( Viscum minimum ), female flowers after pollination

Viscum rotundifolium from South Africa with red berries

White berry mistletoe ( Viscum album L. ): a plant native to Europe, North Africa and Asia.
Viscum articulatum Burm. f. : occurs in South and Southeast Asia, China and Australia; also grows epiparasitically on the parasite dendrophthoe .
Viscum capitellatum Sm .: Grows parasitically on the parasite Loranthus as well as on other Viscum species.
Viscum coloratum (Kom.) Nakai : previously regarded as a subspecies of the white-berry mistletoe in East Asia (China, Korea, Japan and East Russia).
Viscum crassulae Eckl. & Zeyh. : succulent species thatgrowson succulent Crassula species.
Red-berry mistletoe ( Viscum cruciatum Sieber ex Boiss. ): Endemic in southern Spain and northwestern Africa and, disjointly, in Palestine.
Viscum cuneifolium Baker :species endemicto Madagascar .
Viscum loranthi Elmer : occurs in India, Nepal , Indonesia, the Philippines and China (Yunnan) and grows epiparasitic on the parasite Scurrula .
Zwergmistel ( Viscum minimum Harv. ): Smallest Viscaceae mistletoe, monoecious; Except for flowers and fruits, completely endoparasitic hidden in succulent Euphorbia species of South Africa.
Viscum monoicum Roxb. ex DC. : occurs in India, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Sikkim, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam and China (Guangxi, Yunnan) and is often - auto-parasitic - attacked by its own seedlings.
Viscum orientale Willd. :species commonin Asia .
Viscum ovalifolium DC. : found in India, Bhutan, Indonesia, Malaysia, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, China and the Philippines; quite large species
Viscum rotundifolium L. f. : occurs in South Africa.
Viscum triflorum DC. : African species that grows on many different hosts.

history

Sources (for Viscum album and for Loranthus europaeus )

Antiquity - late antiquity: Dioscurides 1st century --- Pliny 1st century --- Galen 2nd century
Arab Middle Ages: Avicenna 11th century --- Pseudo-Serapion 13th century --- Ibn al-Baitar 13th century
Latin Middle Ages: Hildegard von Bingen 12th century --- Pear tree mistletoe --- Oak mistletoe tract --- Herbarius Moguntinus 1484 --- Garden of Health 1485 --- Hortus sanitatis 1491 --- Hieronymus Brunschwig 1500
Modern times: Otto Brunfels 1537 --- Leonhart Fuchs 1543 --- Hieronymus Bock 1539 --- Mattioli / Handsch / Camerarius 1586 --- Nicolas Lémery 1699/1721 --- Onomatologia medica completa 1755 --- William Cullen 1789/90 - - Hecker 1814/15 --- August Husemann / Theodor Husemann 1871

Historical illustrations

Hortus sanitatis 1491
Hieronymus Bock 1546
Mattioli / Handsch / Camerarius 1586

literature

Fritz stop: Our mistletoe. Ziemsen, Wittenberg 1961. Reprint: VerlagsKG Wolf, Magdeburg 2002, ISBN 978-3-89432-714-9 .
Hans-Heinrich Vogt : The mistletoe - a semi-parasite . In: Hans-Heinrich Vogt: Strange things about animals and plants. Ernst Reinhardt, Munich 1960
Hans Christian Weber: Parasitism of flowering plants. Scientific Book Society, Darmstadt 1993
HS Heide-Jorgensen: Parasitic Flowering Plants . Brill Academic Publishers, 2008, ISBN 978-90-04-16750-6 .
Huaxing Qiu, Michael G. Gilbert: Viscaceae Batsch . Flora of China. Vol. 5, pp. 240-245, 2004

Web links

Commons : Mistletoe ( Viscum ) - Collection of images, videos and audio files

heimat-pfalz.de: Mistletoe - an old magic and medicinal plant
Landschaftsverband Westfalen-Lippe , Westfalen Regional , Wilfried Stichmann, Ursula Stichmann-Marny, lwl.org: Mistletoe landscapes between the lip and the strand of hair
Mistletoe - Between Heaven and Earth (Virtual Exhibition of the University Library of Regensburg)

Individual evidence

↑ Duden: The dictionary of origin. Etymology of the German language. Mannheim 2007, Lemma Mistel.

↑ Duden online: Mistletoe

↑ Lars Hermodssin: The name of mistletoe. In: Studia neophilologica 43, 1971, pp. 173-179.

^ Etymological Dictionary of the German Language (1967), p. 481 f. ( Manure and mistletoe ).

↑ See Duden online: viscous

↑ Jun-ichi Azuma, Nam-Hun Kim, Laurent Heux, Roger Vuong, Henri Chanzy: The cellulose system in viscin from mistletoe berries. In: cellulose. 7, pp. 3-19, doi: 10.1023 / A: 1009223730317 .

↑ Nierhaus-Wunderwald, Dagmar, Lawrenz, Peter: On the biology of mistletoe. In: Merkblatt für die Praxis 28, 1997, pp. 1-8. ISSN 1422-2876 Publisher: Federal Research Institute for Forests, Snow and Landscape, Birmensdorf

↑ Tony Hall, Steve Davis: Viscum album (mistletoe). (No longer available online.) Royal Botanic Garden Kew, archived from the original on May 21, 2015 ; Retrieved June 7, 2015 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.

^ Kahle-Zuber, Doris: Biology and evolution of the European mistletoe (Viscum album) doctoral thesis, ETH Zurich, Zurich 2008

↑ Ana Mellado, Regino Zamora: Generalist birds govern the seed dispersal of a parasitic plant with strong recruitment constraints. In: Oecologia. 176, 2014, pp. 139-147, doi: 10.1007 / s00442-014-3013-8 .

↑ See Bettina Meister: Kisses under the mistletoe in: zauberspiegel-online.de, December 7, 2007.

↑ GS Kienle, H. Kiene: Influence of Viscum album L. (European Mistletoe) Extracts on Quality of Life in Cancer Patient: A Systematic Review of Controlled Clinical Studies. In: Integrative Cancer Therapies 2010; 9 (2): 142-157

↑ Pedanios Dioscurides . 1st century De Medicinali Materia libri quinque. Translation. Julius Berendes . Pedanius Dioscurides' medicine theory in 5 books. Enke, Stuttgart 1902, p. 325 (Book III, Chapter 93): Ixos (digitized version )

↑ Pliny the Elder , 1st century. Naturalis historia book XVI, chapters xciii - xciv (§ 245–248): Viscum (digitized version ) ; Translation Külb 1855 (digitized version ) . - Book XXIV, Chapter vi (§ 11): Viscum (digital copy) ; Translation Külb 1855 (digitized version )

↑ Galen , 2nd century De simplicium medicamentorum temperamentis ac facultatibus , Book VI, Chapter IX / 2 (based on the Kühn 1826 edition, Volume XI, p. 888: Viscum (digitized version))

↑ Avicenna , 11th century, Canon of Medicine . Translation and adaptation by Gerhard von Cremona , Arnaldus de Villanova and Andrea Alpago (1450–1521). Basel 1556, Volume II, Chapter 728: Viscus (digitized version )

^ Pseudo-Serapion 13th century, print. Venice 1497, sheet 120v (No CLXVII): Viscus (digitized)

↑ Abu Muhammad ibn al-Baitar , 13th century, Kitāb al-jāmiʿ li-mufradāt al-adwiya wa al-aghdhiya. Translation. Joseph Sontheimer under the title Large compilation on the powers of the well-known simple healing and food. Hallberger, Stuttgart Volume I 1840, p. 410: Viscum (digitized version)

^ Charles Victor Daremberg and Friedrich Anton Reuss (1810–1868). S. Hildegardis Abbatissae Subtilitatum Diversarum Naturarum Creaturarum Libri Novem. Physica , Book III, Chapter 2: Birbaumes mistletoe . Migne, Paris 1855. Sp. 1218 (digitized version ) - Translation: Herbert Reier: Hildegard von Bingen Physica. Translated into German after the text edition by JP Migne, Paris 1882. Kiel 1980, p. 107: Birbaum ... Its roots, leaves and its sap are not suitable for medicine because of their hardness, but mistletoe is. If someone has chest or lung pain, that is, dumped, take Birbaum's mistletoe, pulverize it and add some liquorice to the powder. He eats this on an empty stomach and often after breakfast and his chest and lungs will be better. If you suffer from gout, put the pear mistletoe, which has a sweet taste, cut into small pieces in olive oil for three days and nights and then dissolve twice as much deer tallow as oil in the fire, put spicam nardi well usable and chop this fat for three days and Night at and thoroughly crush the oil with the mistletoe added to it, strain the juice through a cloth and carefully dissolve the deer tallow again in the fire with the spica. If there is paralysis in the person, let him anoint him and it will give way if it is not the cause of his death. ...

↑ Cod. S 386 , Lower Alemannic [Weingarten or Ravensburg], 1463–1466, sheet 64r (digitized version ) . Transcription: Vjscus piri das haisset birboum mistell vnd hatt vil tugent. who sin puluer ze trinckent git the one who has the vallenden sick days with water nûnn day soberling the host of the broken nit me. if you have the fig you give sin puluer with oil and with schwinim smalcz nûnn day ze drincken so inn bůs. who has the trophies of the drink sin puluer nûnn day with water sobering. who has the rides drink it with water nûnn day. who has the parlis the drink it nûnn day with eat in the Wirt bas

↑ Cpg 226 , Alsace 1459–1469, sheet 161r – v (digital copy ) . Transcription: Von der krafft vnd tugent des eychen mystels . Ypocras the meyster. describes the strength of the oak mystel. The first virtue / who nymphs the bark / and the puluert / and the nüczet in burned win that distributes the daily to the other and the third rides / the other virtue / food also distributes the yellow and the swindling in the [haubt] It also distributes the addictions that are called. ethicam that is the abenemen dauon the lute swindent vnd dorrent / Vnd is also searched for that the luten gat in the glidern //: Item Constantinus the master speaks that the oak mystel has the power / which woman the mistletoe by jr hits and she nuczet in win in the czÿt so they recover a child so they enjoy all harm / and the kint never wins the falling searches // Item king david because the hats are the creators and the fihes are father and they obediently what / there matter He a wip fall of the falling addiction Then he asked the creator of all creatures that he knows what lasts were good / An angel spoke to me / who put the oak mystel on the right hand in eym fingerlin so that the mistletoe is the blose hat berure / den berure the falling never seeks mee. You can also find writings from Adriano the king / who is afraid of becoming vßseczig / or that he eats the oak mistletoe at the break, so he enjoys and whoever swaps the leaf in the celebs should eat the mistletoe from the oak / he has the leaf is not as it should eat the bark dauon as it is healthy Item that the liver wants to fill the mistletoe and mix with win and should drink sober so it is healthy Item that has the leaf / should boil the mistletoe with win vnd sol nemen the dead of eim eye / vnd should drift in the win / vnd sol the win / so he is healthy / and whoever has the worms eat the leaves of the oak mistletoe or the bark so they die would be too hant /. Item who has the sod or the sting of the drink from the mistletoe he genyset / what man is vnder sinen seven years ysset it of the oak mystel / the falling day of sickness never touches it also - Cpg 545 , Nuremberg (?) 1474, sheet 155r ( Digitized) . Transcription: The virtues of the eychen mistletoe for the daily ride Item the virtues of the oak mistletoe who pulverises the rintten and mixes it with roasted wine and the sober drinks drive away the daily rides and it also drives out the other about illicit vnd oak mistletoe the rint and Pletter pululated jn good wine in the morning and drank in the morning drives out the gick addiction intestinal gout Vnd drives out the intestinal gout and the grim ym body Vnd drives out the search etica do from the lewt swinden vnd thorn vnd the powder in the morning savored because dizziness ym hats for the plat And if the plat jn the kel grows the food of the powder the pletter of oak mistletoe sober so it goes to the livers If the livers rots or wee does the food of the oak mistletoe puluer with good wine he welcomes the rotten rure Item who nem eychen mistletoe rint vnd holcz pushed the plut and simmered the yn good wine as reynal or welisch wine sober on the wermist for worm Vnd who worm ym body has the food of the powder sober and see it onf his food so they die yn ÿm even for the sting Also for the sting drink of the powder yn wine sober So he forgives you the frawen to go mad A fraw who to the purged give work to the sol mans of puluers yn a spoon with wine jn the name of the crewcz xpi [Christ] who takes care of all the world who takes care of the fraw she kumpts the mustard nÿder to the gepurt Vnd woe mans a frawen is dead at ir has you hosted children for eating and when you give a child's powder there is seÿ yn spun [breast milk] or must it help for the food and guarding the kint before the high day is tried probatum for the high day Item Which kint of the powder sober yn wine or water sober dreÿ tomorrow because you are vntter siben iarn you are born on the high visibility day and be sure of the probatum for the high visibility day and who oak mistletoe beÿ ym fights on the right ha nth that he berurt the flesh and the fruit of the powder tomorrow jn that drives away the most of the day and puff the because the mistletoe is looking for you for the cold water Vnd oak mistletoe pulped and yn pidenel [Pimoinella] herb water boiled is good for the cold water addiction for third daily and virtually daily february and is good for the superfluous plutz that kelt kelt and is also good for terciana vnd quartana for milk and stomach item the powder is good for milk and for puffing and for all wetag ym magenn to the head and heart and is also the head healthy and also creates the heart So you have your wine nucz in the morning of the body plump and for much plumpness of the body it brings ÿ the cap and no harm if you use it in the morning - Cpg 666 , Südwestdeutschland, 1478, sheets 129r – 130r (digitized version ) . Transcription: From the owl mystel his tuget item who pulver the bark and uses sy jn prranted wine daz sold all trade rytten ver sigh wÿ sy called his item he is also good for the falling days he should wear the mystel on the right hand there he Berür daz ploz meat so he berurt jn nymmer item for the outside sacz jsse eýchin mÿstell item he also represents the gel addiction and swindles jm main item also sells the views that one heysset ethica do from dÿ lewt swinden and dorren item he is also good against daz Gout ve wanted daz the people get jn dy gelyder Item it is also good for daz parley daz do kumpt von anger ver sunst Item which frawe jn beý ir works and jn is useful in the zeytt so sy one kind recovered so enjoying sy of the kinds all damage So win daz kint the falling sight nymmer Item to whom daz plat changes jn the kelen the sal dy pletter eat sober and he has the pletter nit so eat but the bark item who the liver rots the sal de n mÿstel to bump and drink the wet with wine and then sober so he enjoys item the daz plut, the sal has the mystel sýden with wine and sal nemen a yolk of a herten eye and sal jn to reyben jn the wine and sal drink it like that nests he item who jn ploz alzeytt carries on the body the touched daz parley vnd the drip daz is caducus disease called the falling sight nymer item who has the worm to which one dÿ pletter ader dy bark to eat so the sy of hours item who dy sighs has the man heyst the sting of the sol drink from the mýstel item which kint vnder siben jaren is vnd jsse den eychen mÿstel the berurt the falling sightings nymer mere item which frawe jr kranckheytt may not have and dye neme eÿchen mÿstel vnd stoz trinck daz puluer jn mette Item which frawe jr kranckheytt has to vil daz trinck daz puluer jn wine so genyst sÿe - Cpg 558 , Northern Bavaria around 1470–1485, p. 197r – v (digitized version ) . Transcription: Item de visco quercino From the aichen mistletoe Item from the fiscus querci speaks maister ÿpocras nÿm si vnd puluer si with gepranten uein and mixed vnd so used that drives off the daily ride and the other and the third it also drives off the gel addiction and the seusen in The main It also drives away the sting or the sting and uenn dy people dorren and is good for that searched for those in the soft shyness A master speaks that the viscus querci have the greatest strength Welch ueip ÿn peÿ irt and in no way so they sweat with ainem child. the piret on harm or on failures and the child tends the vallenden epidemics nÿmmer mere etc. Dauid who speaks. do he the vishss hat of his father. do he a ueip vallen about the epidemics / do he asked the schoppfer the orator that he would be able to help thet uie the frawen Thu said an angel about the fiscus querci now has in his right hand in ainem vingerlein so the viscus an dÿe plossen haut rure den beruret der vallen epidemic nÿmer mere: - Adam who a king uas who pretends to become the Malasch or that it an ÿm auß prech / der ate viscus querci vnd uart Gesunt: Who has the plat or somebody in the kele uext der sol der pletter nuchttaren or the bark If the liver rots, the sol the viscus boil in uein and nem ainen hertten totern out of ainem hertten aÿ and should drift in the uein and should drink that. Whoever has the uurm in the pauch the sol the pletteren of the aichen mistletoe or the bark he eats healthy and die uurm do of: - Who has the sod or sting or sting the sol from viscus: - Which man vntter siben jaren the viscus ÿsset of the geuinnet vallenden epidemics nÿmmer mere: -
↑ Herbarius Moguntinus , Mainz 1484, Part II, Chapter 27: Viscus ... in arbore glandium (digitized version )
↑ Gart der Gesundheit . Mainz 1485, Chapter 33: Arbor glandis ... Item eychen mispel ... (digital copy )
↑ Hortus sanitatis 1491, Mainz 1491, part, chapter 496: Viscus (digitized version )
↑ Hieronymus Brunschwig . Small distilling book , Strasbourg 1500, sheet 16: Wild affolter mystel (digitized version )
↑ Otto Brunfels . Another part of the Teütschen Contrafayten Kreüterbůchs . Johann Schott, Strasbourg 1537, p. 168: Mystel / Affolter (digitized version )
↑ Leonhart Fuchs . New Kreütterbuch… Michael Isingrin, Basel 1543, Chapter 124: Mystel (digitized version )
↑ Hieronymus Bock . New Kreütter Bůch . Wendel Rihel, Strasbourg 1546, Part III, Chapter 3: Mistletoe (digital copy)
^ Pietro Andrea Mattioli . Commentarii, in libros sex Pedacii Dioscoridis Anazarbei, de medica materia. Translation by Georg Handsch, edited by Joachim Camerarius the Younger , Johan Feyerabend, Franck am Mayn 1586, Journal of 277v-278v: mistletoe (digitized)
↑ Nicolas Lémery . Dictionnaire universel des drogues simples. , Paris 1699, pp. 815-816: Viscum (digitized version ) ; Translation. Complete material lexicon. Initially drafted in French, but now after the third edition, which has been enlarged by a large [...] edition, translated into high German / By Christoph Friedrich Richtern, [...]. Leipzig: Johann Friedrich Braun, 1721, Sp. 1190–1192: Viscum (digitized version)

^ Albrecht von Haller (editor). Onomatologia medica completa or Medicinisches Lexicon which explains all names and artificial words which are peculiar to the science of medicine and pharmacists art clearly and completely [...]. Gaumische Handlung, Ulm / Frankfurt am Main / Leipzig 1755, Sp. 1328–1329: Viscum, Viscus quercinus (digitized version )

^ William Cullen, A treatise of the materia medica. Charles Elliot, Edinburgh 1789. Volume II, p. 47: Viscus (digitized version ) . German. Samuel Hahnemann . Schwickert, Leipzig 1790. Volume II, p. 57: Mistletoe (digitized version)

↑ August Friedrich Hecker 's practical medicine theory. Revised and enriched with the latest discoveries by a practicing doctor . Camesius, Vienna, Volume I 1814, pp. 516–518: Lignum Visci, mistletoe (digitized)

↑ August Husemann / Theodor Husemann : The plant substances in chemical, physiological, pharmacological and toxicological terms. For doctors, pharmacists, chemists and pharmacologists. Springer, Berlin 1871, p. 1135: Viscine and viscose rubber (digitized)

[1] Duden: The dictionary of origin. Etymology of the German language. Mannheim 2007, Lemma Mistel.

[2] Duden online: Mistletoe

[3] Lars Hermodssin: The name of mistletoe. In: Studia neophilologica 43, 1971, pp. 173-179.

[4] Etymological Dictionary of the German Language (1967), p. 481 f. ( Manure and mistletoe ).

[5] See Duden online: viscous

[DOI10.1023/A:1009223730317-6] Jun-ichi Azuma, Nam-Hun Kim, Laurent Heux, Roger Vuong, Henri Chanzy: The cellulose system in viscin from mistletoe berries. In: cellulose. 7, pp. 3-19, doi: 10.1023 / A: 1009223730317 .

[7] Nierhaus-Wunderwald, Dagmar, Lawrenz, Peter: On the biology of mistletoe. In: Merkblatt für die Praxis 28, 1997, pp. 1-8. ISSN 1422-2876 Publisher: Federal Research Institute for Forests, Snow and Landscape, Birmensdorf

[8] Tony Hall, Steve Davis: Viscum album (mistletoe). (No longer available online.) Royal Botanic Garden Kew, archived from the original on May 21, 2015 ; Retrieved June 7, 2015 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2

[9] Kahle-Zuber, Doris: Biology and evolution of the European mistletoe (Viscum album) doctoral thesis, ETH Zurich, Zurich 2008

[DOI10.1007/s00442-014-3013-8-10] Ana Mellado, Regino Zamora: Generalist birds govern the seed dispersal of a parasitic plant with strong recruitment constraints. In: Oecologia. 176, 2014, pp. 139-147, doi: 10.1007 / s00442-014-3013-8 .

[11] See Bettina Meister: Kisses under the mistletoe in: zauberspiegel-online.de, December 7, 2007.

[12] GS Kienle, H. Kiene: Influence of Viscum album L. (European Mistletoe) Extracts on Quality of Life in Cancer Patient: A Systematic Review of Controlled Clinical Studies. In: Integrative Cancer Therapies 2010; 9 (2): 142-157

[13] Pedanios Dioscurides . 1st century De Medicinali Materia libri quinque. Translation. Julius Berendes . Pedanius Dioscurides' medicine theory in 5 books. Enke, Stuttgart 1902, p. 325 (Book III, Chapter 93): Ixos (digitized version )

[14] Pliny the Elder , 1st century. Naturalis historia book XVI, chapters xciii - xciv (§ 245–248): Viscum (digitized version ) ; Translation Külb 1855 (digitized version ) . - Book XXIV, Chapter vi (§ 11): Viscum (digital copy) ; Translation Külb 1855 (digitized version )

[15] Galen , 2nd century De simplicium medicamentorum temperamentis ac facultatibus , Book VI, Chapter IX / 2 (based on the Kühn 1826 edition, Volume XI, p. 888: Viscum (digitized version))

[16] Avicenna , 11th century, Canon of Medicine . Translation and adaptation by Gerhard von Cremona , Arnaldus de Villanova and Andrea Alpago (1450–1521). Basel 1556, Volume II, Chapter 728: Viscus (digitized version )

[17] Pseudo-Serapion 13th century, print. Venice 1497, sheet 120v (No CLXVII): Viscus (digitized)

[18] Abu Muhammad ibn al-Baitar , 13th century, Kitāb al-jāmiʿ li-mufradāt al-adwiya wa al-aghdhiya. Translation. Joseph Sontheimer under the title Large compilation on the powers of the well-known simple healing and food. Hallberger, Stuttgart Volume I 1840, p. 410: Viscum (digitized version)

[19] Charles Victor Daremberg and Friedrich Anton Reuss (1810–1868). S. Hildegardis Abbatissae Subtilitatum Diversarum Naturarum Creaturarum Libri Novem. Physica , Book III, Chapter 2: Birbaumes mistletoe . Migne, Paris 1855. Sp. 1218 (digitized version ) - Translation: Herbert Reier: Hildegard von Bingen Physica. Translated into German after the text edition by JP Migne, Paris 1882. Kiel 1980, p. 107: Birbaum ... Its roots, leaves and its sap are not suitable for medicine because of their hardness, but mistletoe is. If someone has chest or lung pain, that is, dumped, take Birbaum's mistletoe, pulverize it and add some liquorice to the powder. He eats this on an empty stomach and often after breakfast and his chest and lungs will be better. If you suffer from gout, put the pear mistletoe, which has a sweet taste, cut into small pieces in olive oil for three days and nights and then dissolve twice as much deer tallow as oil in the fire, put spicam nardi well usable and chop this fat for three days and Night at and thoroughly crush the oil with the mistletoe added to it, strain the juice through a cloth and carefully dissolve the deer tallow again in the fire with the spica. If there is paralysis in the person, let him anoint him and it will give way if it is not the cause of his death. ...

[20] Cod. S 386 , Lower Alemannic [Weingarten or Ravensburg], 1463–1466, sheet 64r (digitized version ) . Transcription: Vjscus piri das haisset birboum mistell vnd hatt vil tugent. who sin puluer ze trinckent git the one who has the vallenden sick days with water nûnn day soberling the host of the broken nit me. if you have the fig you give sin puluer with oil and with schwinim smalcz nûnn day ze drincken so inn bůs. who has the trophies of the drink sin puluer nûnn day with water sobering. who has the rides drink it with water nûnn day. who has the parlis the drink it nûnn day with eat in the Wirt bas

[21] Cpg 226 , Alsace 1459–1469, sheet 161r – v (digital copy ) . Transcription: Von der krafft vnd tugent des eychen mystels . Ypocras the meyster. describes the strength of the oak mystel. The first virtue / who nymphs the bark / and the puluert / and the nüczet in burned win that distributes the daily to the other and the third rides / the other virtue / food also distributes the yellow and the swindling in the [haubt] It also distributes the addictions that are called. ethicam that is the abenemen dauon the lute swindent vnd dorrent / Vnd is also searched for that the luten gat in the glidern //: Item Constantinus the master speaks that the oak mystel has the power / which woman the mistletoe by jr hits and she nuczet in win in the czÿt so they recover a child so they enjoy all harm / and the kint never wins the falling searches // Item king david because the hats are the creators and the fihes are father and they obediently what / there matter He a wip fall of the falling addiction Then he asked the creator of all creatures that he knows what lasts were good / An angel spoke to me / who put the oak mystel on the right hand in eym fingerlin so that the mistletoe is the blose hat berure / den berure the falling never seeks mee. You can also find writings from Adriano the king / who is afraid of becoming vßseczig / or that he eats the oak mistletoe at the break, so he enjoys and whoever swaps the leaf in the celebs should eat the mistletoe from the oak / he has the leaf is not as it should eat the bark dauon as it is healthy Item that the liver wants to fill the mistletoe and mix with win and should drink sober so it is healthy Item that has the leaf / should boil the mistletoe with win vnd sol nemen the dead of eim eye / vnd should drift in the win / vnd sol the win / so he is healthy / and whoever has the worms eat the leaves of the oak mistletoe or the bark so they die would be too hant /. Item who has the sod or the sting of the drink from the mistletoe he genyset / what man is vnder sinen seven years ysset it of the oak mystel / the falling day of sickness never touches it also - Cpg 545 , Nuremberg (?) 1474, sheet 155r ( Digitized) . Transcription: The virtues of the eychen mistletoe for the daily ride Item the virtues of the oak mistletoe who pulverises the rintten and mixes it with roasted wine and the sober drinks drive away the daily rides and it also drives out the other about illicit vnd oak mistletoe the rint and Pletter pululated jn good wine in the morning and drank in the morning drives out the gick addiction intestinal gout Vnd drives out the intestinal gout and the grim ym body Vnd drives out the search etica do from the lewt swinden vnd thorn vnd the powder in the morning savored because dizziness ym hats for the plat And if the plat jn the kel grows the food of the powder the pletter of oak mistletoe sober so it goes to the livers If the livers rots or wee does the food of the oak mistletoe puluer with good wine he welcomes the rotten rure Item who nem eychen mistletoe rint vnd holcz pushed the plut and simmered the yn good wine as reynal or welisch wine sober on the wermist for worm Vnd who worm ym body has the food of the powder sober and see it onf his food so they die yn ÿm even for the sting Also for the sting drink of the powder yn wine sober So he forgives you the frawen to go mad A fraw who to the purged give work to the sol mans of puluers yn a spoon with wine jn the name of the crewcz xpi [Christ] who takes care of all the world who takes care of the fraw she kumpts the mustard nÿder to the gepurt Vnd woe mans a frawen is dead at ir has you hosted children for eating and when you give a child's powder there is seÿ yn spun [breast milk] or must it help for the food and guarding the kint before the high day is tried probatum for the high day Item Which kint of the powder sober yn wine or water sober dreÿ tomorrow because you are vntter siben iarn you are born on the high visibility day and be sure of the probatum for the high visibility day and who oak mistletoe beÿ ym fights on the right ha nth that he berurt the flesh and the fruit of the powder tomorrow jn that drives away the most of the day and puff the because the mistletoe is looking for you for the cold water Vnd oak mistletoe pulped and yn pidenel [Pimoinella] herb water boiled is good for the cold water addiction for third daily and virtually daily february and is good for the superfluous plutz that kelt kelt and is also good for terciana vnd quartana for milk and stomach item the powder is good for milk and for puffing and for all wetag ym magenn to the head and heart and is also the head healthy and also creates the heart So you have your wine nucz in the morning of the body plump and for much plumpness of the body it brings ÿ the cap and no harm if you use it in the morning - Cpg 666 , Südwestdeutschland, 1478, sheets 129r – 130r (digitized version ) . Transcription: From the owl mystel his tuget item who pulver the bark and uses sy jn prranted wine daz sold all trade rytten ver sigh wÿ sy called his item he is also good for the falling days he should wear the mystel on the right hand there he Berür daz ploz meat so he berurt jn nymmer item for the outside sacz jsse eýchin mÿstell item he also represents the gel addiction and swindles jm main item also sells the views that one heysset ethica do from dÿ lewt swinden and dorren item he is also good against daz Gout ve wanted daz the people get jn dy gelyder Item it is also good for daz parley daz do kumpt von anger ver sunst Item which frawe jn beý ir works and jn is useful in the zeytt so sy one kind recovered so enjoying sy of the kinds all damage So win daz kint the falling sight nymmer Item to whom daz plat changes jn the kelen the sal dy pletter eat sober and he has the pletter nit so eat but the bark item who the liver rots the sal de n mÿstel to bump and drink the wet with wine and then sober so he enjoys item the daz plut, the sal has the mystel sýden with wine and sal nemen a yolk of a herten eye and sal jn to reyben jn the wine and sal drink it like that nests he item who jn ploz alzeytt carries on the body the touched daz parley vnd the drip daz is caducus disease called the falling sight nymer item who has the worm to which one dÿ pletter ader dy bark to eat so the sy of hours item who dy sighs has the man heyst the sting of the sol drink from the mýstel item which kint vnder siben jaren is vnd jsse den eychen mÿstel the berurt the falling sightings nymer mere item which frawe jr kranckheytt may not have and dye neme eÿchen mÿstel vnd stoz trinck daz puluer jn mette Item which frawe jr kranckheytt has to vil daz trinck daz puluer jn wine so genyst sÿe - Cpg 558 , Northern Bavaria around 1470–1485, p. 197r – v (digitized version ) . Transcription: Item de visco quercino From the aichen mistletoe Item from the fiscus querci speaks maister ÿpocras nÿm si vnd puluer si with gepranten uein and mixed vnd so used that drives off the daily ride and the other and the third it also drives off the gel addiction and the seusen in The main It also drives away the sting or the sting and uenn dy people dorren and is good for that searched for those in the soft shyness A master speaks that the viscus querci have the greatest strength Welch ueip ÿn peÿ irt and in no way so they sweat with ainem child. the piret on harm or on failures and the child tends the vallenden epidemics nÿmmer mere etc. Dauid who speaks. do he the vishss hat of his father. do he a ueip vallen about the epidemics / do he asked the schoppfer the orator that he would be able to help thet uie the frawen Thu said an angel about the fiscus querci now has in his right hand in ainem vingerlein so the viscus an dÿe plossen haut rure den beruret der vallen epidemic nÿmer mere: - Adam who a king uas who pretends to become the Malasch or that it an ÿm auß prech / der ate viscus querci vnd uart Gesunt: Who has the plat or somebody in the kele uext der sol der pletter nuchttaren or the bark If the liver rots, the sol the viscus boil in uein and nem ainen hertten totern out of ainem hertten aÿ and should drift in the uein and should drink that. Whoever has the uurm in the pauch the sol the pletteren of the aichen mistletoe or the bark he eats healthy and die uurm do of: - Who has the sod or sting or sting the sol from viscus: - Which man vntter siben jaren the viscus ÿsset of the geuinnet vallenden epidemics nÿmmer mere: -

[22] Herbarius Moguntinus , Mainz 1484, Part II, Chapter 27: Viscus ... in arbore glandium (digitized version )

[23] Gart der Gesundheit . Mainz 1485, Chapter 33: Arbor glandis ... Item eychen mispel ... (digital copy )

[24] Hortus sanitatis 1491, Mainz 1491, part, chapter 496: Viscus (digitized version )

[25] Hieronymus Brunschwig . Small distilling book , Strasbourg 1500, sheet 16: Wild affolter mystel (digitized version )

[26] Otto Brunfels . Another part of the Teütschen Contrafayten Kreüterbůchs . Johann Schott, Strasbourg 1537, p. 168: Mystel / Affolter (digitized version )

[27] Leonhart Fuchs . New Kreütterbuch… Michael Isingrin, Basel 1543, Chapter 124: Mystel (digitized version )

[28] Hieronymus Bock . New Kreütter Bůch . Wendel Rihel, Strasbourg 1546, Part III, Chapter 3: Mistletoe (digital copy)

[29] Pietro Andrea Mattioli . Commentarii, in libros sex Pedacii Dioscoridis Anazarbei, de medica materia. Translation by Georg Handsch, edited by Joachim Camerarius the Younger , Johan Feyerabend, Franck am Mayn 1586, Journal of 277v-278v: mistletoe (digitized)

[30] Nicolas Lémery . Dictionnaire universel des drogues simples. , Paris 1699, pp. 815-816: Viscum (digitized version ) ; Translation. Complete material lexicon. Initially drafted in French, but now after the third edition, which has been enlarged by a large [...] edition, translated into high German / By Christoph Friedrich Richtern, [...]. Leipzig: Johann Friedrich Braun, 1721, Sp. 1190–1192: Viscum (digitized version)

[31] Albrecht von Haller (editor). Onomatologia medica completa or Medicinisches Lexicon which explains all names and artificial words which are peculiar to the science of medicine and pharmacists art clearly and completely [...]. Gaumische Handlung, Ulm / Frankfurt am Main / Leipzig 1755, Sp. 1328–1329: Viscum, Viscus quercinus (digitized version )

[32] William Cullen, A treatise of the materia medica. Charles Elliot, Edinburgh 1789. Volume II, p. 47: Viscus (digitized version ) . German. Samuel Hahnemann . Schwickert, Leipzig 1790. Volume II, p. 57: Mistletoe (digitized version)

[33] August Friedrich Hecker 's practical medicine theory. Revised and enriched with the latest discoveries by a practicing doctor . Camesius, Vienna, Volume I 1814, pp. 516–518: Lignum Visci, mistletoe (digitized)

[34] August Husemann / Theodor Husemann : The plant substances in chemical, physiological, pharmacological and toxicological terms. For doctors, pharmacists, chemists and pharmacologists. Springer, Berlin 1871, p. 1135: Viscine and viscose rubber (digitized)