wheat

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wheat
Wheat field with unburned wheat (Triticum aestivum)

Wheat field with unburned wheat ( Triticum aestivum )

Systematics
Commelinids
Order : Sweet grass (Poales)
Family : Sweet grasses (Poaceae)
Subfamily : Pooideae
Tribe : Triticeae
Genre : wheat
Scientific name
Triticum
L.

As wheat a series of is plant species of grasses (Poaceae) of the genus Triticum , respectively. As grain mainly two types are grown: wheat and durum wheat . Etymologically , the word wheat is derived from the “white” (light) flour and the light color of the wheat fruit, the generic name Triticum (grinded fruit , threshed grain) from the Latin participle tritum (grated, threshed).

description

The wheat species reach heights of about 0.5 to 1 m. The stalk is rounded. From the overall appearance, it looks dark green and the ear of corn is squat. The morphological distinguishing features are the short ciliate leaf auricles , which, unlike barley, do not enclose the stalk. The ligule is medium-sized and toothed. The fruits are botanically referred to as "single-seeded closing fruits" ( caryopses ), the thousand grain mass is 40–65 grams.

Systematics

According to R. Govaerts, the genus Triticum comprises five species, almost each of which comprises several subspecies:

species

A  Rauweizen ( Triticum turgidum )
B  durum wheat ( Triticum turgidum subsp. Durum )
C  Polish wheat ( Triticum polonicum )
D  spelled ( Triticum aestivum subsp. Spelta )
Wheat ear
Wheat grains
  • Common wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. ); is cultivated worldwide. With five to seven subspecies:
    • Triticum aestivum subsp. aestivum (Syn .: Triticum vavilovii Jakubz. )
    • Dwarf wheat or Binkel ( Triticum aestivum subsp. Compactum (Host) Domin , Syn .: Triticum compactum Host ): It is originally from Transcaucasia to Israel.
    • Triticum aestivum subsp. macha (Dekapr. & Menabde) McKey (Syn .: Triticum macha Dekapr. & Menabde ): It occurs wildly in western Transcaucasia.
    • Spelled ( Triticum aestivum subsp. Spelta (L.) Thell. , Syn .: Triticum spelta L. ): Originally in Transcaucasia.
    • Globular wheat ( Triticum aestivum subsp. Sphaerococcum (Percival) Mac Key , Syn .: Triticum sphaerococcum Percival ): Occurs wild from southern Pakistan to northwestern India.
  • Einkorn ( Triticum monococcum L. ): The home is Eastern and Southeastern Europe as well as Western Asia and the Caucasus. With two subspecies:
    • Triticum monococcum subsp. aegilopoides (Link) Thell. (Syn .: Triticum baeoticum Boiss. ): Originally occurs from Southeastern Europe to Afghanistan.
    • Free-thrashing einkorn ( Triticum monococcum subsp. Monococcum , syn .: Triticum sinskajae Filat. & Kurkiev ): Originally found in southeastern Turkey.
  • Triticum timopheevii (Zhuk.) Zhuk. , occurs from southeastern Turkey to northwestern Iran. With the subspecies:
    • Triticum timopheevii subsp. armeniacum (Jakubz.) Slageren (Syn .: Triticum araraticum Jakubz. ): It occurs in the southern Transcaucasia.
    • Triticum timopheevii subsp. timopheevii (Syn .: Triticum militinae Zhuk. & Migush. , Triticum timonovum Heslot & Ferrary ): It occurs from southeastern Turkey to northwestern Iran.
  • Rough wheat or naked wheat ( Triticum turgidum L. ): The home is Western Asia. With several subspecies:
    • Persian wheat ( Triticum turgidum subsp. Carthlicum (Nevski) Á.Löve , Syn .: Triticum carthlicum Nevski ): It occurs from the Caucasus to Iran.
    • Triticum turgidum subsp. dicoccoides (Asch. & Graebn.) Thell. (Syn .: Triticum dicoccoides (Asch. & Graebn.) Schweinf. ): It occurs from the eastern Mediterranean area to the Caucasus and Iran.
    • Emmer ( Triticum turgidum subsp. Dicoccum (cabinet ex Schübl.) Thell. , Syn .: Triticum dicoccon cabinet ex Schübl. , Triticum ispahanicum Heslot,: Wild in southeastern Turkey.
    • Durum wheat ( Triticum turgidum subsp. Durum (Desf.) Husn. , Syn .: Triticum durum Desf. ): Wild in Egypt.
    • Triticum turgidum subsp. georgicum (Dekapr. & Menabde) Mackey ex Hanelt (Syn .: Triticum karamyschevii Nevski , Triticum turgidum subsp. palaeocolchicum Á. Löve & D. Löve ): occurs in western Transcaucasia.
    • Polish wheat ( Triticum turgidum subsp. Polonicum (L.) Thell. , Syn .: Triticum polonicum L. , Triticum petropavlovskyi Udachin & Migush. ): Wild in Egypt.
    • Khorasan wheat ( Triticum turgidum subsp. Turanicum (Jakubz.) Á.Löve , Syn .: Triticum turanicum Jakubz. ): It occurs from northern Iraq to northern Iran and northwestern China.
    • Triticum turgidum subsp. turgidum , Syn .: Triticum jakubzineri (Udachin & Shakhm.) Udachin & Shakhm. , Triticum compositum L. ): Wild in Syria.
  • Triticum urartu Thumanyan ex Gandilyan : Homeland is Armenia, Iran, Iraq, Palestine, the area of ​​Syria and Lebanon, the Caucasus and eastern Turkey.
  • Triticum × zhukovskyi Menabde & Ericzjan = Triticum monococcum × Triticum timopheevii ; is cultivated in Georgia.

The closely related whales ( Aegilops ) are sometimes included in the genus Triticum , some species of which were crossed into the cultivated wheat species.

Agricultural important wheat species

species

  • Common wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. ) is a hexaploid type of wheat and is most widely grown. There are a variety of varieties that are adapted to different climates .
  • Spelled or spelled ( Triticum aestivum subsp. Spelta (L.) Thell. ), Also hexaploid, is cultivated to a limited extent as a special bread grain . The grain, called green spelled , is harvested and roasted when it is ripe for milk , rich in minerals and strongly aromatic.
  • Emmer ( Triticum turgidum subsp. Dicoccum (Cabinet ex Schübl.) Thell. ) Is a tetraploid type of wheat that was cultivated historically, but is no longer of economic importance today.
  • Durum wheat ( Triticum turgidum subsp. Durum (Desf.) Husn. ) Is the only tetraploid type of wheat that is still widely cultivated today.
  • Einkorn ( Triticum monococcum L. ) is the oldest cultivated wheat species. It is still grown today for scientific reasons or for illustration purposes, but is also available again in organic food stores and is used to produce baked goods and beer .

  • Dwarf wheat ( Triticum aestivum subsp. Compactum )

  • Spelled ( Triticum aestivum subsp. Spelta )

  • Einkorn ( Triticum monococcum )

  • Emmer ( Triticum turgidum subsp. Dicoccum )

  • Durum wheat ( Triticum turgidum subsp. Durum )

sorts

The Federal Office shares with his approval, the soft wheat varieties in four so-called baking quality groups one. (The main feature of the classification is the volume yield in the Rapid Mix test, a baking test):

  • E-Gruppe: Elite wheat - with excellent properties and the highest volume yield of the baking quality groups. Elite wheat is mostly used to mix up weaker wheat varieties or is exported.
  • A group: Quality wheat with high protein quality, but lower requirements for volume yield than with elite wheat. Can compensate for deficits in other varieties.
  • B group: Bread wheat - all types that are well suited for the production of baked goods, the volume yield may still be lower than that of quality wheat.
  • C group: Other wheat, which is mainly used as feed.
  • In wheat varieties that are particularly suitable for Flachwaffel- and Hartkeksherstellung, the quality group with the index K 'is marked on the quality group, so for example, C K .

Domestication, breeding and expansion of cultivation

history

Today's seed wheat emerged from the crossing of several types of grain and wild grass. The first types of wheat cultivated were einkorn ( Triticum monococcum ) and emmer ( Triticum dicoccum ). Their area of ​​origin is the Middle East ( Fertile Crescent ).

The oldest naked wheat finds date from between 7800 and 5200 BC. This makes wheat the second oldest type of grain after barley . With its spread to North Africa and Europe , wheat gained fundamental importance.

The oldest finds of naked wheat in Europe come from the western Mediterranean region, the settlement area of ​​the cardial or imprint culture . In the end of the Neolithic, naked wheat was reduced to a region on both sides of the Upper Rhine and Switzerland after it had spread over Central Europe. But cultivation lagged behind that of the grains einkorn, emmer and barley for a long time. It was not until the white bread , which came into fashion from the 11th century, that wheat established itself. Today, wheat is the most commonly cultivated type of cereal in Germany and takes up the largest share of the area under cultivation.

Einkorn ( Triticum monococcum ) is the most original form of cultivated wheat; Even today one can still find wild forms of the einkorn, so that domestication by means of human selection appears clear. The tetraploid emmer ( Triticum dicoccum ) developed from the Einkorn through the formation of an addition bastard with another wild grass (possibly Aegilops speltoides Tausch, Syn. Triticum speltoides (Tausch) K. Richt.) In prehistoric times , from which species such as Durum wheat and kamut originated.

The common wheat ( Triticum aestivum ), which is predominantly grown today, is a more recent breed and genetically relatively far removed from the "wheat" mentioned in historical sources. The wheat of Rome was emmer ( far ). Modern wheat originated from the uptake of the entire gene set of the wild grass Aegilops tauschii Coss. (Syn. Triticum tauschii (Coss.) Schmalh. , Aegilops squarrosa auct.) In the emmer.

research

The International Wheat Genome Sequence Consortium expects that a complete DNA sequence with a genetic map of the wheat will be available by 2018 . The wheat genome comprises around 17 billion base pairs, which is around five times as long as that of humans. An important step was achieved in 2017 when the genome of tetraploid emmer, which is part of hexaploid wheat, was sequenced. Wheat growers from major exporting countries expect great progress in conventionally and genetically engineered varieties, the more precisely the location and function of the individual genes are known. In August 2018, Science magazine reported that the International Wheat Genome Sequencing Consortium had almost completely decoded the genome of common wheat .

Transgenic wheat

In the USA in 2004 by Monsanto produced transgenic wheat, the glyphosate resistance against the pesticide Roundup ( glyphosate ) conveys approved for cultivation. Monsanto refrained from commercialization in the following years, as they did not want to provoke the opposition of the EU and Japan and thus not endanger the lucrative export of American wheat. Since it has been proven that outcrossing of transgenes from genetically modified wheat to related grass species such as Walch ( Aegilops cylindrica ) is possible, the use of genetically modified wheat is problematic. In 2013, glyphosate-resistant wheat was found in a field in Oregon, USA. How this transgenic wheat, which comes from Monsanto's production , could grow in an uncontrolled manner has not been clarified. In Switzerland, the University of Zurich is carrying out a release test with transgenic wheat from spring 2019 to autumn 2023.

Cultivation

Schematic longitudinal section through a grain of wheat
Different layers of wheat grain
Nitrogen injections are required at different times

Wheat makes higher demands on the climate , soil and water supply than other types of grain. Wheat is adapted to dry and warm summers . A modern hybrid of wheat and rye , triticale , allows it to be grown in cooler climates.

Winter wheat

In Germany, winter wheat is sown on over 90% of the wheat cultivation areas . Winter wheat is, after the dormancy of the seed , in the fall seeded (at the end of September to well into December). Depending on the altitude and the time of sowing, around 280 to 520 seeds are sown per m². Due to the wide range of the thousand grain mass of wheat from less than 40 to more than 60 g, it is difficult to give an average seed quantity in kg / ha; with a target seed density of around 320 plants per m² and a thousand grain mass of 48 g, for example, a seed quantity of arithmetically would result approx. 154 kg per hectare.

When sowing in the autumn seedbed , it should be noted that wheat is not a dark germ , but has a light-neutral germination behavior. For this reason, a particularly large depth does not have to be selected for the sowing depth in order to ensure good germination. In moist, warm soil , the seeds germinate quickly and lead to field emergence in 15–20 days . The small plants form side shoots ( tillering ) and overwinter.

Like all winter cereals, winter wheat also needs vernalization due to frost temperatures in order to break down the lock . The main stocking does not take place until spring and is heavily dependent on the variety and care measures. With late sowing, which is usually associated with low soil temperatures, germination is slower. However, germination still takes place at soil temperatures of 2 to 4 ° C. Winter wheat is therefore compatible with late sowing, so sowing can be carried out until December. However, sowing late can lead to less than optimal crop yields and requires higher seed densities. Although wheat (depending on the variety) is frost-resistant down to around −20 ° C, it generally prefers a temperate climate.

In spring elongation ( shoots ) begins and the leaves develop. At the end of the stretching phase there is already a complete ear with spikelets and flowers. The ears push outwards and the plant development is complete with the flowering. After (self) fertilization, the grains develop. Two to three ears of stalks are formed per plant, which corresponds to about 350 to 700 stalks per m².

Around 25 to 40 grains develop in each ear. They are made in the full maturity of about 70% strength , about 10-12% protein , 2% fat and 14% water . The amount of the ingredients mentioned depends on the variety, the fertilization and, in the case of water, on humidity and rain.

Several crop protection applications are required in conventional cultivation to combat weeds, insect pests, fungi and excessive growth. An adequate and balanced supply of nutrients is also necessary for the optimal yield , with nitrogen fertilization in particular taking place in several doses (portions).

The harvest takes place in midsummer of the year following the sowing. The straw remains chopped on the field or it is pressed into bales as litter for the animals and then removed.

Spring wheat

Spring wheat (from Middle High German sumer wheat , Triticum durum or Triticum sativum ) is sown as early as possible in spring; it does not need a dormant vegetation phase , so it does not have to be vernalized . Its grain yields are usually well below those of winter wheat. The grains have a more glassy structure than winter wheat, but are richer in protein. Summer wheat production in Germany made up 0.2 million t in 2009, only 0.8% of the total wheat harvest.

Under exchange wheat means a summer wheat in the fall (November / December) can be sown last year.

Economical meaning

Importance as a staple food

Ripe ears of wheat
A combine harvester mows and threshes the wheat, chops the chaff and blows it over the field. The threshed wheat is loaded onto a trailer at full speed.

In the world grain harvest, with 735.2 million t (2018), the various types of wheat were the third most widely grown grain after maize (1.15 billion t) and rice (782 million t). The area under cultivation for wheat increased worldwide 214.8 million hectares.

The average yield worldwide was 34.2  dt / ha , while in Germany approx. 66.7 dt / ha was harvested. Peak values ​​are around 120 dt / ha. After maize (59.2 dt / ha) and rice (46.8 dt / ha), these are the third-highest grain yields of all cereals. An average of 2 dt / ha of seeds are applied.

Wheat is a staple food (bread grain) for people in many countries and is of great importance in animal fattening . Durum wheat is particularly suitable for the production of pasta ( durum wheat semolina ) - but is practically not grown in Germany (2009: 62,000 t, this corresponds to only 0.2% of the total wheat production).

Wheat is traded worldwide on commodity futures exchanges, including the Chicago Board of Trade (CBoT), the Kansas City Board of Trade (KCBOT), Eurex (Zurich) and MATIF (Paris). The international securities identification number (ISIN) for wheat in exchange trading is: US12492G1040.

The largest wheat producers

The following table gives an overview of the 20 largest producers of wheat worldwide, who produced a total of 86.7% of the harvest.

Largest wheat producers (2018)
rank country Quantity
(in t ) 		  rank country Quantity
(in t)
1 China People's RepublicPeople's Republic of China People's Republic of China 131.440.500 11 TurkeyTurkey Turkey 20,000,000
2 IndiaIndia India 99,700,000 12 ArgentinaArgentina Argentina 18,518,045
3 RussiaRussia Russia 72.136.149 13 IranIran Iran 14,500,000
4th United StatesUnited States United States 51.286.540 14th KazakhstanKazakhstan Kazakhstan 13,944,108
5 FranceFrance France 35,798,234 15th United KingdomUnited Kingdom United Kingdom 13,555,000
6th CanadaCanada Canada 31,769,200 16 RomaniaRomania Romania 10,143,671
7th PakistanPakistan Pakistan 25.076.149 17th PolandPoland Poland 9,820,315
8th UkraineUkraine Ukraine 24,652,840 18th EgyptEgypt Egypt 8,800,000
9 AustraliaAustralia Australia 20,941,134 19th SpainSpain Spain 7,989,906
10 GermanyGermany Germany 20,263,500 20th MoroccoMorocco Morocco 7,320,620
world 735.179.776

See also:

Germinated wheat grains

World trade

Some states pay export subsidies so that wheat can be traded at world market prices . For example, Germany exported a quarter of its wheat exports to Africa in 2016. For the first time since 2007, Australia had to import small amounts of protein-rich wheat (from Canada ) again in 2019 because of the 2018/2019 heatwave . Australia's export volume during this period was more than eighteen times as high.

Exports

The largest exporters of wheat worldwide in 2017/2018 were Russia with 33 million t, the USA (27.3 million t), Canada (22 million t), Australia (22 million t) and the Ukraine (17.3 million t) . t).

Imports

In the 2017/2018 cultivation period, the import of wheat in Indonesia amounted to 10.5 million t, in Egypt to 10.2 million t, in Algeria to 8 million t, in Italy to 7.4 million t and in Bangladesh to 6.9 million t.

Effects of global warming

The global warming leads to an accumulation of dry and hot periods and to an intensification of fluctuations in income in wheat production. On the basis of field tests, it can be estimated that the amount of wheat produced worldwide will decrease by 6% with every further increase in temperature. Even if the limitation of the global temperature rise to two degrees Celsius, as envisaged in the Paris Agreement , is achieved, there will be negative effects on the global crop yields per area. This results in the need to switch to more drought-resistant wheat varieties in order to adapt to the climate , for example by breeding new wheat varieties, which can partially, but not completely, dampen the decline in yield.

Wheat germ oil

As can be seen above, wheat contains little fat. The oil content of wheat germ is between 8 and 12%. The oil consists of more than 60% polyunsaturated fatty acids , of which about 88% consists of the omega-6 fatty acid linoleic acid . Wheat germ oil has a proportion of 200-300 mg vitamin E per 100 g and is therefore the oil with the highest total content of this vitamin. The vitamin E in wheat germ oil consists mainly of α-tocopherol, with about 1.2 mg / 100 g it also contains some tocotrienols . Wheat germ oil has a low oxidation stability.

Others

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Grimm: German Dictionary (online)
  2. ^ Jörg Mildenberger: Anton Trutmanns' Pharmacopoeia. Part II: Dictionary (= Würzburg medical historical research. Volume 56). Volume V, Würzburg 1997, p. 2266.
  3. ↑ Alois Walde : Latin etymological dictionary. 3rd edition obtained from Johann Baptist Hofmann , I – III, Heidelberg 1938–1965, Volume II, p. 707.
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Rafael Govaerts (Ed.): World Checklist of Selected Plant Families . Triticum Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, accessed September 3, 2018.
  5. ↑ Poaceae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved January 1, 2015.
  6. ↑ a b Grain, maize, oil and fiber crops, legumes, beets, catch crops (2018). In: Descriptive variety lists - Download 2018. bundessortenamt.de, accessed on December 20, 2018 .
  7. ↑ Klaus-Ulrich Heyland (Ed.): Special Plant Cultivation (= Agricultural Textbook. Volume 2). 7. completely reworked. Edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 1996, ISBN 3-8001-1080-6 , p. 157 ff., Especially p. 161.
  8. ↑ Jens Lüning: Stone Age farmers in Germany. Agriculture in the Neolithic (= university research on prehistoric archeology. Volume 58). Habelt, Bonn 2000, ISBN 3-7749-2953-X , p. 62.
  9. ↑ IWGSC: Generating a high quality genome sequence of bread wheat. Retrieved August 10, 2017 .
  10. ↑ reuters.com: Wheat groups welcome genetic news (Engl.)
  11. ↑ wheatgenome.org: Significant Work Still Needed to Really Crack Wheat's Genetic Code (Engl.)
  12. ↑ Avni, R., et al. (2017). Wild emmer genome architecture and diversity elucidate wheat evolution and domestication. Science 357 (6346): 93-97. doi: 10.1126 / science.aan0032 .
  13. ↑ Uauy, C. (2017). Wheat genomics comes of age . Curr Opin Plant Biol 36: 142-148. doi: 10.1016 / j.pbi.2017.01.007 .
  14. ↑ Elizabeth Pennisi: Wheat's complex genome finally deciphered, offering hope for better harvests and nonallergenic varieties . In: Science, August 16, 2018
  15. ↑ The genome of wheat decoded . n-tv.de, August 16, 2018
  16. ↑ ISAAA: Wheat (Triticum aestivum) GM events. Retrieved August 10, 2017 .
  17. ↑ Stokstad, E. (2004). Biotechnology. Monsanto pulls the plug on genetically modified wheat. Science 304 (5674): 1088-1089. doi: 10.1126 / science.304.5674.1088a .
  18. ↑ Perez-Jones, A., et al. (2010). Hybridization in a Commercial Production Field between Imidazolinone-Resistant Winter Wheat and Jointed Goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica) Results in Pollen-Mediated Gene Flow of Imi1. Weed Science 58 (4): 395-401. doi: 10.1614 / WS-D-10-00027.1 .
  19. ^ Fox, JL (2013). Volunteer GM wheat, mischief or carelessness? Nat Biotechnol. 31 (8): 669-670. doi: 10.1038 / nbt0813-669a .
  20. ↑ FOEN approves continuation of an experimental release with GMOs. In: uvek.admin.ch . March 14, 2019, accessed March 18, 2019 .
  21. ↑ Klaus-Ulrich Heyland (Ed.): Special Plant Cultivation (= Agricultural Textbook. Volume 2). 7. completely reworked. Edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 1996, ISBN 3-8001-1080-6 , p. 165 ff. P. 316 f.
  22. ↑ Klaus-Ulrich Heyland (Ed.): Special Plant Cultivation (= Agricultural Textbook. Volume 2). 7. completely reworked. Edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 1996, ISBN 3-8001-1080-6 , p. 317.
  23. ↑ Jürgen Martin: The 'Ulmer Wundarznei'. Introduction - Text - Glossary on a monument to German specialist prose from the 15th century. Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 1991 (= Würzburg medical-historical research. Volume 52), ISBN 3-88479-801-4 (also medical dissertation Würzburg 1990), p. 176.
  24. ↑ a b c Crops. In: FAO production statistics 2018. fao.org, accessed on February 27, 2020 (English). (Crops> Wheat)
  25. ↑ MATIF wheat contract prices .
  26. ↑ Wheat rate and other data, Frankfurt Stock Exchange .
  27. ↑ Katarina Schickling: Der Wahnsinn mit dem Weizen In: zdf.de , February 28, 2018, accessed on October 15, 2018.
  28. ↑ Wheat import due to the drought of the century. In: schweizerbauer.ch . May 20, 2019, accessed May 20, 2019 .
  29. ↑ Trade> Crops and livestock products> Wheat. In: Official FAO trade statistics for 2017. fao.org, accessed on February 27, 2020 .
  30. ↑ a b c Trnka, M., Feng, S., Semenov, MA, Olesen, JE, Kersebaum, KC, Rötter, RP, Semerádová, D., Klem, K., Huang, W., Ruiz-Ramos, M ., Hlavinka, P., Meitner, J., Balek, J., Havlík, P., Büntgen, U. 2019. Mitigation efforts will not fully alleviate the increase in water scarcity occurrence probability in wheat-producing areas. Science Advances, 5 (9). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aau2406
  31. ↑ Asseng, S. et al. (2015). Rising temperatures reduce global wheat production. Nature Climate Change, 5 (2), 143. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2470
  32. ↑ USDA analysis of wheat germ oil here online.
  33. ↑ Waldemar Ternes , Alfred Täufel, Lieselotte Tunger, Martin Zobel (eds.): Food Lexicon . 4th, comprehensively revised edition. Behr, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-89947-165-2 .
  34. ^ Sascha Peters: Materialrevolution II. De Gruyter, 2014, ISBN 978-3-03821-000-9 , p. 69.

Web links

Commons : Wheat ( Triticum )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files
Wiktionary: Wheat  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations