Reckingen (Küssaberg)

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Coat of arms Reckingen.png
The fountain in the center of the village, in the background the mask museum (barn)

Reckingen is a district of the Baden-Württemberg community Küssaberg in Klettgau in the district of Waldshut .

The village is located directly on the Upper Rhine and is the namesake of the nearby German-Swiss power station Reckingen .

Surname

View from the Swiss side (postcard 1918)

Reckingen - "with the members of the Raco", according to HW Mayer, 1926.

Local history researcher Emil Müller-Ettikon writes that in the St. Gallen document book "a Recco (is) called in 885" and also in the Swiss Rekingen AG opposite on the Rhine the origin of the name is interpreted as "with the people of Recco". The place there used to be called "Reccingun".

Location and affiliations

The Upper Rhine between Reckingen and Rekingen forms the German-Swiss border here . Connected to the west with the state road L 163 is Rheinheim as the neighboring town , and Lienheim to the east . To the north runs a range of hills on the southern edge , which directly reaches the river bank to the east of the village. The embankment was probably already laid out in Roman times.

A ferry connection between Reckingen and Rekingen (Switzerland) has existed since early times, after Hans Matt-Willmatt a wire cable ferry was set up in 1865 and became superfluous due to the construction of the power station from 1936 with its bridge path.

Gasthaus zum Rheintal 1925

village life

In an official listing in 1809, a "Zapfenwirtshaus" is mentioned in Reckingen. Today the Gasthaus zum Rheintal is located in the village . "There has been a regulars' table there for 50 years , founded by Hermann Schwab, Mayor of the Reckingen community from November 1969 to January 1, 1973."

Shops are no longer available in town. Public facilities are the village community center and a forest hut with a rest area. Active in Reckingen is a gymnastics club, a jester club, the Guggemusik “Schnörri Plätzer” and a local DLRG group. The outdoor pool, which also hosts events and youth camps, is known far beyond the town. Almost 20,000 visitors were expected in the 2019 season.

“Reckingen belongs to the parish Rheinheim. The local chapel is dedicated to St. Consecrated to Joseph (March 19). It is located in the middle of the village and bears the year 1795. Until 1806 the place belonged to the Landgraviate of Klettgau. According to the census in June 1925, Reckingen had 138 inhabitants. "

history

Due to the favorable location on the Rhine with the possibility to cross over (possibly also a ford), the place was already a primeval settlement and early Halemannic village. In its geographical location as a border town to the east, Reckingen was important for the rulers of the Küssaburg .

Early history
In 1939, during the dredging work for the Reckingen power plant, a fragment of a battle ax was recovered from the Rhine gravel in the “Gewann 'Oberhofen”. […] Probably a double-edged battle ax of the Grenzach type […] Location: Waldshut Local History Museum, Inv. No. Wa 476. "

Romans

“In Roman times (served) the crossing over the river […] 3 bridges, which today [1926] are clearly proven. The eastern one was roughly in the middle between Rheinheim and Reckingen near Mühlacker. ”The other two were between what is now Bad Zurzach and Rheinheim.

The field name "Unterwiehlen" - in the land register 1631: "Hanffeld in Unterweilen", 1774: "zu unterwylen" was indicated by Emil Müller-Ettikon: "The name indicates a Roman settlement as it was found in Gurtweil or Weilheim." ( Römischer Gutshof (Gurtweil) ). The terms wyl , wiehl , because are derived from 'villa'. In Matzental - “im mazen dal lay” (1629): “There is said to have been a farm there in the past.” The Klettgau archaeologist Jürgen Trumm suspects that this could already have been a Roman estate.

Opposite Reckingen - on the other side of the river - a Roman manor was discovered in 1956 during construction work for the gym in Rekingen , which is said to have been built around 50 AD. It was burned down in the second great wave of Alemanni attacks around AD 260. Until 370 AD, the Romans probably still held regions north of the Rhine, before they withdrew behind the river as a border line (two watchtower foundations were discovered opposite at Rekingen) and withdrew completely in the middle of the 5th century.

Due to the long and peaceful counterpart, there was exchange and trade between both sides and the Celtic-Roman population was spared. The border region was then only gradually settled and - according to place name researchers (according to Emil Müller-Ettikon) - was the first Alemannic place in the Reckingen area.

middle Ages

Issuance of a document in the Middle Ages. (Drawing Wolf Pabst)

"In the award document from Count Gotsberg to the Rheinau monastery from the year 876, Reckingen is mentioned for the first time, along with other places in Klettgau." The Klettgau landgrave "donated" his area to the monastery and then made himself abbot of the monastery - it was an in Measures often practiced at this time by the middle and small nobility in order to save their own property in the crumbling Franconian Empire from being seized by stronger noble houses.

Background
From the year 800, Charlemagne, as emperor, had developed the Franconian Empire into a decisive power in Central and Southern Europe, Christianization had been implemented, and the Carolingian dynasty established a fully organized state for the first time. However, the division principle in succession gradually led to several divisions of the empire, which led to internal struggles and crises and finally to the collapse of "worldly power". The monasteries, which had also grown into economic centers, survived. In the succession battles, the dynasty of the originally Saxon Ottonians was able to stabilize the empire again from the middle of the 10th century. Before that, in the south of what was then Alamannia, around 920 and 944, gruesome raids by Asian cavalry armies ("Hungarians") had taken place, which Otto the Great was only able to defeat in the battle on the Lechfeld . Many documents in the monasteries were lost at that time.

According to Hans Matt-Willmatt, Reckingen's viticulture is said to have been "mentioned as early as the year 1000". (Lauchringer Chronik, 74).

Power center Küssaburg

A historical connection emerges again with the Lords of Küssenberg, who probably descended from a family near houses - the "Wittlisbergers" after a court named there - and who relocated their property to Wutach and Rhine through the expansion of the St. Blasien monastery had the castle built here by their subjects in the 12th century. They are mentioned for the first time with “Heinricus de Cussachberc” in 1141 and already had the dignity of count in 1177: “It is assumed that the Küssenbergers secured the title of count by inheriting or buying them into the county of Stühlingen . […] Even the 19th century researcher from Tiengen, Joseph Bader, suspected that the Stühlinger family died out around the middle of the 12th century and that their inheritance fell to the Küssenberg family. "

Dominion Küssenberger Tal

After the death of the last Count of Küssenberg (between 1245 and 1251) the Küssaburg went to the Bishop of Konstanz , Heinrich II. Von Tanne (1233-1248), whose domain gradually moved from Kadelburg and Rheinheim to Dangstetten, Bechtersbohl and Geißlingen and also courtyards and places east to Stetten as well as Lienheim and Reckingen included. (E. Müller-Ettikon, p. 26 ff.).

As a result, property corrections were made, but under the sovereignty of the Hochstift Konstanz - the secular rule of the diocese - a stable area developed for two centuries - “together with the villages of Dangstetten, Küßnach, Reckingen and Rheinheim, and later also Bechtersbohl, formed the Küssaburg the rule 'Küssenberger Schloß und Tal'. ”(Lauchringer Chronik, 44). This sovereignty meant the possession of the high jurisdiction , whereby the lower jurisdiction could be exercised by different lords and their bailiffs depending on the conditions in the localities.

The Reckingen Bailiwick - the bailiff was an early forerunner of the mayor who was obliged to serve a monastery or aristocratic house - “went to Heinrich von in 1294 with the city of Kaiserstuhl , Rötteln Castle and the Hohentengen , Herdern, Rheinheim and Lienheim bailiffs from Lüthold von Regensberg Klingenberg , the then Bishop of Constance. [...] The rule 'Küssachberger Schloß und Tal' (was) acquired by the Counts of Sulz in exchange for the rule of Bahlingen in 1497. ”(Chronicle of the district of Waldshut, 74).

Background
At the time of the death of the last Count of Küssenberg - around 1250 - there were great upheavals in the empire, since the imperial power of the Hohenstaufen was defeated by the Pope and in the "imperial, the terrible time", the Interregnum , a nobility in Central Europe -Anarchy prevailed (robber barons), which only the Habsburg Rudolf I was able to end energetically and forcefully at the end of the 13th century. It is therefore likely that the Küssenberger tried to keep the property together as a unit and handed it over to the powerful Bishop of Constance in 1241 before his death - as a "donation".

Rudolf, on whom the great noble houses agreed as the Roman-German king in 1273 , introduced an innovation that went down in history as the Habsburg land register. Since the former crown estates of the kings and emperors had been occupied by the surrounding nobles, he took them back and had a meticulous, general inventory made, which has been handed down as land records from 1300/1303 - including details of the villages and places on the Upper Rhine . Numerous owners are known, especially monasteries, such as, in addition to Rheinau and St. Blasien, the Berau women's monastery and finally the Zurzach monastery . Later, in addition to monasteries and nobility, citizens and merchants also owned goods and rights in the villages.

Even before the sovereignty of the Diocese of Constance, the Rheinau monastery had established itself in the region with its numerous properties in the 'lower' administration in the 12th century : "Oberlauchringen counted with Dangstetten, Küßnach, Lienheim, Bechtersbohl, Reckingen, Baldingen (south of Rheinheim ) and Unterlauchringen zu Rheinheim, whose court was the center of the administrative unit and whose church was incorporated into the monastery in 1437. The entire Rhenish goods administration was decentralized in Höfen in the early days. "

The monastery of St. Blasien (founded by Rheinau) is also named as the owner of goods and rights in Reckingen from the middle of the 13th century with its office in Klingnau. (Lauchringer Chronik, 73 and 78).

Reckinger independence

Emil Müller-Ettikon concludes from the circumstance of the regulation of the duties of the residents of the Küssenberger Talschaft ("opening of the origins and the custom to Küssenberg and the valley"): That "the Reckinger (occupied) a certain special position. They don't have to give a tenth of a day to the castle, nor do they have any wood to cut for the rulership. [...] Free farmers lived in Reckingen. The free farmers had their own free court. "

A document dated October 19, 1428 named the “Kelnhof zu Reckingen” as the place of jurisdiction “and at that time it was about the 'Herbrechtshof'.” It was about its sale, against which the canon monastery Zurzach raised an objection, which was rejected by the free court. Immediately afterwards, however, the Zurzachers bought the farm from the new owner. "On the Wednesday after Pentecost in 1447 the Canons' Monastery of Zurzach handed over the Freihof [...] as a fief to the miller in Reckingen - the mill was also a fief of the monastery."

Late Middle Ages

Under the Counts of Sulz , the conflict between the Habsburgs and the Confederation came to a head in the region , with devastation in the Swiss War ( 1499), the Peasants 'War (1524/25) and the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648). Reckingen shared the fortunes of the region, but details are difficult to determine. The place is not specifically mentioned in traditions, such as the arson, but farmers from Reckingen were probably also involved in the siege of the Küssaburg:

“During the siege of the Küssaburg during the Peasants' War in the summer of 1525, the chapel outside the fortress walls in the suburbs was destroyed by the Klettgau farmers. Then the Schloßkaplanei was first connected to the St. Anna chapel belonging to the kissing Berger domination valley communities Küßnach, Dangstetten, Reckingen and Rheinheim condemned as atonement for their involvement in the siege of the still-standing and well-known as "Pfaffenhuus" Kaplaneihaus [in Dangstetten ] to build. ”(Lauchringer Chronik, 367).

A number of very old buildings in Reckingen are remarkable:

“Several houses that survived the Thirty Years War have their own history. The double house of Mayor Karl Mühlhaupt [in the 1950s] and Adolf Gersbach has a plow in the coat of arms and dates from 1552. The double house of Karl Schweizer and Josef Strittmatter bears the same year, which shows a cup and half a wheel in the coat of arms. For the year 1569 above the front door, the door stone of the Zeilfelder house is provided with an old court sign. ”(Chronicle of the district of Waldshut, 74).

“On May 30, 1606, the Vogt Bernhard Meyer von Stetten held court in Oberlauchringen (in today's Gasthof Adler (Lauchringen) ), where it was about the settlement of a dispute between the communities of Dangstetten and Reckingen because of the 'Eckericht' (acorn mast) in a forest , Called 'savages', where the farmers of both villages drove their pigs to be acorn-fed. ”(Lauchringer Chronik, 120). The outcome of the negotiation is unknown.

Change of rule at the end of the 17th century

"In the will of the Count von Sulz, who died in 1687, Reckingen is mentioned among the villages that fell to the Schwarzenbergs through the marriage of the eldest daughter of this last Sulzer" (Chronik des Landkreis Waldshut, 74).

Actually, the Sulzer had only received the Küssenberg rule from the diocese of Constance as a "pledge" (fief) with an obligation to return it, but this agreement was almost 200 years old. It is noteworthy that Count Johann Ludwig II reached the emperor in Vienna, “that the fiefdom of Constance was declared null and void and the reigns of Tiengen and Küssenberg could now also fall to female heirs by imperial grace.” (E. Müller-Ettikon , 85).

For the princes of Schwarzenberg , however, these lordships were only small territories in extensive possession, concentrated in Bohemia (Krummau), and their court office in Vienna.

In 1795 the new chapel was built in place of a dilapidated previous building

18th century

In 1777 the Schwarzenberg government issued new hunting regulations, which were followed in 1783 by new forest regulations for the Klettgau, which also included the Küssenberg valley. (Lauchringer Chronik, 316).

After their revolution in 1789 , the French under Napoleon Bonaparte soon spread to their neighboring countries in order to dissolve the traditional feudal order:

19th century

“The Corsican cleaned up the countless dwarf states on the Upper Rhine. The hour of her death was the hour of birth of the Grand Duchy of Baden . The worldly property of the dioceses, monasteries and monasteries was secularized by the Regensburg Reichsdeputationshauptschluss . "

Despite the previous idea of ​​freedom, the French campaigns, which ultimately served Napoleon's interests in power, meant a lot of suffering and privation for the population.

But the end of aristocratic rule was also sealed - in 1806 the sovereignty of the state was transferred to a Baden commissioner: "On July 19, 1812, the Schwarzenberg house sold its last property to the Baden court." (E. Müller-Ettikon, 89 and 91).

“Belonging to the Tiengen District Office and since 1807 to the Tiengen Justice Office, Reckingen and the rest of the Schwarzenberg property in Klettgau came to Baden in 1812. In 1817 the three valley communities of Dangstetten, Reckingen and Rheinheim were divided, and their joint governor had his seat in Rheinheim. ”(Chronicle of the district of Waldshut, 74).

The difference in local constitutions and local regulations shows a conflict in the immediate vicinity:

For almost two centuries the citizens of Lauchring argued with their community about the distribution of the common wood, whereby the retired Obervogt Brenziger as a representative of the disadvantaged in 1818 "(referred) to the communities of Dangstetten, Reckingen, Rheinheim and Kadelburg, in which the wood is obtained evenly."

“The municipality's right of self-administration was enshrined in the Baden municipal code issued in 1831. The local superior in place of the previous bailiff was now the mayor, the jury was replaced by councilors, both initially elected for 6 years, after a later decree the mayor for nine years and the councilors for 4 years. In addition to council clerks and community calculators, the citizens' committee, introduced in 1821, should be mentioned, which primarily had decision-making powers in financial matters, in the purchase and sale of community properties, in community services and the like. ”(Lauchringer Chronik, 223 and 237).

Part of the renewal process in the 19th century was the abolition of feudal rights: “With the laws of 1833 and 1837 the basis for the tithe redemption was created, which, however, was associated with high transfer payments from communities, farmers and citizens. Until the sums were fixed, litigation took place for decades - including von Reckingen (conclusion of contract in 1863) - with the chaplaincy of the secularized Rheinau monastery. ”(See: Lauchringer Chronik, 375 ff., 386, 394).

Tithing
“Justified by the Bible, the Church has demanded a tenth part of the yield from the fields, gardens and young cattle since the 6th century. In the 8th century, the Franconian kings supported these ecclesiastical demands with state orders. One third of this tithe was to be used for the maintenance of the pastor, the second third was to be used for alms to the poor and the last third for building and maintaining the church. But soon it was misused, it not only belonged to the church, but it was an asset that could be sold, given away, bequeathed, pledged and lent. So it gradually came into the hands of secular landlords. ”(E. Müller-Ettikon, 93).

Background
The Franks based their power above all on the church, that was first on the monasteries, because the nobles of the regions - here in the Alamannia - were unreliable vassals who used numerous opportunities to regain their autonomy from the authorities. After all, the regional aristocratic families came under great pressure at the end of the 9th century and now, for their part, transferred their goods to the monasteries, of which they often made themselves abbots. The counts' goods were often entire villages, whose deeds of transfer are now considered the first evidence of the existence of localities - well-known are the "donations" made by the Count Gotsbert to the Rheinau monastery: the transferred villages were of course centuries older. With these donations, counts remained as abbots in direct disposal of their property and the associated tithe, knights allowed goods to be loaned back and thus remained in the usufruct. The high nobility did not like this game, but from the 11th century the monastery associations - the dioceses - were already so powerful that the ownership structure could hardly be changed. Originally only paid in kind, in the Middle Ages, with increasing monetary transactions, the tithe was increasingly demanded in cash.

The Küssaberger valley communities were subject to interest primarily from the rule on the Küssaburg and the Rheinau monastery, and thus - according to the land register of 1795 - the "rule of Schwarzenberg" and the "löbl. Rheinau Church ”. In addition, the Allerheiligen monastery in Schaffhausen, the St. Blasien monastery, the Rheinheim parish, the Zurzach canon monastery, the (church) factory in Zurzach, the cellar office in Zurzach, the Oberlauchringen parish, the Tiengen parish, the Klingnau parish , the Bläsmischen Propstei Wislikofen , the Konstanzer Erbschenkamt, the Office Rötteln, the Dangstetter Tragerey.

Location of the Küssenberg valley communities
These were only the highest authorities, on site the distribution looked like this: “The valley communities delivered the big tithe of the crops to the Rheinau monastery. The blood tithe, namely from pigs. The parish of Rheinheim received chickens, ducks, geese and the tenth of the garden plants, as well as the fruit tithes of apples and pears. Nuts. In addition, tithes had to be paid for certain meadows to 'a temporary Haagenmeyer', i.e. to the respective bullock keeper. The tithe of some fields went to the Wagemannic heirs in Küßnach, and the tithe from the meadows on Riefenhausen was bought by the Talweibel Mathies Teufel von Dangstetten in 1784 from the Zurzach canons. ”(E. Müller-Ettikon, 93 f.).

The distribution of wine and vines is missing here and much more - it is easy to understand how the 'bureaucracy' grew over the centuries from the Middle Ages to modern times. “A problem arose when potato cultivation became rampant in the second half of the 18th century. At first this tuber, of which nothing was mentioned in the tithe orders, was grown in desolate and remote places [...] and therefore no tithing was paid. But then one also built tithing land without thinking about paying tithing. ”(E. Müller-Ettikon, 96).

The gentlemen saw in it “a great danger of a reduction in their income” and did everything possible to regulate the cultivation of the “ potatoes ”. The disputes brought about a “reorganization” through Napoleon's campaigns , which also brought much suffering and famine, and a solution “from the shackles of the Middle Ages [...] between the Congress of Vienna (1815) and the revolution of 1848”. In the meantime industrialization had also begun, but it took decades before the various forms of tithe were replaced "in endless negotiations" - that is, transfer fees had to be paid to the rulers. It was about large sums that would have completely overwhelmed the individual and here the “freely” formed communities were now able to prove themselves for the first time: “In Rheinheim on July 30, 1855 is a community meeting because of the tithe redemption in the united districts of Rheinheim, Dangstetten, Bechtersbohl and Reckingen, which had to be negotiated with the Rheinau monastery. […] After a long discussion, a vote was taken and all 29 citizens who appeared [the “local citizens”] agreed with the proposal. ”The state grant made the agreement possible.

The revolutionary movement of 1848/49 had aroused a lot of enthusiasm in the Küssenberger area in spring and numerous Reckinger were there and a march to the Upper Rhine began. But already "at Kandern and Steinen the irregulars were blown up by regular Baden and Hessian troops" and soon afterwards the villages on the Upper Rhine and in the Black Forest were occupied by Prussian units. Hope for quick changes had to be given up.

Former jetty of the cable ferry from 1865

After the revolutionary years, 80,000 Baden emigrated to America, but with the development of science and technology, agriculture also got going - production output multiplied, the first factories came to the Upper Rhine and after the won war against France in 1870/71 began - also with the French reparations - and the foundation of the German Empire a new period of prosperity began.

20th century

The new century saw the European great powers in opposition - technology made the first 'mechanized' wars possible, the First World War spared German territories despite defeat, in the Second World War the catastrophe took place and the reorganized French 'colonial army' marched into South Baden.

In the Black Forest there was still hard fighting and many excesses by the new occupiers.

At the end of April 1945, a French tank group pushed rapidly eastward along the Upper Rhine and only found resistance in the Blumberg area. However, there were also some dramatic incidents in the Küssaberg area:

The shooters of the weir (2014)

The Reckingen power plant was intended to be blown up on the German side, but "the armed Swiss guard Lichtsteiner succeeded in getting a German explosive force to give up."

“In the World War 1914–1918 the community of Reckingen lost 2 dead [according to HW Mayer, p. 210, there were 3], in the World War 1939–1945 6 dead and 3 missing.” (Chronicle Landkreis Waldshut, 74 ).

After the occupation by the French army on April 29, 1945, a soldier from Reckingen was "shot dead by enemy hands on April 29/30, 1945 ..." on the embankment above the Oberlauchringen railway bridge (entry no. 8, death register, Lauchringer Chronicle, 581).

After the end of the war, Reckingen and other municipalities in the district were in a five-kilometer-deep exclusion zone along the border with Switzerland, from which the evacuation of the population could only be prevented with great effort. (Lauchringer Chronik, 585).

post war period

The Küssaberg outdoor pool

1952–53 a new schoolhouse and 1953 a parish hall were built in Reckingen. (Chronicle of the Waldshut district, 74).

Community
merger In the previous vote by the citizens on January 30, 1972, “with the exception of the Reckingen citizens, the majority voted for the voluntary merger.” However, the Reckingen local councils with Mayor Hermann Schwab agreed on December 4, 1972. On January 1, 1973 Reckingen was incorporated into the new municipality of Küssaberg. The place had 310 inhabitants.

literature

  • HW Mayer (Ed.): Home book for the district Waldshut , Verlag R. Philipp, Waldshut 1926.
  • Egon Gersbach : Prehistory of the High Rhine. Finds and sites in the districts of Säckingen and Waldshut. (Catalog volume), Baden Fund reports. Special issue 11, Ed .: State Office for Pre- and Early History Freiburg and State Office for Monument Preservation, Dept. Pre- and Early History, Karlsruhe. Freiburg 1969.
  • Ed .: District Waldshut, edited by Hans Matt-Willmatt : Die Chronik des Kreis Waldshut , Vocke-Verlag, Waldshut 1957.
  • City of Tiengen (Upper Rhine): Der Klettgau , Franz Schmid (Ed.), 1971.
  • Emil Müller-Ettikon : Brief overview of the history of Küssaberg , Ed .: Municipality of Küssaberg, Verlag H. Zimmermann, Waldshut 1981.
  • Brigitte Matt-Willmatt / Karl-Friedrich Hoggenmüller: Lauchringen. Chronicle of a community. Ed .: Municipality of Lauchringen, Verlag K. Zimmermann, Konstanz 1986.
  • Waldemar Lutz and Hansjörg Noe (eds.): Identifier WT Heimatkunde for the district of Waldshut , Reinhard Caspers (Mithrsg.), 1989, ISBN 3-12-258330-5 .
  • Andreas Weiß and Christian Ruch: Die Küssabburg , Ed .: Küssaburg-Bund eV, Herbstritt printing works, Wutöschingen 2009.

Individual evidence

  1. HW Mayer (Ed.): Heimatbuch für den Amtsgebiet Waldshut , Verlag R. Philipp, Waldshut 1926, p. 209.
  2. Ed .: Landkreis Waldshut, edited by Hans Matt-Willmatt : Die Chronik des Kreis Waldshut , Vocke-Verlag, Waldshut 1957, p. 74.
  3. ^ Brigitte Matt-Willmatt / Karl-Friedrich Hoggenmüller: Lauchringen. Chronicle of a community. Ed .: Municipality of Lauchringen, Verlag K. Zimmermann, Konstanz 1986, p. 354.
  4. S. Kurczynski: Stimulating conversations for 50 years , Alb-Bote , December 23 of 2019.
  5. Tina Prause: Reckinger outdoor pool in the green area , Alb-Bote, August 17, 2019.
  6. HW Mayer (Ed.): Heimatbuch für den Amtsgebiet Waldshut , 1926, pp. 210 and 267.
  7. Egon Gersbach : Prehistory of the High Rhine. Finds and sites in the districts of Säckingen and Waldshut , Badische Fundberichte , Freiburg 1969. S. 153 f.
  8. HW Mayer (Ed.): Home book for the district of Waldshut , p. 205.
  9. ^ Emil Müller-Ettikon: History of Küssaberg , Ed .: Municipality of Küssaberg, 1981, p. 157.
  10. Emil Müller-Ettikon: History of Küssabergs , 1981, p. 22.
  11. ^ Hans Matt-Willmatt: Chronik des Kreis Waldshut , 1957, p. 74.
  12. Andreas Weiß and Christian Ruch: Die Küssabburg , Ed .: Küssaburg-Bund eV, Druckerei Herbstritt, Wutöschingen 2009, p. 22.
  13. ^ Emil Müller-Ettikon: History of Küssabergs , 1981, p. 53 f.
  14. These already democratic-sounding changes were based on a form of “local nobility”: According to Werner Huff, “there were two kinds of citizens in the grand ducal Baden municipalities: local citizens and citizens.” As an example: “In 1885, Waldshut had 2,610 inhabitants, but only among them 207 local residents. “Only local residents were allowed to vote or stand for election. From "1880 with equality as a taxpayer" there were moderate protests and in 1886 political demands for equality by municipalities - known from a resolution 1890 in the Alb-Boten - and that happened in the same year in 1890. (Werner Huff: Von Ortsbürgern und Citizens , Alb-Bote, January 15, 2019)
  15. ^ Chronicle of the Reckingen power station.
  16. Paul Stoll: Küssaberg today in: Emil Müller-Ettikon: Geschichte Küssabergs , Ed .: Gemeinde Küssaberg, 1981, p. 10 ff.

Coordinates: 47 ° 34 '  N , 8 ° 20'  E