Pylyp Orlyk

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Pylyp Orlyk

Pylyp Stepanowitsch Orlyk ( Latin : Philippus Orlik , Swedish Filip Orlik ; * October 21, 1672 in Kasuta / Kosuta near Vilejka , north of Minsk ; † May 24, 1742 in Jassy ) was a leader of the Zaporozhian Cossacks and closest collaborator of the Ukrainian Cossack - Hetmans Iwan Masepa . In Ukraine he is revered as a patriot.

Life

Origin and education

19th century Cossack leader portrait depicting either Orlyk or Masepa .

On his father's side, Pylyp Orlyk presumably descended from descendants of Czech immigrants (Orlik) who had fled to Poland-Lithuania during the Hussite Wars . His father Stepan Orlik was a Catholic and a Polish army officer who had long served in the Polish-Lithuanian army. He was killed in the battle of Chotyn a year after Pylyps was born . His mother Iryna Malachowska came from the Christian-Orthodox , Lithuanian-Belarusian noble family Malachowski.

Orlyk studied at the Jesuit College in Vilnius and at the Mohyla College in Kiev and received a solid education in these places, so that he was able to write fluently in Latin, German, French and Polish, among other things. In 1694 he finished his studies in Kiev.

Cossack leader

Orlyk was secretary to the Metropolitan of Kiev from 1698 to 1700 . After 1700 he rose to become the leader of the Zaporozhian Cossacks. In 1706 he became Chancellor General of the Hetman in the royal seat of Baturyn and was his most important advisor for the next three years. His Cossacks formed the core of the rebellion of Ivan Masepa, which resulted in the catastrophic defeat in the Battle of Poltava on July 8, 1709. After the defeat, Masepa and Orlyk fled together with the allied Swedish King Charles XII. across the Dniester to Bender into what was then the Principality of Moldova , today Moldova or Transnistria . On their escape they crossed the Dnieper near Perevolochna , came to Ochakov on July 6th, 1709 and finally reached Bender on August 1st, on the west bank of the Dniester. Initially, however, they camped on the opposite side of the river and only crossed it when the Russians approached. Iwan Masepa died in Bender on September 22, 1709 as a result of a stroke. He was first buried in Varniţa, a suburb to the north of Bender, and later reburied in Galatz . The city ​​of Galatz, located at the confluence of the Prut and Danube rivers , was part of the Principality of Moldova and is now in Romania. Mazepa's supporters chose his Chancellor General Pylyp Orlyk to succeed him. On April 5, 1710, he took his oath as a hetman in Bender. Then also confirmed the Swedish King Charles XII. in a document dated May 10, 1710, Pylyp Orlyk was appointed the new hetman of the Ukrainian Cossacks in exile. Orlyk drew up a liberal constitution for the hetmanate - one of the first of its kind in Europe. In the ensuing war between the Ottoman Turks and Russia , Orlyk invaded the Russian Ukraine with Ottoman and Crimean Tatar assistance. Although he was unable to drive out the hetman Ivan Skoropadskyj , who was appointed by Russia's Tsar Peter the Great in 1708 to replace Masepa , the unexpectedly successful "capture" of the Tsar on the Prut battlefield enabled the Ottoman Empire to achieve an advantageous peace in 1711: the Russians had to pay a ransom pay, return the port of Azov , and at least the Zaporozhe Cossacks subordinated their territory to the Ottoman Sultan or the Khan of the Crimean Tatars .

In exile

In autumn 1714 Pylyp Orlyk went with his entire family in the wake of the Swedish King Charles XII. from Bender via Vienna to Sweden into exile. The Swedish entourage arrived in Stralsund in the spring of 1715 and the family initially stayed in Rügen until 1716 . After that, the family moved in autumn 1716 via Ystad to Kristianstad in Skåne , where she lived under difficult financial conditions to 1719 where Pylyp Orlyk with 4386 Swedish Reichstalern indebted. From 1719 to 1720 he lived in Stockholm. After Karl's death in December 1718, his sister Ulrika Eleonore became Queen of Sweden and the Great Northern War was finally brought to an end. After the Peace of Stockholm and the Peace of Frederiksborg , in the summer of 1720 it initially looked as if a grand coalition was emerging between the decisive European powers and the Ottoman Porte, which would unite against the Tsar in Moscow. Pylyp Orlyk had waited a long time for this moment. Financially, too, he was now better off because 20,000 silver thalers had been paid out to him from the Swedish Reich Treasury. During the campaigns of 1708/1709 Iwan Masepa Karl XII. the sum of 60,000 silver thalers was loaned from the Cossacks' war chest, but the money had not been returned to him until Karl's death in 1718. Now in the end he got a third back. On October 11, 1720, he traveled with his eldest son Peter Gregor and his secretary Captain de Cloirs from Stockholm to Ystad to board a ship for Lübeck and leave Sweden forever. To avoid Russian scouts, he traveled via Hamburg, Hanover, Thuringia, and Prague to the then Habsburg Wroclaw , where the travelers arrived at the end of January 1721 and stayed for the time being. They later moved on to Krakow, where they arrived on April 21st. His family, on the other hand, traveled directly to Breslau via Prussia. In Cracow he also met his brother-in-law Iwan Herzik. But here he got bad news. He was told that it would be better if he tried to find a compromise with the Russian tsar. In the meantime, a development had set in that would destroy all of his dreams and plans. Sweden had decided in the course of 1721 to finally give up its European great power ambitions towards the Russian tsar. The Peace of Nystad ended the Great Northern War between Sweden and Russia in the late summer of 1721 . In desperation, Orlyk had sent a letter to Stefan Javorskij (1658–1722), the Russian prelate and metropolitan of Ryazan , through the mediation of Johan Segersten Stenflycht (1681–1758), a Holstein messenger in St. Petersburg, in June 1721 to achieve a reconciliation. Vain. The letter was never answered. After a visit to France, he traveled to the Khan on the Crimean peninsula . Then he wrote a letter to the Swedish King Fredrik I , in which he made suggestions on how to attack Russia promisingly. But all efforts were in vain. The situation in Europe had fundamentally changed.

On February 27, 1722 he crossed the border alone at Chotyn into the Ottoman Empire, which he was not to leave until his death. He came to Jassy, ​​the capital of the Principality of Moldova, where he met Alexander Amir, the translator of the Swedish King Charles XII. Then he traveled on the way to Constantinople via Bucharest and Bulgaria on to Serres . There, however, he was informed that Saloniki had been designated as a permanent place of residence for him in the Ottoman Empire. Orlik stayed in Saloniki until 1734, where he was from then on under observation. There he mainly occupied himself with the diary he started in 1720. According to Alfred Jensen, the 800-page work is stored in Krakow. In contrast, Orest Subtelny explains that the diaries from the time in Salonika are now in France. After Orlyk's death, they are said to have been brought to Paris along with his correspondence from Jassy via the French embassy in Constantinople. According to Orest Subtelny, the diaries themselves are written in Polish and reflect a pessimistic, melancholy attitude of Orlyk in Salonika. The correspondence, on the other hand, is written in Latin and French. His wife and some of the children stayed behind in Krakow and were once again struggling with major existential problems. For example, daughter Barbara Orlik wrote in a letter to the Swedish king in 1731 that her father was unable to help the family in Turkey and that her mother had to go into so great debts in Poland that she could not even leave Krakow . From 1735 a new Russo-Turkish war raged , the Cossacks had again switched sides, and the Austrians had allied themselves with the Russians against Turks, Crimean Tatars and Orlyk. With the help of the French general Claude Alexandre de Bonneval , who also converted to Islam , the Turks were able to defeat Austria and push back in the Balkans, but in peace with Russia in 1739 the Ottoman Empire finally had to forego the Zaporozhian region and Azov. Orlyk never saw his home again. In 1734 he got no closer to the Ukraine than Bessarabia . He died in 1742 in Jassy, ​​the capital of the Principality of Moldova.

family

Pylyp Orlyk had married Hanna Pawliwna Herzyk in the 1690s. She was the daughter of Pawlo Semenowytsch Herzyk, a trader from an originally Jewish family in Uman , who initially ran a stand for consumer goods in the Poltava market and later rose to become the Cossack colonel of the Poltava regiment. After his social rise he was ashamed of his origins (his father had been baptized in order to avoid the persecution during the Khmelnytskyi uprising ) and from then on called himself Pavlo Semenovych. After retiring from active service, he led a strictly religious Christian Orthodox life in Kiev and built a church there, in which he was also buried. Pavlo Semenowytsch Herzyk had a son named Grigorij, who also served in Masepa's Cossack army and went into exile with his brother-in-law Pylyp Orlik and his sister Hanna to Bender and later to Sweden. From 1721 to 1728 he was a prisoner in the Peter and Paul Fortress on the Neva Island in Saint Petersburg. Another son was Iwan Herzik, who also served as a standard bearer in the Cossack army.

Pylyp and Hanna had a total of eight children.

  • The eldest daughter Anastasia Theodora (Nastassja), born in Poltava in 1691 or 1699, married the Swedish nobleman and officer Johan Stenflycht (1681–1758) in Guhrau / Silesia in 1723 . She had two sons, Carl Gustaf and Philip. Anastasia Theodora died in Kiel in 1728 .
  • The son, born in 1702, baptized Peter Gregor on November 5 in Baturin, went to Sweden with his family in 1714, where he studied as Gregorius Orlik in Lund with Andreas Rydelius , the well-known professor of metaphysics and logic. He then went to Germany, where he received a position as a lieutenant in the Saxon cavalry guard in 1721. Due to a Russian extradition request, he had to leave Germany again after five years and finally made a career in the French army as Pierre-Grégoire, comte d'Orlik . In 1747 he married the 38 year old rich daughter of the Marquis de Dinteville, Louise Hélène Le Brune de Denteville. He then lived partly in the castle of the French nobles in Dinteville , partly in Commercy . With his wife's money, he set up a regiment of royal Swedish dragoons at his home in Commercy, of which he was also commander. His sister Anastasia's two sons, Karl Gustav and Phillip Steinflicht, also served in this regiment. In April 1759 he was wounded in the battle of Bergen and is said to have been quartered in the house of Johann Caspar Goethe in Frankfurt to recover . Gregor Orlik died in November 1759 in the battle of Minden . His widow kept his records and those of his father Pylyp Orlyk for posterity in Dinteville.
  • Mychajlo / Michal, who was born in Baturyn in 1704.
  • The daughter Varwara / Barbara, born in Baturyn in 1707.

Both had Iwan Masepa as their godfather. After the death of her older sister Anastasia Theodora, Barbara married her widowed husband Johan Steinflycht. However, the marriage remained childless. Barbara died either in 1734 or 1738.

  • The son Jakiw / Jakob, born in Bender in 1711, had King Karl XII. from Sweden as godfather. He died in Breslau in 1720 or 1721.
  • The daughter Marta, born in Bender in 1713, was godfathered by Stanislaus I. Leszczyński .

In 1714 Philip Orlik's entire family went to Sweden with King Karl XII von Bender, where they initially stayed at Gut Grahlhof in Altefähr on the island of Rügen, which was then still Swedish, from 1715 .

  • Daughter Marina Anna was born in Altefähr in 1715, whose godparents were the sister of the Swedish King Ulrika Eleonore and Stanislaus I. Leszczyński.

Then they went to Kristianstad in autumn 1716 and stayed there until 1719.

  • The daughter Katarina was finally born in Kristianstad on November 5, 1718, whose godfather was Karl Gustaf Hård, the governor-general of Skåne. However, the child died after a short time.

Since leaving Bender, the family lived on financial support from the Swedish state. Sweden continued to pay even after Philip Orlik's death. A thank-you letter from the eldest son, Peter Gregor Orlik, from 1747 shows that his mother and siblings received an annual pension of 1200 Reichstaler from the Swedish government.

See also

literature

  • Alfred Anton Jensen: Mazepa: historiska pictures fran Ukraina och Karl XII: s dagar . Lund 1909, archive.org .
  • Swedish general Johan Stenflycht: a few notes on Ukrainian hetman Pylyp Orlyk's son-in-law and supporter. , by Bertil Häggman, Glimåkra 2010. ISBN 978-91-979219-2-3
  • From the Diary of Hetman Pylyp Orlyk (PDF) shron.chtyvo.org.ua (diaries from 1720–1733)
  • Pylyp Orlyk's letter to Stefan Javorskij (July 1721) in: Subtelny, Orest, The Mazepists. Ukrainian Separatism in the Early Eighteenth Century (East European Monographs, No. 77), New York 1981, pp. 178-205.

Web links

Commons : Pylyp Orlyk  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ PACTA ET CONSTITUTIONES LEGUM LIBERTATUMQUE Exercitus Zaporoviensis , litopys.org.ua (Latin)
  2. ↑ Касута , radzima.org
  3. ↑ Косута (54 ° 30 ′ 38.67 ″ N, 27 ° 4 ′ 0.69 ″ E) , openstreetmap.org
  4. ↑ CONSTITUTIONAL TRADITIONS OF UKRAINE (PDF) Juriy Baulin, lrkt.lt
  5. ↑ "6 липня 1709 року Мазепа і Карл XII прибули до Очакова, а 1 серпня перебралися до Бендер. Спершу вони розбили табір на лівому березі Дністра, якраз навпроти фортеці, якою володіли турки. Та коли довідалися, що їх переслідують росіяни, вимушені були перейти на правий берег. " in На високім березі Дністра ( memento of September 29, 2012 in the Internet Archive ), silskivisti.kiev.ua
  6. ↑ "План у змовників був такий: запросити Мазепу до фортеці на розмову і там його схопити Мабуть , саме звістка про ці наміри і." Вбила "гетьмана Він помер від апоплексичного удару Поховали Мазепу у Варниці ..." In: На високім березі Дністра ( memento of September 29, 2012 in the Internet Archive ), silskivisti.kiev.ua
  7. ^ Mazepa, Ivan , encyclopediaofukraine.com
  8. ^ A b Mazepa: historiska pictures fran Ukraina och Karl XII: s dagar , Alfred Jensen, Lund 1909, p. 170, Textarchiv - Internet Archive (Swedish)
  9. ^ Mazepa: historiska pictures fran Ukraina och Karl XII: s dagar . Alfred Jensen, Lund 1909, p. 178, Textarchiv - Internet Archive (Swedish)
  10. ↑ Stenflycht . In: Theodor Westrin, Ruben Gustafsson Berg, Eugen Fahlstedt (eds.): Nordisk familjebok konversationslexikon och realencyklopedi . 2nd Edition. tape 26 : Slöke – Stockholm . Nordisk familjeboks förlag, Stockholm 1917, Sp. 1224 (Swedish, runeberg.org ).
  11. ^ Cossack revolts of the 18th century - The uprisings under Ivan Mazepa and Emel'jan Pugacev in comparison , grin.com
  12. ^ Mazepa: historiska pictures fran Ukraina och Karl XII: s dagar . Alfred Jensen, Lund 1909, p. 179, Textarchiv - Internet Archive (Swedish)
  13. ↑ a b From the Diary of Hetman Pylyp Orlyk ( Memento of the original from May 30, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF) Orest Subtelny (English) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / shron.chtyvo.org.ua
  14. ^ Mazepa: historiska pictures fran Ukraina och Karl XII: s dagar . Alfred Jensen, Lund 1909, p. 190, Textarchiv - Internet Archive (Swedish)
  15. ↑ Павленко C.Оточення гетьмана Мазепи: соратники та прибічники - 3.4. Герцики , ukrhist.at.ua
  16. ^ Mazepa: historiska pictures fran Ukraina och Karl XII: s dagar . Alfred Jensen, Lund 1909, p. 191, Textarchiv - Internet Archive (Swedish)
  17. ↑ Pylyp Orlyk and his constitution , topref.ru
  18. ↑ a b c d General Johan Stenflychts minnen från Det stora nordiska kriget (PDF) brogren.nu (Swedish)
  19. ↑ ОРЛИК, СИН ОРЛИКА ( Memento from September 30, 2007 in the Internet Archive ), dt.ua. Archived on September 30, 2007
  20. ^ Mazeppa's Champion in the "Secret Du Roi" of Louis XV, King of France (PDF) ukrweekly.com, June 13, 1949
  21. ^ In the house at Snapphanen 16 in Kristianstad there is now an H&M branch.
personal data
SURNAME Orlyk, Pylyp
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Orlyk, Pylyp Stepanowitsch
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Leader of the Zaporozhian Cossacks and closest collaborator to the Ukrainian Cossack ataman Iwan Masepa
DATE OF BIRTH October 21, 1672
PLACE OF BIRTH Vilejka , near Minsk
DATE OF DEATH May 24, 1742
Place of death Iassy