Djoserteni

Name of Djoserteni
Rock relief of Sechemchet in Sinai, the ruler wears the red crown on the left, the white crown on the right
Horus name	Sechem -chet Sḫm-ẖ.t With a mighty body
Sideline	Hetepren Nebti (Hetep ren nebti) Ḥtp-rn nbtj Satisfied is the name of the two mistresses
Proper name	Hetepren ( Hetepren ) Ḥtp rn With a happy name
Royal Papyrus Turin (No. III./6)	Djoser-ti Ḏsr-tj The Sublime Comes (with the name ideogram for a king who represents the Horus falcon)
List of Kings of Abydos (Seti I) (No.17)	Teti Ttj Of true greatness
List of Kings of Saqqara (No.13)	Djosertesi (Djoser-teti) Ḏsr-ttj The sublime, of true greatness
Greek Manetho variants:	Africanus : Tyreis / Tyris Eusebius : missing Eusebius, AV : missing

Djosertesi was probably the second ancient Egyptian king ( Pharaoh ) of the 3rd Dynasty ( Old Kingdom ), who, according to Thomas Schneider, lived from around 2700 to 2695 BC. Ruled. He is predominantly identified with the contemporary Horus name Sechemchet .

Contemporary evidence

Cartouche No. 13 in the list of kings of Saqqara with the name Djoser-teti

Two relief images of this pharaoh are known from Wadi Maghara ( Sinai ), which were wrongly ascribed to King Semerchet (1st Dynasty) until the discovery of the Sechemchet pyramid . The first, larger relief shows Sechemchet twice, one of the royal figures wearing the red crown , the other the white crown . The second, somewhat smaller relief shows the ruler traditionally " slaying the enemy ". Sechemchet is also very well documented by the unrolling of the seals from his step pyramid in Saqqara and from Elephantine .

Origin and family

Ivory splint from the Sechemchet complex with the controversial Nebti name

The majority of Egyptology sees Zechemchet as the brother of King Djoser . This assumption is based on two circumstances: On the one hand, Sechemchet had his tomb built in the immediate vicinity of the Djoser complex and the tomb architecture of the underground galleries is directly comparable to that under the Djoser pyramid. The architectural development under Sechemchet follows that of its predecessor directly. On the other hand, the rock reliefs in Sinai show striking stylistic similarities, especially since Sechemchet is depicted with exactly the same insignia and clothing as Djoser. In addition, there is worker graffiti in the Sechemchet complex, who name Imhotep as the construction manager . He was also responsible for the construction and supervision of the Djoser complex.

According to Wolfgang Helck, Sechemchet was possibly married to a queen named Djeseretanchnebti . Her name appears on several ivory stencils discovered in the underground galleries of the Sechemchet Pyramid . Toby Wilkinson and Zakaria Goneim , on the other hand, read the name as "Djeser-ti" and see it as the next name of the Sechemchet, they identify him with the cartouche names "Djesierteri" and "Teti II" from Ramesside king lists.

Reign

Cartridge name "Teti" from the inscription on the writing tablet from Giza

The Egyptologists are divided on the length of the government . For example, Myriam Wissa , citing the unfinished state of the Sechemchet pyramid, assumes a reign of six years. Also in the Turin Royal Papyrus , Sechemkhetes are awarded six years.

The Greek historian Manetho lists Sechemchet under the name Tyreis and certifies that the regent reigned seven years. Nabil Swelim , on the other hand, is 19 years old, since he suspects that Sechemchet might just as well be identical to the Tosertasis mentioned by Manetho . However, this view is generally rejected.

Special finds

Upper part of a clay seal on which Sechemchet's Nebti name appears

On the Nile island of Elephantine several clay seals were found on which Sechemchets Nebtiname appears. The Egyptologist Jean Pierre Pätznik examined the artifacts and discovered seals on which the Nebti name appears right next to Sechemchet's royal Serech .

Construction activity

The burial area of the Sechemchet is in Saqqara , diagonally across from the Djoser complex. A step pyramid ( Sechemchet pyramid ) with a leg length of 120 m and seven steps was planned. However, it remained unfinished with a height of seven meters. When completed, the pyramid would have been an estimated 70 m high.

On March 9, 1954, Zakaria Goneim discovered an undecorated alabaster coffin behind a sealed door in the 32 meter deep burial chamber, but it was empty. The sarcophagus is still a specialty because it has a front sliding door.

A number of side corridors branch off from the grave entrance. They were also unfinished and empty except for some ceramics and a little gold jewelry, the artifacts are now in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo . The side corridors lead to a long tunnel , which is carved into the rock in a U-shape and to which a total of 132 smaller storage rooms are connected.

In the mastaba- shaped south grave , Jean-Philippe Lauer found the remains of an approximately two-year-old boy.

Djoserteni in memory of ancient Egypt

Drawing of a section of the writing tablet from Giza with the cartouche names Bedjau, Teti, Radjedef, Chefren, Sahure and Neferirkare .

Only two brief mentions of Djosertali's name have come down to us from the Old Kingdom. The first is the writing tablet from Giza , which is now in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo (inv.no. JE 37734). The kings Bedjau , Teti, Radjedef , Chefren , Sahure and Neferirkare are named on the tablet . The cartridge name Teti is commonly identified with King Sechemchet. The reason for choosing these very kings is not known. The second mention of Djosertesis is on a fragment of an Abusir papyrus from the mortuary temple of Pharaoh Neferirkare. Much more than the mere attribution is not preserved. Due to the numerous other papyri that were found in Abusir , it can be assumed that the fragment is related to a foundation for a cult statue of the king.

A relief fragment from the grave of priest Mehu from Saqqara , which dates to the 19th or 20th dynasty , comes from the New Kingdom . Three deities are depicted on it, facing a number of deceased kings. These are Djoser and Djos erti from the 3rd dynasty and Userkaf from the 5th dynasty . Only a badly damaged signature remains of a fourth king, which was partly read as Djedkare , but occasionally also as Schepseskare . The relief is an expression of the personal piety of the tomb owner, who made the ancient kings pray to the gods for him.

A stele that was found in the Jeremiah monastery in Saqqara and was probably originally set up in a nearby temple belongs in a similar context . It comes from an official of the New Kingdom by the name of Ramose and shows him in adoration of a king who is identified by an inscription as Djosierteri.

The statue of the priest Jahmes (Ägyptisches Museum Berlin, inv. No. 14 765) dates from the Persian period , on the base of which it can be read that he carried out the service of the dead for the rulers Djoser and Djosatali.

The last mention of Djosertal comes from the Ptolemaic period . On a stele found in the Serapeum in Saqqara, its founder Nesnuuwer mentions his father Wenennefer , who was the priest of the kings Menes and Djosetzti.

literature

• Jürgen von Beckerath : Handbook of the Egyptian king names (= Munich Egyptological studies. Vol. 20). Deutscher Kunstverlag, Munich a. a. 1984, ISBN 3-422-00832-2 .
• Morsi Saad El-Din u. a .: Sinai. The site & the history. Essays. Photographs by Ayman Taher. New York University Press, New York NY 1998, ISBN 0-8147-2203-2 .
• Mohammed Zakaria Goneim : The Lost Pyramid. New edition published by Stefan Eggers. Books on Demand, Norderstedt 2006, ISBN 3-8334-6137-3 .
• Mohammed Zakaria Goneim: Excavations at Saqqara. Horus Sekhem-khet. The unfinished step pyramid at Saqqara. Volume 1. Institut français d'archéologie orientale, Cairo 1957, plate 145.
• Zahi Hawass (Ed.): The Treasures of the Pyramids. Weltbild, Augsburg 2004, ISBN 3-8289-0809-8 .
• Mark Lehner : The first wonder of the world. The secrets of the Egyptian pyramids. Econ, Düsseldorf a. a. 1997, ISBN 3-430-15963-6 .
• Pierre Montet : Ancient Egypt. Magnus-Verlag, Essen 1975.
• Jean-Pierre Pätznick: The sequence of the Horus names of the 3rd dynasty. In: Jean-Pierre Pätznick: The seal unrolling and cylinder seals of the city of Elephantine in the 3rd millennium BC. Securing evidence of an archaeological artifact (= Breasted, Ancient Records. [BAR] International Series. Bd. 1339). Archaeopress, Oxford 2005, ISBN 1-84171-685-5 , pp. 76-79 = excursus 1 (also: Heidelberg, Univ., Diss., 1999).
• Paule Posener-Kriéger, Jean Louis de Cenival: The Abu Sir Papyri (= Hieratic papyri in the British Museum. Ser. 5). British Museum, London 1968.
• Stephan J. Seidlmayer : The Relative Chronology of Dynasty 3. In: Erik Hornung , Rolf Krauss , David A. Warburton (eds.): Ancient Egyptian Chronology (= Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 1: The Near and Middle East. Vol. 83). Brill, Leiden u. a. 2006, ISBN 90-04-11385-1 , pp. 116-123 ( online ).
• Miroslav Verner : The pyramids (= rororo non-fiction book. Volume 60890). Rowohlt, Reinbek bei Hamburg 1999, ISBN 3-499-60890-1 .
• Dietrich Wildung : The role of Egyptian kings in the consciousness of their posterity. Volume 1: Posthumous sources on the kings of the first four dynasties (= Munich Egyptological studies. Vol. 17, ZDB -ID 500317-9 ). B. Hessling, Berlin 1969 (at the same time: Munich, Univ., Diss., 1967).
• Toby AH Wilkinson: Early Dynastic Egypt. Strategies, Society and Security. Routledge, London a. a. 1999, ISBN 0-415-18633-1 .

Web links

Commons : Djosertali  - collection of images, videos and audio files

• The Ancient Egypt Site (English)
• Jacques Kinnaer for Buried Pyramid (English)

Remarks

1. ↑ The proper name, as it is introduced from the 4th dynasty with "Sa Ra", does not yet exist at this time, which is why the transfer to proper name (Pharaoh) is basically problematic. The formulation proper name is based on Jürgen von Beckerath : Handbuch der Ägyptischen Könignames .
2. ↑ Term of office seven years.

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b} Mohammed Zakaria Goneim: Excavations at Saqqara. Volume 1. 1957, plate 145.
2. ↑ ^{a b c} Jean-Pierre Pätznick: The seal unrolling and cylinder seals of the city of Elephantine in the 3rd millennium BC. Chr. 2005, pp. 70-71.
3. ^ Alan H. Gardiner : The Royal Canon of Turin. Griffith Institute, Oxford 1997, ISBN 0-900416-48-3 , illustration 2. The representation of the entry in the Turin papyrus, which differs from the usual syntax for hieroboxes, is based on the fact that open cartridges were used in the hieratic . The alternating time-missing-time presence of certain name elements is due to material damage in the papyrus.
4. ^ Thomas Schneider : Lexicon of the Pharaohs. Albatros, Düsseldorf 2002, ISBN 3-491-96053-3 , p. 315.
5. ^ Toby Wilkinson: Early Dynastic Egypt. 1999, p. 99.
6. ↑ Morsi Saad El-Din et al. a .: Sinai. The site & the history. 1998, p. 30.
7. ↑ ^{a b c} Jean-Pierre Pätznick: The seal unrolling and cylinder seals of the city of Elephantine in the 3rd millennium BC. Chr. 2005, pp. 76-79.
8. ^ Mohammed Zakaria Goneim: Excavations at Saqqara. Volume 1. 1957, p. 21 ff .; also: Toby A. Wilkinson: Early dynastic egypt. 1999, p. 98 ff.
9. ^ Jean Claude Goyon, Christine Cardin (ed.): Proceedings of the Ninth International Congress of Egyptologists. = Actes du Neuvième Congrès International des Egyptologues (= Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta. Vol. 150). Volume 1. Peeters et al. a., Leuven et al. a. 2007, ISBN 978-90-429-1717-0 , p. 964.
10. ^ ^{A b} Toby Wilkinson: Early Dynastic Egypt. 1999, p. 98.
11. ↑ Wolfgang Helck : Investigations on the Thinite Age (= Ägyptologische Abhandlungen. Vol. 45). Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1987, ISBN 3-447-02677-4 , p. 108.
12. ↑ Edward Brovarski: Two Old Kingdom writing boards from Giza. In: Annales du Service des Antiquités de l'Égypte. Vol. 71, 1987, ISSN  1687-1510 , pp. 27-52, here: panel 1.
13. ↑ Myriam Wissa: About you sarcophage de Sékhemkhet. In: Catherine Berger (ed.): Études sur l'Ancien empire et la nécropole de Saqqâra dédiées à Jean-Philippe Lauer (= Orientalia Monspeliensia. Vol. 9, 2). Volume 2. Université Paul Valéry - Montpellier III, Montpellier 1997, ISBN 2-84269-046-X , pp. 445-448.
14. ^ Alan H. Gardiner: The Royal Canon of Turin. Griffith Institute, Oxford 1997, ISBN 0-900416-48-3 , illustration 2.
15. ^ William Gillian Waddell: Manetho (= The Loeb classical library. Vol. 350). Heinemann et al. a., London 1940, p. 77 (Reprinted edition. Harvard University. Press et al., Cambridge MA 2004, ISBN 0-674-99385-3 ).
16. ^ Nabil MA Swelim: Some Problems on the History of the Third Dynasty (= Archaeological and historical Studies. Vol. 7, ZDB -ID 800015-3 ). Archaeological Society of Alexandria, Alexandria 1983, p. 221 (also: Budapest, Univ., Diss., 1982).
17. ↑ Mark Lehner: The first wonder of the world. 1997, pp. 94-95.
18. ^ Mohammed Zakaria Goneim: Excavations at Saqqara. Volume 1. 1957, pp. 21-26.
19. ^ Jean-Phillipe Lauer: Recherche et Découverte du tombeau sud de l'Horus Sekhemkhet dans son complexe funéraire à Saqqarah. In: Revue d'Egyptologie. Vol. 20, 1968, ISSN  0035-1849 , pp. 97-107.
20. ↑ Dietrich Wildung: The role of Egyptian kings in the consciousness of their posterity. Part I. Posthumous sources on the kings of the first four dynasties (= Munich Egyptological Studies. (MÄS) Vol. 17). Deutscher Kunstverlag, Munich / Berlin, 1969, pp. 94–95.
21. ^ Paule Posener-Kriéger, Jean Louis de Cenival: The Abu Sir Papyri. 1968.
22. ↑ Dietrich Wildung: The role of Egyptian kings in the consciousness of their posterity. Part I. Posthumous sources on the kings of the first four dynasties (= Munich Egyptological Studies. (MÄS) Vol. 17). Deutscher Kunstverlag, Munich / Berlin, 1969, pp. 95–96.
23. ↑ Dietrich Wildung: The role of Egyptian kings in the consciousness of their posterity. Part I. Posthumous sources on the kings of the first four dynasties (= Munich Egyptological Studies. (MÄS) Vol. 17). Deutscher Kunstverlag, Munich / Berlin, 1969, p. 97.
24. ↑ Dietrich Wildung: The role of Egyptian kings in the consciousness of their posterity. Part I. Posthumous sources on the kings of the first four dynasties (= Munich Egyptological Studies. (MÄS) Vol. 17). Deutscher Kunstverlag, Munich / Berlin, 1969, pp. 97–99.
25. ↑ Dietrich Wildung: The role of Egyptian kings in the consciousness of their posterity. Part I. Posthumous sources on the kings of the first four dynasties (= Munich Egyptological Studies. (MÄS) Vol. 17). Deutscher Kunstverlag, Munich / Berlin, 1969, pp. 99–100.
26. ↑ Dietrich Wildung: The role of Egyptian kings in the consciousness of their posterity. Part I. Posthumous sources on the kings of the first four dynasties (= Munich Egyptological Studies. (MÄS) Vol. 17). Deutscher Kunstverlag, Munich / Berlin, 1969, p. 100.

predecessor	Office	successor
Djoser	King of Egypt 3rd Dynasty	" Hudjefa II. "