Cultural history of the potato

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Different types of potatoes

The European cultural history of the potato began when they met the Spanish explorers and conquerors in South America . They brought with them other plants and fruits that were previously unknown to them, such as tomatoes , kidney beans , peppers and corn from all over the New World . All of them have become a natural part of the diet everywhere , although the potato achieved its greatest importance in Europe.

etymology

The nightshade potato originally comes from the southwest of South America . It was already domesticated by Andean settlement communities around 8,000 years ago and its culture spread over many centuries in large parts of South America, where the tuber was grown under various local names. In the Inca Empire it was called papa ( Quechua pápa ). This name replaced the pre-Incan names among the peoples subjugated by the Inca and also prevailed in Spanish .

The Spaniards got to know the potato with the Incas in the first half of the 16th century and brought them to Europe on their ships. The similarity with the batata (sweet potato) led to the mixing of the two terms, so that from 1606 the word patata appeared as a name for both plants (and their respective fruits) and prevailed in Europe in the 18th century. The English name potato is also derived from patata . Today a distinction is again made in Spain between the potato ( Spanish patata ) and the batata ( batata ). In Hispanic America and the Canaries , the originally adopted word papa is still used.

In Italy the potato was given the name Tarathopholi , also Taratouphli, because of its resemblance to truffles . As early as 1591 the German Landgrave Wilhelm IV (Hessen-Kassel) mentioned this designation in his letters. Around 1800 the derived words Tartuffeln or Artoffel were common in Germany . From this, the word potato developed through dissimilation . The Italian word tartufolo, on the other hand, has lost its meaning and has been replaced by patata .

The French expression pommes de terre has been adopted into German as "potatoes". The potato has regional and dialectal different names, such as potatoes , Jerusalem artichokes , Töften , Schocken , Mausle or Tuffeln . A German historical name is also Ertüffel . In the Palatinate and neighboring regions such as Saarland, Hunsrück and North Baden, as in some federal states of Austria, the designation Grumbeer or basic pear for the potato is common.

History of the potato

From South America to Europe

In the Andes of South America, the indigenous peoples have been cultivating potatoes in numerous varieties for millennia. The dates of most of the Inca religious festivals corresponded to the planting and harvesting times of this earth fruit in the calendar . The cultivated varieties were already highly developed, adapted to the most varied of cultivation locations and different uses, and far removed from the archetypal forms as they were produced by nature. In the barren mountains, papa was the main food of the locals. In Peru , potatoes can be grown at a height of four thousand meters, where maize can only thrive in the most favorable, frost-free locations.

The discovery of the potato by the Spaniards

Juan de Castellanos
  • 1532: In the course of the campaign to conquer the Inca Empire (1531–1536), the Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro advanced to the Andes, the area of ​​the potato. There is no concrete proof that Pizzaro was interested in potatoes as well as gold.
  • 1536: An expedition led by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada into the plateau of Colombia got to know the potato in 1537 in the village of Sorocotá (in today's province of Vélez). The news of this first contact with the potato was recorded in a manuscript by Juan de Castellanos in 1601 , which was not published until the 19th century.
  • 1552: Francisco López de Gómara was the first to publicize the existence of the potato in his Historia general de las Indias . In this work he reports, who has never been to America himself, that the natives of the Collao plateau (Altiplano, Lake Titicaca) eat maize and papas (potatoes) and live “a hundred and more years old”.
  • 1553: Pedro de Cieza de León , an eyewitness who had crossed large parts of the Andes towards the end of the 1530s and in the course of the 1540s and had often come across the potato, reported in his Chronicle of Peru (1553) how that Potato was used in the Quito area: boiled and then eaten or made into chuño by freeze-drying and preserved.

From Peru via the Canary Islands to Spain

  • Around 1562: On its way from South America to Spain, the potato made a stopover in the (Spanish) Canary Islands. This is known because in November 1567 three barrels containing potatoes, oranges and green lemons were shipped from Gran Canaria to Antwerp , and in 1574 two barrels with potatoes were shipped from Tenerife via Gran Canaria to Rouen . Assuming that it took at least five years to get enough potatoes to become an export item, the naturalization of the plant in the Canary Islands took place in 1562 at the latest.
  • Around 1570: The earliest evidence that the potato reached Spain can be found in the books of the Hospital de la Sangre in Seville , which bought potatoes in 1573. It is assumed that the potato reached Spain no later than 1570 and no earlier than 1564/65, as otherwise the botanist Clusius , who traveled the country in 1564 in search of new plants, would have noticed them.

The potato made its way to Italy from Spain and then slowly spread to mainland Europe.

England and Ireland

  • The potato is said to have reached the British Isles without going through Spain. Who brought the potato there is unknown. In any case, it wasn't Francis Drake , probably neither Walter Raleigh , nor Thomas Harriot , names that are mentioned again and again in this context.
  • There is historical evidence that the potato arrived in England by 1596 at the latest , because in that year the catalog of the plants that the botanist John Gerard cultivated in his garden in Holborn appeared in London , and the potato also appeared in it.
  • As far as Ireland is concerned, the Cork area in particular holds that the potato is owed to Walter Raleigh, whose coat of arms was given a sprig of potatoes. According to another theory, when the wrecks stranded on the coast of the Spanish Armada , defeated by Drake in 1588, were looted, potatoes were also captured to feed the crew. In fact, the potato appears to have arrived in Ireland between 1586 and 1588. Its cultivation has been documented from 1606, and by the end of the 17th century it had become a staple food for the Irish.

Botanical works

  • In addition to Gerard's catalog mentioned above, the Phytopinax by the Basel botanist Gaspard Bauhin appeared in 1596, who provided one of the first descriptions of the potato in this work and gave it the botanical name Solanum tuberosum . Bauhin writes that he heard from the famous Dr. Laurentius Scholtz (Scholz), in whose garden the potato grows, received a drawing of this plant [in 1590], on which, however, neither the flowers nor the tubers are shown. Scholz is said to have grown the potato in his garden in Breslau as early as the fall of 1587.
  • In December 1597 Gerard published The Herball or Generall Historie of Plantes (book of herbs), in which he devoted an entire chapter to the potato and which contained the first illustration of a potato plant. He named it Virginia potato .
Illustration of the potato plant in Gerard's book of herbs (1597)
  • In 1601 the book Rariorum Plantarum Historia (Natural History of Rare Plants) by Carolus Clusius (Charles de l'Écluse) was published in Antwerp with a description and a picture of the potato. He had his first contact with the potato in January 1588 when Philippe de Sivry, the governor of Mons (Belgium), gave him two tubers as a gift. De Sivry had received his potatoes the previous year from a friend of the papal legate in Belgium under the name Taratoufflo . Clusius was still living in Vienna at the beginning of 1588, but then moved to Frankfurt in the course of the same year, where he planted the tubers in his garden. It is unclear whether the potato really conquered Germany from there and penetrated to Switzerland and France (Franche-Comté, Dauphiné, Vivarais), as was claimed. In any case, it can be assumed that around the year 1600 in most European countries there were botanists or enthusiasts who grew the potato as a precious rarity in their own gardens or those of their noble and wealthy employers.

Sun sent Wilhelm IV. Of Hessen-Kassel tubers from his orchard to the Elector Christian I of Saxony. Potato blossoms caught the attention of the French court at the time. Marie-Antoinette wore a wreath of tender potato blossoms in her hair at balls.

Potato blossom

Tasting the above-ground fruits often ended with stomach ache or symptoms of poisoning , and so many prejudices arose against this beautiful flowering plant from overseas . The potato received the reputation of a "poisonous plant".

There are many even contradicting stories and anecdotes about how the potato became an agricultural crop in Europe. The contemporary reports are very imprecise, as the reporters at the time often confused the potato with the sweet potato and especially with Jerusalem artichoke . Although these ground crops are somewhat similar in shape, they are not biologically related to one another.

Spread of the potato in Europe

King Friedrich II inspects the potato cultivation on one of his inspection trips

It took a few generations for the botanical treasure to become a main source of food for the broader population in Europe. Many prejudices and traditional barriers stood in her way at the beginning. Another problem was that the potatoes imported from the New World require long periods of nocturnal darkness (“nightshade”) for tuber formation. Under the conditions of the European long-day summer, they therefore did not produce tubers of the size that could be harvested in the region of origin near the equator. This problem first had to be understood and corrected through appropriate plant breeding.

In Ireland , however, potatoes were already grown at the beginning of the 17th century, as they seemed to be the ideal fruit for this barren island. Spreading and harvest were also possible without special tools , game and grazing cattle did not do any harm to the potato tops and potatoes could also be grown on poor and stony soils and on steep slopes. The most important advantage was the one and a half times the area yield compared to the cultivation of grain . At the end of the day, home preparation was much easier than with cereals: you don't have to thresh or grind potatoes or bake them to make bread . Potatoes were also cooked on the modest peat fire that warmed the huts. Ireland was then an English colony that had to export cattle and grain to the mother country . Potatoes were often the farmers' only source of food.

350 years of potato cultivation in Germany, special stamp 1997
Potato monument south of Braunlage

In the Seitenstetten Monastery in Lower Austria, the Benedictine Abbot Kaspar Plautz wrote a cookbook with potato recipes, which was published in Linz in 1621.

Potatoes were grown in Bavaria by 1647 at the latest in Pilgramsreuth near Rehau , ruled by the Franconian Hohenzollern , and then again in 1649 in Berlin's Lustgarten . The pleasure garden was laid out on the instructions of the "Great Elector" Friedrich Wilhelm von Brandenburg by his court gardener Michael Hanff together with the court botanist Johann Sigismund Elsholtz in 1647 instead of a kitchen garden that was laid out in the 16th century but devastated after the Thirty Years' War . In his writing Flora marchic, Elsholtz called the potatoes, which at that time were still regarded as ornamental plants, “Dutch tartuffels” and wrote about them in his Diaeteticon : “These roots grow by themselves in America / and the islands close to them [...] These graceful roots rarely come to us [...] But then they overlook the loveliness of the Castania and the common sugar root / and would be defended / that they could also be grown with us. "

Potatoes were grown as food crops in 1701 in the Waldensian settlement of Schönenberg by the pastor Henri Arnaud .

In 1747 Johann Georg von Langen began growing potatoes south of Braunlage in the Upper Harz Mountains.

In 1748, the Swedish scientist Eva Ekeblad published her study on the production of bread, alcohol, starch and powder from potatoes. Their findings contributed significantly to the spread of the potato as a food and raw material for cosmetics production.

In 1768, an "Elisabeth cheese friend" wrote an article about cheese making in the scholarly contributions to the Braunschweig advertisements and presented a recipe for "Tartuffelkäse" made from sour milk and grated, boiled potatoes. Recipes for cheese mass stretched with potatoes are also handed down later, partly as poor food, partly for preservation.

In Prussia , Frederick II had great difficulty in cultivating potatoes. On March 24, 1756, he issued a circular order to his officials and thus the first of the so-called potato orders with the order “to make the lords and subjects understand the benefits of planting this earthy plant, and to advise them to leave this early -Year to plant potatoes as a very nutritious food ”. It is said that Frederick II let his farmers be beaten into potato luck. It is sometimes described that the king achieved the desired success by having soldiers guard a potato field and thus tempting the farmers to steal the supposedly valuable plants for their own cultivation. It is not certain whether he actually took this measure; this act is also attributed to Antoine Parmentier .

In the Switzerland the potato came because of their blooms first as rare potted plant . It was not until a hundred years later, at the beginning of the eighteenth century, that it was grown as a table potato. The growing conditions were similar to those in the country of origin Peru . While potatoes can be grown in the northern Andes up to an altitude of around 4,000 m, the field crop is found here on the fields in the lower to higher valleys. Potatoes soon became a popular folk dish: they found their way into traditional Swiss cuisine as rösti .

Johann Eberhard Jungblut , who came from the Duchy of Luxembourg (then part of the Austrian Netherlands ), is reputed to have imported potatoes from his home in Lower Austria in 1761 . In Luxembourg itself, the potato was planted at the beginning of the 18th century. See: Cultural history of the potato (Luxembourg)

Coat of arms with the white potato blossom in Unserfrau-Altweitra in Lower Austria

Cultivation was promoted under Maria Theresa . He was ordered for the first time in Pyhrabruck, a place in the community of Unserfrau-Altweitra , in the Austrian Empire . The potato only became popular in Austria during the Napoleonic Wars at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries.

In Swedish Pomerania , potato cultivation spread from the middle of the 18th century. In 1788 Thomas Heinrich Gadebusch wrote about it in the second part of his Swedish Pomeranian civics :

“Artoffeln have been grown on a large scale for some thirty years, and very often in the last few years, and their cultivation is still increasing. They have become a real blessing for the country, it is only to be hoped that more efforts are made to obtain fresh seeds. "

Famines

Vincent van Gogh : Woman Harvesting Potatoes (1885)
Starving population while "potato stubble" immediately after the harvest on the outskirts of Dresden (around 1946)

The introduction of the potato in Europe was not without its downsides: As the main source of food for the people, the potato improved the food options in Europe for the rural population after the catastrophe of the Thirty Years War (1618–1648) and after numerous epidemics . For broad sections of the population, however, the potato became practically the only staple of food, most clearly in Ireland. When the potato harvest was low, grain and bread prices rose and people went hungry. This happened more often locally, mostly as a result of bad weather periods, drought or too much rain.

Then, when at the beginning of the 19th century America also potato diseases were introduced, they were monocultures defenseless. One crop failure followed another, causing hunger for a large part of the people. Many millions of people died of starvation in Europe, especially in Ireland during the Great Famine between 1845 and 1852. The dependence on potatoes as a food was particularly high because the country needed the financial proceeds from grain exports. In Ireland, over a million people died of starvation in two years. They couldn't have bought the bread either, because most of them didn't see any cash in their lives. Those who could somehow afford to emigrate, mostly to the USA .

In the interwar period , hunger conflicts such as the Overath Potato War (1923) caused a sensation.

In the last years of the war and the first post-war years of the Second World War , numerous public green spaces in Germany were converted to grow potatoes and other vegetables instead of flowers. In Switzerland too, potatoes were grown on every cultivable square meter of land during the so-called cultivation battles .

Art, literature

Vincent van Gogh: The Potato Eaters (Nünen, April 1885, oil on canvas)

Numerous sayings about the potato are handed down to this day:

  • "The dumbest farmers harvest the thickest potatoes."
  • "Eating potatoes makes you stupid."
  • "Now you have to eat potatoes for a while." (Now you have to live very frugally.)
  • "He'll drop you like a hot potato." (Put down, chase away)
  • "Rin in the potatoes, out of the potatoes!" (If it's first like this and then the other way around)

If a painter wanted to portray the life of the poor, if a writer portrayed a peasant family, potatoes were a popular subject to describe simple life from the 19th century onwards. The painting L'Angélus (Evening Prayer in the Field) by Jean-François Millet was created in 1855 and was reproduced in large numbers from around the turn of the century. It shows a woman and a man praying in the field; in the foreground is a filled basket with freshly harvested potatoes, behind the couple a wheelbarrow with filled sacks. Even Vincent van Gogh's painting The Potato Eaters from 1885 is world renowned. In 1874, during Max Liebermann's first creative period , he painted the potato harvest in Barbizon . The German painter Wilhelm Trübner captured the beauty of a blossoming potato field in his painting Potato Field in Weßling in 1876 . Potatoes appear in Raoul Michau's surrealistic painting La Bataille des Pommes de Terre 1948 as a participant in a battle .

Wilhelm Trübner: Potato field in Weßling

A curious testimony to the popularity of the potato is the song of praise for the potato by the elementary school teacher Samuel Friedrich Sauter, whose serious but involuntarily comical poems inspired parodies, whose alleged author, Gottlob Biedermeier , gave the name to an entire epoch.

The Danish cartoon The Story of the Wonderful Potato (1985) explains the path of potato cultivation from America to Europe.

Potatoes as a stamp motif

The importance of the potato is also evident from the fact that in its history, distribution and diversity it has repeatedly served as a motif on postage stamps from many postal administrations.

industrialization

For the emerging industrialization in England and later also on the European continent, feeding the growing urban population was of central importance. In contrast, the rural population could produce most of their food themselves. Even landless people had at least one planting place, a mini garden, so that at least they didn't have to buy the vegetables. For the urban proletariat, fruit and vegetables were practically inaccessible. The main food, potatoes, provided not only the necessary nutritional energy but also trace elements and vitamins in a way that no other main food could have done.

In Switzerland, industrialization first took place in rural areas. Here, too, most of the working-class families had grown vegetables and especially potatoes in addition to their food stores. When the cities grew in Switzerland too, the urban workers were much less well fed than the rural population. The first urban social settlements provided Pünt or allotments where the family could grow their own vegetables, especially cabbage and potatoes. Numerous reformers recommended gardening as a recreation for the worker. In the Monte Verità colony above Ascona around the turn of the century, even wealthy townspeople grew their potatoes and vegetables barefoot, even naked in the sun, in order to reconcile themselves with mother earth and to heal their body and soul.

emigration

Not only in Ireland, all over Europe, the population grew rapidly thanks to better nutrition in the nineteenth century. But soon the increased yields were not enough to feed all people. Those who wanted to avoid hunger and could pay for the crossing in the tween deck emigrated to America.

Present and Future

Vincent van Gogh: Basket with Potatoes (1885)

The great time of potato cultivation in Europe was certainly the 19th century . It is worth noting, however, that the potato is the only plant-based mass product on the European Union's agricultural market for which there is no market organization or for which there has never been . The lack of a “European potato market organization” makes it clear that this product can still be produced in Europe under non-subsidized world market conditions.

In Austria, the degree of self-sufficiency was around 96% in 2006, with the main growing areas in the two federal states of Lower and Upper Austria . On average, the Austrian ate 53.6 kg of potatoes in the same period. In the background of traditional knowledge , some varieties were entered in the register of traditional foods in Austria , such as the Sauwald potatoes or the Waldviertler potatoes or others in less known growing areas in other federal states.

Potatoes in social discourse

Couch potato

In the mid-1970s, the term couch potato came about for people lying on the sofa and constantly watching television.

Potato as a swear word

Since the early 2000s, potatoes have mostly been used by migrant youths as a swear word against supposedly Germans. A debate arose as to whether this was "hostility towards Germans" or racism .

Media award "The Golden Potato"

The New German Media Makers awarded the negative prize "The Golden Potato" they created for particularly one-sided or unsuccessful, in short: for underground reporting on aspects of our diverse immigration society in 2018 for the first time to Julian Reichelt, editor-in-chief of the BILD newspaper .

literature

  • Armin Bollinger : This is how the Inca fed themselves. Rüegger, Grüsch 1986, ISBN 3-7253-0283-9 .
  • Rainer Crummenerl , Franz Persch: All about the potato. Fachbuchverlag, Leipzig 1985/1988 , ISBN 3-343-00437-5 .
  • Ingrid Haslinger: May it rain potatoes. A cultural history of the potato . Mandelbaum, Vienna 2007, ISBN 978-3-85476-216-4 .
  • Klaus Henseler: The potato on the postage stamp. The discovery of an everyday food . Rauschenplat, Cuxhaven 2001, ISBN 3-935519-01-X .
  • Henry Hobhouse: Six plants change the world. Cinchona bark, sugar cane, tea, cotton, potato, coca bush . 4th edition, Klett-Cotta, Hamburg 2001, ISBN 3-608-91024-7 .
  • Wilhelm Kolbe: Cultural history of the potato and its pests , Kolbe, Burscheid 1999, ISBN 3-929760-07-X .
  • Alexander Moutchnik : Social and economic basics of the potato revolts of 1834 and 1841–1843 in Russia. In: Heinz-Dietrich Löwe (Ed.): People's uprisings in Russia. From the time of turmoil to the “Green Revolution” against Soviet rule. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2006, ISBN 3-447-05292-9 , pp. 427-452 (= research on Eastern European history , volume 65).
  • Helmut Ottenjann: The potato. History and future of a cultivated plant. Lower Saxony Open Air Museum Museumsdorf, Cloppenburg 1992, ISBN 3-923675-30-5 .
  • Larry Zuckerman: The history of the potato from the Andes to the deep fryer . (Original title: The Potato , translated by Charlotte Breuer and Norbert Möllemann), Claassen, Berlin 2004, ISBN 3-546-00364-0 .
  • Jennifer A. Woolfe, Susan V. Poats: The Potato in Human Diet . (Original title: The Potato in the Human Diet , translated by Bernd Putz), Behr, Hamburg 1996, ISBN 3-86022-247-3 .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Paula mariangel Chavarría, Paula Fuentealba Urzúa: Patrimonio alimentario de Chile. Productos y preparaciones de la Región de La Araucanía. Fundación para la Inovación Agraria (FIA), Santiago de Chile 2018, ISBN 978-956-328-227-6 , p. 111 (online) (PDF, 14.6 MB).
  2. ↑ a b Friedrich Kluge : Etymological dictionary of the German language. De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 1975, Lemma Kartoffel.
  3. ^ Joan Corominas : Breve diccionario etimológico de la lengua castellana. 3rd, revised and improved edition (1973), 13th, unaltered reprint, Gredos, Madrid 2006, ISBN 978-8-42492-364-8 , p. 438.
  4. ↑ Duden: The dictionary of origin. Etymology of the German language. Mannheim 2007. Lemma potato.
  5. ^ Wilhelm FK Fuess: The history of the potato. Research Institute for Starch Production, Berlin 1939, p. 70; P. 73 (Map 8: The popular names of the potatoes ).
  6. ↑ Sedlazek on Wednesday: Blue potatoes are most valuable in the Wiener Zeitung of January 6, 2009, accessed on January 15, 2012.
  7. ↑ S. on word geography in German-speaking countries Bernhard Martin : The naming of some cultivated plants imported from America in the German dialects (potato, Jerusalem artichoke, maize, tomato) . Schmitz: Gießen 1963 (contributions to German philology 25). ISSN  0522-6341 .
  8. ↑ a b c Massard 2009, No. 15 (see literature).
  9. ↑ Massard 2009, No. 16 (see literature).
  10. ^ Honorius Philoponus [= pseudonym of Caspar Plautz], Nova Typis Transacta Navigatio. Novi Orbis Indiae Occidentalis…, Linz 1621.
  11. ↑ Max Wirsing: The field-like potato cultivation in Bavaria - earliest references from Rehau, district Pilgramsreuth . City of Rehau, 2003.
  12. ↑ Archive link ( Memento of the original from May 2, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. .  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.holz-schimmel.de
  13. ↑ http://www.reisen-leben.com/rezepte/historische-rezepte-fuer-kartoffelkaese/ .
  14. ↑ News from the Potato King. Exhibition about Friedrich II and the tuber . taz.de, July 19, 2012.
  15. ↑ Palatinate farmers brought the potatoes to Prussia ( Memento of the original from October 1, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Palatine early, table and refined potato producers' association w. V.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.pfaelzer-grumbeere.de
  16. ↑ Massard 2009, No. 19 (see literature).
  17. ↑ Unserfrau-Altweitra , accessed on October 17, 2011.
  18. ↑ Potato: the powerful tuber . In popular medicine , accessed on 17 October 2011th
  19. ^ Thomas Heinrich Gadebusch: Swedish Pomeranian Staatskunde. Zweyter Theil , Greifswald 1788, p. 20.
  20. ^ Museum for Folk Culture in Württemberg, branch of the Württemberg State Museum [sic!] Stuttgart: 13 things. Form function meaning. Catalog for the exhibition of the same name in the Museum for Folk Culture in Württemberg Waldenbuch Castle from October 3, 1992-28. February 1993 , Stuttgart 1992, ISBN 3-929055-24-4 , p. 182.
  21. ↑ Klaus Henseler: The potato on the postage stamp. Discovery of an everyday food. Aug. Rauschenplat, Cuxhaven 2001, ISBN 3-935519-01-X .
  22. ↑ Austrians love potatoes on the website of the Ministry of Life from September 20, 2007, accessed on October 17, 2011.
  23. ^ Sauwald potatoes . Entry in the register of traditional foods of the Austrian Federal Ministry for Agriculture, Regions and Tourism .
    Sauwald potatoes at the Genuss Region Österreich association .
  24. ↑ Waldviertel potatoes . Entry in the register of traditional foods of the Austrian Federal Ministry for Agriculture, Regions and Tourism .
    Waldviertel potatoes at the Genuss Region Österreich association .
  25. ↑ Marlen Hobrack: German Potatoes , by Marlen Hobrack, Die Welt , July 25, 2018
  26. ↑ The word "Alman" is not anti-German , by Johann Voigt, now , March 27, 2018
  27. ↑ Swear Words - We Potatoes The Germans used to be called "Krauts", now the potato is making a career as a swear word. What's so bad about that ?, By Anna Kemper ZEITMagazin No. 48/2016 December 5, 2016
  28. ↑ Alleged anti-German hostility , potato debate without evidence Family Minister Kristina Schröder identified general aggression against Germans. However, the minister cannot provide any studies that prove this. by Simone Schmollack, TAZ , November 15, 2010
  29. ↑ The "potato problem" must be researched, by Stephan-Andreas Casdorff , Der Tagesspiegel October 11, 2010,
  30. ↑ PR: 10 years of New German Media Makers - and a new media award: "The Golden Potato"
  31. ↑ Julian Reichelt receives "Golden Potato" A master of panic headlines , Konstantina Vassilou-Enz in conversation with Vladimir Balzer, Deutschlandfunk Kultur Conclusion October 23, 2018
This version was added to the list of articles worth reading on September 24, 2005 .