Quitzow (noble family)

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Family coat of arms of the von Quitzow family

The Quitzow are a nobility from the Mark Brandenburg .

history

Origin and work of those von Quitzow

The name Quitzow is of Slavic origin. However , this does not necessarily mean that the gender itself is a Wendish origin. Likewise, a name after the village of Quitzow near Perleberg in the Prignitz cannot be proven, although this is claimed in older (and even more recent) literature. Quitzow near Perleberg came around 1200 as a fief to Johan Gerold and Henning von Quitzow, who were vassals in the service of Johannes Gans zu Perleberg , and should have received their names. In 1384 the Havelberg bishop awarded Wedego von Quitzow (first documented mention in 1379 Knappe at Quitzow Castle) the manor Rühstädt ; Wedego then sold the Quitzow estate near Perleberg in 1386 to the von Platen family .

It is more likely to be named after the Wendish Quitzow an der Elbe , today's Quitzöbel , as the Prignitz was conquered from the Elbe in the Wendenkreuzzug in 1147 and colonization by locators from this region took place in the following decades . In his hikes through the Mark Brandenburg (Volume 5: Chapter “Quitzöwel”) , Theodor Fontane also tells a lot about the first generations of the “Quitzöweler” Quitzows. The first written mention as Quitzhovel comes from 1310. The Middle Low German name means Quitzow's hill . In the 17th century the place became the property of von Bülow .

Among the entire Prignitz nobility, the Quitzow are unique in that two of their names have probably been passed down from around 1150. The most important first names of those von Quitzow during the first centuries were Dietrich, Konrad and Barthold. Since both a Konradsdorf (today Kuhsdorf ) and the neighboring Bartholdsdorf (today Bullendorf) belong to the oldest Quitzow estates , it is justified to assume that these two villages were founded by a Konrad von Quitzow and a Barthold von Quitzow.

In the 14th century, the Quitzows were one of the most powerful noble families in the Mark Brandenburg . They owned 14 villages, towns, palaces and fortresses, including Bötzow (later Oranienburg ), Strausberg , Saarmund , Rathenow, Plaue , Friesack, Beuthen and Köpenick .

Dietrich (1366–1417) and Johann “Hans” (1370–1437), the sons of Koenes (Kunos) von Quitzow , tried to gain influence in the march after the death of Emperor Charles IV . They also took advantage of their position of power to expand their private power, which brought them into confrontation with some of their allies. In numerous feuds from 1404 onwards, they mainly occupied the castles and in 1415/1420 were in feud with the new Hohenzollern Elector of Brandenburg, Friedrich I. They are the epitome of what was not quite rightly called robber barons in later times . Hans and Dietrich had two brothers, Conrad (1385–1410) and Henning (1392−?).

The end of the Quitzow era

Terracotta frieze at the Rotes Rathaus Berlin: The Quitzow feud

When in 1411 Burgrave Friedrich VI. When Hohenzollern became supreme administrator of the mark, the Quitzows refused to submit, which resulted in the conquest of their castles by 1414. The Mark Brandenburg came to the Hohenzollern in 1415 when both Friesack and Plaue had fallen. In this campaign, a heavy artillery was used for the first time - the " Faule Grete " - which was rented for this campaign. She was pulled by several teams of oxen and had to cool for several hours after a shot was fired. The penetrating power of the heavy field stone bullets, hewn on site, smashed the up to three meter thick walls of the Quitzow- Burg Plaue . The “Nuremberg trinkets”, as Hans von Quitzow contemptuously called the first Hohenzollern Friedrich I from the Brandenburg region, had nothing to counteract the robbery nobility from the Brandenburg region. Johann von Quitzow tried to flee over the ice of the Havel with his servant Dietrich Schwalbe, but was taken prisoner by the branches of the Archbishop of Magdeburg , Günther II , who was allied with the Hohenzoller . The Quitzow era in the market was finally over. In contrast to his brother Dietrich, who died in 1417 after two years in prison, Hans, who showed repentance, was pardoned by the Hohenzollerns.

Memories of the Quitzows

Memorial to Dietrich von Quitzow, who was slain here in 1593 in Legde
  • In Legde , a sandstone memorial was erected in honor of Dietrich von Quitzow on the spot where he was slain by marauding mercenaries on October 25, 1593. The monument was restored in 1992.
  • In Kletzke an der Kirche to the left of the portal are the grave slabs of Achatz von Quitzow, who died in 1605 with his wife, née von Münchhausen and to the right of the portal the grave slab of Christoph von Quitzow, died around 1580.
  • In the village church of Rühstädt there are some Quitzow tombstones, the oldest of which is dated 1527. Next to this is a tempera image on stone of a prioress or abbess v. Quitzow. Opposite is a tombstone from 1552 with the following inscription: "Anno Domimi 1552, the Thursday after Martini, the honorable and honorable Dirike von Quitzow died, the Olde to whom God is gracious and merciful." Two grave slabs are in front of the altar: by Dietrich v. Quitzow, died in 1593 (with considerable damage, especially in the upper half), and von Dietrich v. Quitzow, d. 1569, with his wife. They are made of Cotta sandstone (report by Jekosch, Natural History Museum Berlin). An epitaph of Georg von Quitzow, who died in 1527, is embedded in the apse, north wall of the church.
  • In the village church of Basse , historical patronage stalls from the 16th century have been preserved, which, in addition to the names and coats of arms of other regional nobles, also show that of Anna von Quitzow.
  • In the St. Marien Church in Plate , the magnificent coffin of Sophia von Plato (1691–1715) - a born v. Quitzow - exhibited in a crypt.
  • Sandstone tomb of Abbess Maria Magdalena Rosina Quitzow (1726–1802) by Heinrich Bettkober (1804) in the cemetery of the Stift zum Heiligengrabe monastery .
  • In the registration book of the Dobbertin monastery there are 13 entries by daughters of the von Quitzow family from 1735-1858 from Severin, Kuhsdorff, Bullendorf, Voigtshagen, Retgendorf and Flessenow for inclusion in the noble women's monastery in the Mecklenburg monastery of Dobbertin . Five coats of arms with attached stars and the alliance coat of arms of the conventuals of Quitzow hang on the nun gallery in the monastery church.
  • In the Berlin district of Moabit (today in the Mitte district ) a street was named after the noble family in 1891.
  • At the Rotes Rathaus in Berlin-Mitte is the Stone Chronicle made of terracotta giants (4 x 6 meter relief panels each with events in the history of Berlin and Brandenburg from the 12th century to the founding of the Empire in 1871), including The Quitzow Feud .

Family seats

Important family seats were:

Kletzke Manor
Castle pit

coat of arms

Coat of arms of Anna von Quitzow on the patronage stalls of the village church Basse from 1542

The coat of arms of the Quitzow shows two stars of confused color in a shield divided diagonally by red and silver. The "Quitzow disk" of the village church in Kuhsdorf near Pritzwalk, created in 1260/70, shows Conrad von Quitzow's shield, on the other hand, divided diagonally by red and gold. For Johann, however, the shield 1349 is attested to be silver over red divided diagonally to the right. A simple transverse division is handed down with seals from the years 1359 (Johann), 1379 (Hahn II.) And 1395 (Heinrich). The Aschaffenburg Wappenbuch also shows the shield divided transversely in red and silver, the Danmarks Adels Aarbog also divides the shield transversely, but silver over red, and hand down two buffalo horns on the helmet with red and silver covers, silver-red on the right, red-silver on the left divided. Seals from the years 1319 and 1346, only depicting the helmet and the original crest ornament , have been handed down: a cock's plume from which a lemon-shaped button protrudes, or a flattened button with a cock's plume on it. The Aschaffenburg coat of arms shows a jumping red fox between two green plungers, which is a later ingredient. As a result, the number of trees formed from the feathered crest was subject to a certain arbitrariness: The coat of arms of Anna von Quitzow on the patronage stalls of the village church Basse from 1542 shows a tree on the helmet that is jumped at by a fox, Johann Siebmacher's coat of arms from 1605 shows a natural-colored fox running between two green trees, while the ancestral coat of arms of Quitzow on the epitaph of Georg von der Schulenburg († 1619) in the Braunschweig Church of St. Katharinen shows the fox running between four trees.

  • Coat of arms of the Quitzow at Siebmacher 1605 (mirror-inverted)

  • The Quitzow coat of arms

Known family members

See also

literature

  • Friedrich von Klöden: The Quitzows and their time or the Mark Brandenburg under Emperor Charles IV up to their first Hohenzollern regent. Bln., Weidmann, 1889–1890. 3 volumes.
  • Clemens Bergstedt: The Quitzows. Legends and Reality. In: Messages from the Association for the History of Prignitz . Volume 6 (2006), pp. 5–12 ddb.de ( Memento from February 21, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 2.8 MB)
  • Clemens Bergstedt: The Quitzows in the picture of the history of the Mark. Hendrik Bäßler Verlag, Berlin 2011.
  • Clemens Bergstedt: promissory notes and intrigues. The rise and fall of the Quitzow brothers. In: Clemens Bergstedt, Heinz-Dieter Heimann, Knut Kiesant, Peter Knüvener, Mario MÜller, Kurt Winkler (eds.): In dialogue with robber barons and beautiful Madonnas. The Mark Brandenburg in the late Middle Ages. (Studies on Brandenburg and comparative regional history 6). Berlin 2011, pp. 306-311.
  • Jan-Michael Feustel : The Quitzows. Robber barons and lords. Hendrik Bäßler Verlag, Berlin 1998, ISBN 3-930388-13-8 , p. 46
  • Karl Lohmeyer:  Quitzow . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 27, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1888, pp. 60-62.
  • Quizow. In: Johann Heinrich Zedler : Large complete universal lexicon of all sciences and arts . Volume 30, Leipzig 1741, column 404 f.
  • Christopher Freiherr von Warnstedt: The Quitzow family. In: Journal for Low German Family Studies. Hamburg 1970, year 45, issue 34, pp. 69–111.
  • Goralczyk, Peter: The Quitzow family - a noble family from Brandenburg . In: Brandenburg Monument Preservation. Volume 2, 1993, issue 2 pp. 42-46.
  • Uwe Michas: With feud, pawn and sword - the “Quitzow time” in the Mark Brandenburg. Berlin 2002, ISBN 3-910134-03-3 .
  • Theodor Fontane : Walks through the Mark Brandenburg , Volume 5 ( Five Castles ) "Quitzöwel"
  • Lutz Partenheimer , André Stellmacher: The submission of the Quitzows and the beginning of the Hohenzollern rule over Brandenburg. Potsdam 2014, ISBN 978-3-88372-099-9 (paperback) / 978-3-88372-103-3 (hardcover).

Fiction

Web links

Commons : Quitzow family  - collection of images, videos and audio files
Wikisource: The Quitzow'en Fall and Downfall  - Sources and full texts

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Lieselott Enders: The Prignitz - History of a Kurmärkischen landscape from the 12th to the 18th century . 1st edition. Verlag für Berlin-Brandenburg GmbH, Potsdam 2000, ISBN 3-935035-00-4 , p. 56 f .
  2. ^ Karl Lohmeyer :  Quitzow . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 27, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1888, pp. 60-62.
  3. ↑ Fontane: Quitzöwel, 1st and 2nd chapter (link to text)
  4. ↑ Christoffer Frhr. von Warnstedt: The Quitzow Family Journal for Low German Family Studies, 1970 p. 70.
  5. ↑ Baufachinformation monuments ( Memento of 27 September 2007 at the Internet Archive )
  6. ↑ Quitzowstrasse. In: Street name lexicon of the Luisenstädtischer Bildungsverein (near  Kaupert )
  7. ^ Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels , Adelslexikon Volume XI, Volume 122 of the complete series, Limburg (Lahn) 2000, p. 113 f.
  8. ↑ Jan Feustel : The Quitzows (2008), p. 18 ( digitized version ; PDF; 454 kB)
  9. ↑ Friedrich Crull: The coats of arms of the genders of the team , which occurred up to 1360 in the present borders of Meklenburg , in: Association for Mecklenburg History and Antiquity: Yearbooks of the Association for Mecklenburg History and Antiquity, Volume 52 (1887), p. 96 f. ( Digitized version ( Memento from May 5, 2012 in the Internet Archive ))
  10. ^ Alfred F. Wolfert, Aschaffenburger Wappenbuch , ed. Geschichts- und Kunstverein Aschaffenburg eV, 1983: Quitzow coat of arms , drawing by Joachim von Roebel
  11. ↑ Quitzow coat of arms in the Danmarks Nobility Aarbog 1910
  12. ↑ Friedrich Crull: The coats of arms of the genders of the team that occurred up to 1360 in the present-day borders of Meklenburg , in: Association for Mecklenburg History and Antiquity: Yearbooks of the Association for Mecklenburg History and Antiquity, Volume 52 (1887), pp. 34-182 (especially P. 96 f.) ( Digitized version ( memento from May 5, 2012 in the Internet Archive )) Crull mentions regarding the crest: “You will not be able to see a quince in the buttons, because linguistically quede , as quince is called in Low German, is a relationship in the name of Quitzow can hardly cause. However, the two trees of today, which in any case emerged from the plume, seem to represent squishberry trees ( Sorbus ) and to indicate the name. According to the old seal, the fox on the helmet is also a modern addition. "
  13. ↑ Sabine Wehking , DI 56, No. 757 , in: www.inschriften.net