Mix & Genest
| Mix & Genest AG
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|---|---|
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| legal form | Corporation |
| founding | 1879 as an oHG , from 1889 AG |
| resolution | 1954 |
| Reason for dissolution | Merger with SEG ( Standard Elektrizitäts-Gesellschaft AG ) |
| Seat |
Berlin (until 1948) Stuttgart - Zuffenhausen |
| management |
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| Number of employees |
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| sales | 21 million RM (1930) |
| Branch | Electrical engineering - radio, telecommunications |
Mix & Genest was a German manufacturer of electronics, which concentrated on the telephone and switching center technology shortly after its invention . The company, founded in 1879 by the engineer Werner Genest with the businessman Wilhelm Mix in Berlin-Schöneberg as oHG Mix & Genest, telegraph construction company and telegraph wire factory , developed very quickly from a workshop to a large company and is still considered a pioneer in the field of Low-voltage technology and signal transmission . After the turn of the century, Mix & Genest was also known worldwide as a manufacturer of pneumatic tube systems and conveyor systems . The company changed into a stock corporation in 1889 and was taken over by the Allgemeine Elektricitäts-Gesellschaft (AEG) through a share swap in 1920 . In 1929 AEG transferred the company to the Holding Standard Elektrizitäts-Gesellschaft AG (SEG), which initially partially and from 1934 finally belonged to the American International Telephone and Telegraph Corporation (ITT).
After the Second World War , ITT relocated the headquarters of its numerous holdings in Germany to Stuttgart - Zuffenhausen and gradually merged them into a joint company. In 1954 Mix & Genest was merged with its sister company Süddeutsche Apparatefabrik GmbH (SAF) as well as with the joint management holding company SEG , and two years later its name was changed from Standard Elektrizitäts-Gesellschaft AG to Standard Elektrik AG . In 1958 Standard Elektrik AG finally merged with C. Lorenz AG to form Standard Elektrik Lorenz AG (SEL), which developed into one of the ten largest German companies of the 1960s and 1970s. In the 1980s, however, it ran into economic difficulties, was sold by ITT in 1986 to the French Compagnie Générale d'Électricité and broken up in the following years. The successor to the core area of telecommunications is Alcatel-Lucent Deutschland AG , which has been part of the Finnish company Nokia since January 2016 .
history
Telegraph technology made rapid advances in the 1870s, and the telephone began its triumphant advance in the United States in 1876 . Werner Genest , son of the businessman and innkeeper August Genest and his wife Hulda, had studied mechanical engineering at the Gewerbeakademie Berlin and a position at the Royal Prussian State Railways meant that a higher civil service career was already mapped out for him. When he heard in 1877 of the telephone attempts that the Postmaster General Heinrich von Stephan had carried out in Berlin with two telephones developed by Alexander Graham Bell , he immediately recognized the far-reaching importance of this new technology. Only two years later he gave up his secure job in order to found the open trading company oHG Mix & Genest, Telegraphenbau-Anstalt and telegraph wire factory in Prinzessinnenstrasse 23, Berlin , with the businessman Wilhelm Mix on October 1, 1879 .
The early years
Immediately after the company was founded, Werner Genest began to produce the first electrical devices in his workshop, initially on a very small scale. With only a few employees at the beginning, he mainly manufactured so-called "home telegraphy devices". These were mainly bells , pushbuttons, bells or drop flaps . Alarm clocks, panels, house phones and fire alarms followed . Another business area soon formed lightning rod systems . In addition to the construction, Genest took care of orders and customers himself. From his experience with large-scale industry, which he had gained at the railroad, he aimed at economical volume production in his company from the start. By the end of the second year of operation, production had already tripled.
The development of the telephone did not attract much attention in the economy at the beginning. With the introduction of public telephony in 1881, the new technology slowly began to gain acceptance. At least the post was a big and grateful customer. With the success of his company, Genest had created the economic basis to deal more intensively with the development of telephones and the technology associated with their operation. The first surviving patent dates from November 29, 1883 and related to an improvement in the pole pieces of early telephones. The growth of the young company accelerated further.
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The production area on Prinzessinnenstrasse quickly became too small. Genest moved the company to rented premises at Wassertorstrasse 14 (later also 34) and, when production there again became too small, acquired a plot of land at Neuenburger Strasse 14a (Gitschiner Strasse 94a) in 1884 to move onto to build a new factory building according to his ideas. The company name was changed to Telegraphenbau-Anstalt, Telephon- und Blitzableiterfabrik Mix & Genest and the number of employees grew to 120. In 1886 Werner Genest took over the shares of his partner Wilhelm Mix and became the sole owner.
In terms of telephones, the company initially produced replicas of the Bell telephone. Because the device was very cumbersome to use and had to be held to the mouth to speak and to the ear to listen, Mix & Genest developed the "double telephone" with a two-part receiver as an improvement. Mix & Genest brought its successor to the market as the "Mikrotelefon" as early as 1887, shortly after the microphone was introduced into practice. The Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift described the microphone in issue 3 of the year 1895 as "an independent speech device composed of a microphone and a telephone for use at the desk etc. (1887), which has since experienced the widest use and imitation". In fact, almost all subsequent telephones followed the design chosen by Mix & Genest until the very recent past. Also on Mix & Genest the development goes back to the first einkontaktigen microphones for "rolling microphone". Since a single electrical contact to the coal quickly became unusable through combustion, the company relied on movable coal rollers with multiple contact points. The innovation was introduced and widespread by the Reichspost, but was soon replaced by the more advanced carbon-grain microphones. The range could also be increased in several steps up to the year 1895 to 10 km from the central station in larger buildings or to the exchange in city or remote operation.
By the turn of the century Mix & Genest had already delivered around 100,000 telephone exchanges to over 75 larger offices. This mainly concerned the manually operated local battery centers that were common at the beginning (see OB operation ). However, after their connection cables were quickly worn out due to frequent repositioning when changing the connection and accordingly prone to failure, Mix & Genest developed the so-called "pyramid cabinet". With him, the subscriber connections were hard-wired in the form of a pyramid. The connection between two microphone units was established by inserting cordless plugs into the corresponding jack sockets.
The influence of Werner Genest is attributed to the fact that the Reich Postal Administration at that time allowed private industry to set up private branch exchanges from 1900 onwards . A strict state monopoly applied to the installation and operation of telephone systems. According to a new telephone fee regulation of December 20, 1899, each exchange line could be assigned up to five extensions, for which the industry was now allowed to deliver its own technology and set it up at the customer - of course, strictly observing the postal regulations. Shortly after this decision, Mix & Genest launched its new system under the name "Janus". The double- faced Roman god Janus was a symbol for the two-way connection option, either only internally from one household appliance to the other, or from the household appliance to the outside via the exchange line, to the exchange of the post. Instead of cords and plugs, the "Janus crank switch" was introduced. In the middle of the crank was the exchange line, which by turning and engaging the crank either remained disconnected in the "House" position or could be connected for external calls in the "Office" position.
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Stock Corporation Mix & Genest, telephone, telegraph and lightning rod factory
The rapid expansion of production required ever larger investments, so that in 1889 Wener Genest decided to convert his company into a stock corporation . On April 16, 1889 his company was registered as a stock corporation Mix & Genest, a telephone, telegraph and lightning rod factory with a capital of 1.2 million marks. The shares met with great interest and the company invested in its production, but also increasingly in expanding sales. In 1890 Mix & Genest opened its first branches in Hamburg and London , followed by Cologne and Amsterdam in 1897 . In the factory in Neuenburger Strasse, which was generously laid out from the perspective of 1884, there were around 200 employees working at that time, which meant that the building was again too small. In 1891 a branch had to be created at Brandenburgstrasse 6, which was followed by outsourced workshops at Neuenburgerstrasse 18 and a little later also at Gitschiner Strasse 80.
The splitting of the production into several locations was a temporary measure and hindered the business process. That is why the company built a new factory in Bülowstrasse 67 in 1894 in a four-story new building for up to 1,000 employees. After the inauguration in January 1895, 600 workers and a further 60 commercial clerks worked at the new address. With 250 machine tools connected via transmission to a 100-HP steam engine and fixed working hours of 52.5 hours for workers and 48 hours for employees, the production was considered very progressive. The Görlitzer Maschinenbauanstalt und Eisengießerei AG expanded production in 1898 with a more powerful, approximately 350 to 400 hp steam engine. The modernization and rationalization of production was, however, also necessary in order to be prepared for the price reductions, which the increasingly fierce competition required.
In the late summer of 1899, Danish inventor Valdemar Poulsen approached the company. At the urging of the supervisory board of Aktieselskabet Telegrafonen Patent Poulsen , which he had just founded , he was looking for a strong partner for the further development, production and marketing of the first functional device he had designed for recording and reproducing sound and speech by electromagnetic induction . His invention used steel wire for recording and initiated the development of wire-sound recorders , which eventually resulted in tape recorders and cassette recorders.
In the winter of 1899, Poulsen and a majority of his new employees moved from Copenhagen to the Mix & Genest research laboratory in Berlin. The German technicians, especially Hans Zopke and Ernst Ruhmer, provided the Danish team with active support in building an improved presentation model until around June 1900. These devices, which were initially produced by Mix & Genest , were still called the "telephonograph", which Poulsen originally intended to use for his invention. The French engineer Jules Ernest Othon Kumberg , who had constructed an answering machine based on the phonograph with recording on a wax cylinder , claimed the name telephonograph for his invention. Poulsen finally decided to use the name telegraphon for his own devices .
Valdemar Poulsen presented the model, revised with German help, to an enthusiastic public at the Paris World Exhibition of 1900 in the Palais de l'Electricité and won a Grand Prix , which was awarded for the best invention. Wilhelm Exner , director of the Technological Trade Museum in Vienna and as general commissioner of the Austrian department for Paris on site, immediately acquired a copy on behalf of the Ministry of Commerce. A year later it was exhibited with other Austrian acquisitions for four weeks in the Gustav Pisko art salon in Vienna and presented to Franz Joseph I , Emperor of Austria-Hungary on October 12, 1901 . The 24-second long recording of the Emperor's voice that was made during the demonstration is today the oldest magnetic sound recording that has survived. At this point, however, Poulsen had already ended the collaboration with Mix & Genest , as they had not been able to agree on the further development and, above all, their financing.
Despite initial great attention, the telegraph was economically unsuccessful. In addition to the poor recording quality due to the strong background noise, the low volume was a particular problem. The demonstration models were therefore mostly equipped with headphones. The technical principle was only able to establish itself about twenty years later, with the availability of the first audio amplifier . One of the following pioneers was Curt Stille , who had acquired a telegraphone produced by Mix & Genest around 1900 and developed the "Dailygraph" on its basis, which was finally redesigned by Semi Joseph Begun at C. Lorenz and from 1933 onwards as a "Textophon" commercially became successful.
The telephone as a means of communication quickly gained in importance for private individuals. “Public telephones” were set up in post and telegraph companies. However, the collection of fees required such a high level of personnel expenditure that the respective departments were increasingly overwhelmed by the demand. As a remedy, Mix & Genest presented their "device for automatic charging of telephone stations", patented in 1891, and thus created the basis for the construction of the first payphone shortly thereafter . In 1899, 100 "telephone machines" were already in operation in Berlin.
Stock company Mix & Genest, telephone and telegraph works
Around 1900, the company expanded its product range to include the manufacture of pneumatic tube and conveyor systems , but the production of lightning rods seems to have declined, at least the name of the company changed on January 1st, 1900 to Actiengesellschaft Mix & Genest, Telephon- und Telegraphenwerke . It owes its rapid success in this new area to its chief engineer Carl Beckmann , who was able to develop pneumatic post stations with automatic transfer of the cans for the first time for the Deutsche Reichspost on the basis of one of his numerous patents. The systems in Frankfurt am Main and Bremen , and in 1907 also Milan , Rome and Naples, were built according to this system .
In 1907, during an economic downturn, Werner Genest resigned from the management board and moved to the supervisory board , where he continued to work in an advisory capacity. In the same year, the company moved into its newly completed building in what is now Geneststrasse on Sachsendamm, in the immediate vicinity of the Papestrasse train station in Berlin-Schöneberg, today Berlin Südkreuz train station . The construction had been commissioned in 1905 when various production areas, despite ongoing expansions in Bülowstrasse, had no more room for their further growth due to the purchase of neighboring properties and had switched to rented rooms in Kurfürstenstrasse 146 and Gutenbergstrasse 3 in Berlin-Charlottenburg . Under its new director Rudolf Franke, however , the company was forced to reorganize from 1908 and, for the first time, to implement severe rationalization measures. The unprofitable area of high-voltage fittings and meters was discontinued and the large number of product types and models resulting from customer requests was significantly reduced. In contrast, sales were strengthened. New sales outlets were opened in Munich , Dresden , Halle , Hanover and Budapest . They were mostly manned by technicians and engineers and called themselves "technical offices". The company recognized early on that telecommunications equipment was not so easy to sell over the counter and had developed detailed building instructions for buyers and contracted craftsmen into its specialty. The “Instructions for the construction of low-voltage systems”, first published in 1890, appeared in eight subsequent editions by 1929. Since 1889, the company had an installation department (later a construction department) with professionally trained fitters, exclusively for the increasingly complicated construction and commissioning of systems at the buyer's premises.
In 1908 Mix & Genest founded together with the British-American companies Lamson Pneumatic Tube Company and Lamson Store Service Co. Ltd. Lamson-Mix & Genest Rohr- und Seilpostanlagen GmbH in London as a joint company.In addition, Mix & Genest participated in a new cable factory in 1910, which was set up in the not fully used business premises in the new building in Schöneberg and in 1914 in the North German Kabelwerke AG was converted. In 1910, Rudolf Franke received the call from the Technical University of Charlottenburg to take over the newly created chair for telecommunications technology , which is why he gave up the management of the company. His successor was Martin Kubierschky , until then Vice President of United Railways Investment Co. in Jersey City , United States , who, like company founder Werner Genest, had come to the railroad to transmit communications. The economy, which went into a depression in 1908, led to losses at Mix & Genest and, in 1913, to a merger of the share capital at a ratio of 5: 3.
Between 1910 and 1918 the company expanded its product range to include typewriters. The first devices, based on a design by Emil Schliephack, were built in 1910 and sold through the newly founded subsidiary Titania Mix & Genest Schreibmaschinen GmbH . From 1913 the initially pure sales subsidiary also took over production. The "Titania 3" model presented in the same year is said to have been the first German typewriter with ball-bearing type levers. In 1918 the production was sold with all rights to Deutsche Telephonwerke GmbH , which was still producing in Bleicherode under the name Titania Typewriter GmbH until 1925.
During the First World War , the company largely switched to arms production. Connections abroad were soon interrupted. The London branch was sold before the outbreak of the war and the Lamson-Mix & Genest joint venture was dissolved. The German branch in Berlin was renamed Rohr- und Seilpostanlagen GmbH (Mix & Genest) in 1915 .
After takeover by the AEG
After Werner Genest's death in November 1921, Allgemeine Elektricitäts-Gesellschaft (AEG) offered shareholders a 1: 1 share swap, which was met with broad approval. From 1922 onwards, AEG promoted further expansion and reduced its dependence on suppliers. With AEG participation, Mix & Genest founded Lonarit GmbH in Frankenhausen am Kyffhäuser for the production of insulation material and a wood factory in Brandenburg an der Havel , which was able to completely cover the need for enclosures for switch cabinets. In 1922, construction began again in Berlin. The main building in Schöneberg received an extension with which the total usable area of the main location increased to 40,000 m². The German inflation from 1914 to 1923 and also the hyperinflation of 1923 only marginally disrupted the company's development.
Director Kubierschky had brought the technology used by Rochester voters from the United States. After the end of the war, however, he decided to develop his own dialing system at Mix & Genest . The task was taken over by the inventor Friedrich Merk , whom Kubierschky was able to win as an employee for his company. On the basis of the rotary dial already invented by Almon Strowger in 1891 , the company used an additional row of contacts in the call finder, which for the first time enabled staggered switching, for which the term "overlapping" soon became established as a new technical term. At the end of 1921, the development of the “Mix & Genest call search system” for offices and large private branch exchanges was completed. The Reichspostverwaltung, however, stuck to their decision, made long before, for the “pre-selection system”. Mix & Genest was therefore only able to use its newly developed technology in private branch exchanges and, from 1924, also produced systems for public telephone exchanges based on the unified pre-selection system of the Reichspost. The company's own dialing system celebrated its breakthrough and its greatest successes abroad, especially with the construction of a new office in Riga , which was completed in 1925 and which once again significantly increased the awareness of the Mix & Genest company worldwide. With the participation of AEG , the company founded Emge-Union in Vienna in 1926 and Companhia Telephonica Paranaense Ltda in 1927 . in Brazil , which then took over the construction and operation of the telephone exchange in Curitiba . Under the name Emgefunk set Mix & Genest for a few years and radios , amplifiers and speakers forth by the subsidiary Genest Hansa Werke GmbH & Mix were expelled in Hamburg.
The main company simplified its name to Mix & Genest AG in 1927 . When General Director Martin Kubierschky started a business trip to Brazil on April 9, 1929, he suffered a heart attack on board the steamer Cap Arcona while crossing to Rio de Janeiro . He died on May 11, 1929. In the same year, AEG decided to transfer the company shares it held in Mix & Genest to Standard Elektrizitäts-Gesellschaft AG (SEG), a holding company in which Felten & Guilleaume AG ( F&G) and the American International Telephone & Telegraph Corporation (ITT). With the departure of the two German partners, ITT became the sole owner of the holding company until 1934.
After transition to ITT
The International Telephone and Telegraph Corporation (ITT) pushed aggressively into the European market from the mid-1920s. After taking over the American Telephone & Telegraph Company (AT&T) 's subsidiary International Western Electric in 1925 and thus the entire equipment production of the AT&T Group outside the United States, it was the leading manufacturer of telecommunications equipment in eleven countries. It renamed International Western Elektric to ITT Standard Electric Corporation and further expanded its position in Germany by taking over numerous well-known manufacturers during the global economic crisis .
On holding Standard Electricity Company Ltd (SEG) in Berlin, to also mix & Genest was transferred, acquired ITT in quick succession, the C. Lorenz AG , the telephone factory Aktiengesellschaft vorm. J. Berliner with the brand “Tefag” and Ferdinand Schuchhardt, Berliner Fernsprech- und Telegraphenwerk AG with the brand “Allradio”. Together with Felten & Guilleaume , she was also involved in the Süddeutsche Apparatefabrik GmbH (SAF) in Nuremberg. Some areas and subsidiaries of these companies were then strategically combined. As a result, Mix & Genest received Telmo Telephon- und Telegraphen GmbH from C. Lorenz , as well as Deutsche Telephonie AG , whose shares had previously been held by Ferdinand Schuchard . In addition, Mix & Genest took over the entire rental business of both the aforementioned investments and of SAF . In addition, the joint parent company promoted the exchange of patents and cooperation in the various production facilities, but initially allowed the various companies to continue to participate relatively independently in the competition with their respective brands. Mix & Genest had around 3,200 employees in 1930 and sales of RM 21 million ; the share capital in 1931 was RM 16.185 million.
The company was managed by Walther Max Leser , Director of Hydra-Werke AG , who had previously worked as chief designer at C. Lorenz , the new sister company of Mix & Genest , from 1919 to 1924 . He could not prevent a severe slump in business during the economic crisis. In 1933 sales were only 42 percent of the size they had reached in 1929. Readers returned to Hydra-Werke and the management of the company went to Alfred Emil Hoffmann , who had been with the company since 1921. At the age of 28, he had made the leap as chief engineer to the youngest director for the newly established Automatic Telephony department and was appointed technical director of the company in 1931.
World War II and post-war period
At the end of the war in 1945, essential facilities were destroyed. The factory in Berlin suffered severe bomb damage in an air raid on March 1, 1943, and the remaining manufacturing facilities were dismantled by the Red Army after the city was taken . In June 1945, work was resumed with 28 employees in order to create the prerequisites for the re-establishment of a company. In addition, the Berlin blockade in June 1948 severely hampered the West Berlin economy, as goods traffic with the western occupation zones had been interrupted.
The parent company therefore relocated the company's headquarters from Berlin to Stuttgart-Zuffenhausen in 1948 . The same thing happened with the other German daughters, who now gradually merged with one another. Mix & Genest AG was merged with Süddeutsche Apparatefabrik (SAF) in 1954 to form Standard Elektrizitätsgesellschaft AG (SEG), which had previously been the holding company for all German ITT companies . Mix & Genest, department of Standard Elektrizitätsgesellschaft AG, was used as an independent address for some time , until the latter was renamed Standard Elektrik AG in 1956 . The Standard Elektrik finally went in 1958, together with the C. Lorenz AG , the newly formed Standard Elektrik Lorenz AG (SEL) on. From this point on, the name Mix & Genest only served as a department name within the company.
Products
- Products
Desk phone with "microtelephon" ( telephone receiver ), around 1889
Wire telephonograph with roller, Mix & Genest , Berlin (1900)
Tape telephonograph with coils and steel tape instead of roller and wire, Mix & Genest Berlin (1900)
Assembled base of a model 36 telephone , Mix & Genest, produced after the end of the Second World War
Trivia
As with many other electrical manufacturers and especially the meanwhile parent company AEG , puns were common with this company name, with which the company was mockingly "poked" especially when there were technical problems with one of its products. For Mix & Genest, the term “crap and doesn't work” should have been widespread.
literature
- Mix & Genest AG (Ed.): 75 years Mix & Genest 1879–1954 . (Festschrift), printed by Ernst Klett, Stuttgart 1954
- Ernst Klee: Genest, Werner. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 6, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1964, ISBN 3-428-00187-7 , p. 186 f. ( Digitized version ).
Web links
- Early documents and newspaper articles on Mix & Genest in the 20th Century press kit of the ZBW - Leibniz Information Center for Economics .
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e 75th business anniversary at Mix & Genest (PDF; 1.4 MB). In: Frequency , magazine for vibration u. Schwachstromtechnik, Volume 8 (1954), No. 10, p. 321 f.
- ^ A b c Ernst Klee: Genest, Wilhelm Ludwig Werner. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 6, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1964, ISBN 3-428-00187-7 , p. 186 f. ( Digitized version ).
- ^ Wilhelm Ludwig Werner Genest . In: Magdeburg Biographical Lexicon , online version of the University of Magdeburg ; accessed on October 7, 2015
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^ A b c Leonhard Dingwerth: The history of the German typewriter factories , Volume 2: Medium and small manufacturers , 2008. ISBN 978-3-921913-39-0 . P. 275
( limited preview in Google Book search) - ^ Imperial Patent Office on November 29, 1883, Patent No. 29097 Arrangement of pole pieces on telephones
- ↑ a b Carl Beckmann (Ed.): Telephone and signal systems: A practical guide for setting up electrical telecommunications (low-voltage) systems . Julius Springer, Berlin 1923, p. 68 ( preview in Google Book Search)
- ↑ Mix and Genest pyramid cabinet (with picture). In: Bayern-Online.com , accessed on July 7, 2016
- ↑ Mix & Genest AG (Ed.): 75 years Mix & Genest 1879–1954 . (Festschrift), printed by Ernst Klett, Stuttgart 1954, pp. 7-11
- ↑ Mix & Genest AG (Ed.): 75 years Mix & Genest 1879–1954 . (Festschrift), printed by Ernst Klett, Stuttgart 1954, p. 11
- ↑ steam engine . In: Kraft- und Dampfmaschinen on albert-gieseler.de, accessed on October 25, 2015
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↑
Eric D. Daniel, C. Denis Mee, Mark H. Clark: Magnetic Recording - The First 100 Years . IEEE Press, New York 1999, ISBN 0-7803-4709-9 . P. 17.
( limited preview in Google Book search) - ↑ Ingenious invention: telephone with coin slot ( memento of the original from March 24, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . In: Alcatel-Lucent Museum Workshop, accessed on March 17, 2016
- ↑ Staff news . In: Prometheus: Illustrated weekly publication on the progress in trade, industry and science , Volume 23 (born 1912), Verlag von Rudolf Mückenberger, p. 63 ( snippet view in the Google book search)
- ^ Aktiengesellschaft Mix & Genest, Telephon- und Telegraphenwerke . In: Kraft- und Dampfmaschinen on albert-gieseler.de, accessed on November 15, 2015
- ↑ Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift , year 1915, supplements Volume 36, VDE Verlag, p. 632 ( snippet view in the Google book search)
- ^ The echo: With supplement German Export Revue. Weekly newspaper For Politics, Literature, Export and Import , Volume 48 (born 1929), p. 926 ( preview in the Google book search)
- ↑ Martin Kubierschky † . In: Engineering Progress: A Monthly Review , Volume 10 (born 1929), Verein Deutscher Ingenieure, p. 182 (English) ( snippet view in the Google book search)
- ^ ITT Corporation . In: Encyclopædia Britannica , accessed October 25, 2015
