Far right symbols and signs

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Supporters of the international right-wing extremist scene use certain symbols and signs to show their sentiments in public. Like all symbols, they are used for quick recognition, i.e. they represent a cross-group and transnational code. According to German law, the public display of almost all right-wing extremist symbols or signs according to § 86 StGB ( dissemination of propaganda by unconstitutional organizations ) and § 86a StGB ( use of Marks of unconstitutional organizations ).

After 1945, symbols and signs of the National Socialist ideology , often referred to colloquially as Nazi symbols , were taken up again by the German and international right-wing extremist scene, partly reinterpreted and expanded with new abbreviations and symbols, especially in the 1990s. This development of new symbols or the appropriation of existing symbols (but not yet with right-wing extremist connotations) also took place as a replacement for prohibited symbols. The desire to use symbols only recognizable to insiders also played a role here - although many of these formerly "secret" symbols have meanwhile also become generally known.

species

This symbolic language includes, in addition to forbidden slogans such as “ My honor means loyalty ” and “ Everything for Germany ”, the use of terms from National Socialist terminology (“ Ostmark ”) and ciphers such as “ East coast (of the USA) ” for the supposedly from “the Jews "Dominated the political and media landscape of the USA," Central Germany "in a revisionist interpretation, terms such as the" club of fascism "," Auschwitz club "or even simple calendar dates (see anniversaries) .

Abbreviations

The letters or numbers listed here have established themselves in the neo-Nazi scene and are used in this form e.g. B. used as a non-punishable version for unconstitutional symbols or slogans. These abbreviations are used, for example, as imprints or patches on items of clothing such as baseball caps , T-shirts , etc. or as a supplement to signatures for texts, demonstration banners and flags, CD attachments or record covers, etc. to show your own convictions.

abbreviation meaning
13/4/7 stands as a numerical code for the abbreviation MdG , the form of greetings punishable in Germany and Austria, “ Mit deutschem Gruß ”.
18th stands for the 1st and 8th letters of the Latin alphabet and is used as a synonym for the initials of Adolf Hitler . This is the name of a neo-Nazi British terrorist organization Combat 18 , a side project of the right-wing rock band Sturmwehr is called Sturm 18.
28 stands for the 2nd and 8th letters of the alphabet and is an abbreviation for Blood and Honor . B&H is a neo-Nazi movement that is active in many countries and named itself after the slogan of the Hitler Youth . At the end of summer 2000, B&H and its youth organization White Youth were banned in Germany.
2YT4U / 2yt4u stands for the words "too white for you" (German: "too white for you")
74 stands for the 7th and 4th letters of the alphabet and serves as an abbreviation for " Greater Germany "
84 stands for the 8th and 4th letters of the alphabet and serves as an abbreviation for "Heil Deutschland" and is used as a greeting ("Heil dir")
88 stands for two times the 8th letter of the alphabet and serves as an abbreviation for the greeting " Heil Hitler ". For example, a well-known neonacite meeting place in Neumünster (Schleswig-Holstein) was called Club 88 and one of the oldest American Hatecore bands was called Chaos 88.
444 stands for DdD (“Germany the Germans”), this is supposed to symbolize the undesirability of foreigners.
19/8 stands for the 19th and 8th letters of the alphabet, as an abbreviation for "Sieg Heil".
192 stands for the letters 1, 9 and 2 of the alphabet, so "AIB" for "Adolf is back"
1488 stands for the Fourteen Words by David Eden Lane and the abbreviation "Heil Hitler", 8 = eighth letter in the alphabet, 88 = HH = Heil Hitler.

In addition, it can also 1 = A uf, 4 = D erm, 8 = H eil, 8 = H are itler.

1888 1 = A dolf, 8 = H itler, 8 = H eil, 8 = H itler
168: 1 is a cynical "balance sheet" of the bomb attack on the Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City (USA) on April 19, 1995. The combination of numbers, which first appeared on T-shirts of right-wing extremists in the USA, is said to be the 168 deaths caused by the attack , face the death of the main culprit Timothy McVeigh , who was executed for it on June 11, 2001 . McVeigh himself reportedly said to a journalist before his execution: "Put in the crudest way, it's 168 to one and he feels like the winner." He was in close contact with, and sympathetic to, various right-wing extremist organizations; Right-wing extremists consider him one of their own.
14 words stands for “We must secure the existence of our people and a future for white children” ('We must secure the continued existence of our people and the future of white children.') and refers to a quote by the American right- wing terrorist and racist David Eden Lane . The explanation that the number 14 stands for the 1st and 4th letters of the alphabet and is an abbreviation for “Auf Deutschland” is also rarely found. A well-known right-wing rock band is called 14 Nothelfer , their song 14 Words says: “There is a sentence that you never forget! Fight, live, argue for him! 14 words, never forget! ".
4/20 also 4:20 or 420. In the American date it stands for April 20, Hitler's birthday. This is unrelated to 420 in cannabis culture.
B&H Like “28”, it stands for Blood and Honor (Eng. ' Blood and Honor ').
C18 or 318 Combat 18 , armed arm of the neonazine Blood and Honor
HFFH stands for " Hammerskins forever, forever Hammerskins".
HooNaRa Name of a right-wing hooligan grouping (the acronym stands for " Hoo hooligans - Na zis - Ra ssisten").
JOG Jewish Occupied Government, Zionist or Jewish-occupied government.
RAC Rock Against Communism
RAHOWA stands for “ RA cial HO ly WA r”, which means “holy race war”.
SWP “Supreme White Power”, enhancement of “White Power”, means “highest (superior) white power”.
WAS (In Germany also WAW ): Stands for White Aryan Resistance ('White Aryan Resistance').
WAP In the more recent usage, stands for “White Aryan Power” ('White Aryan Power') in extension and based on the abbreviation above.
WOTAN stands for “Will Of The Aryan Nation”, in German: '[The] will of the Aryan Nation', based on the Germanic god Wotan .
WP stands for “ White Power ”, a motto of the Ku Klux Klan . It was later used by the British neo-Nazi Ian Stuart Donaldson , the singer of the band Skrewdriver , to summarize the Nazi and racist theory of the predominance of the "white race".
WPWW “White Pride World Wide”.
WWG1WGA “Where we go one we go all.” Slogan of the movement around the right-wing extremist and anti-Semitic conspiracy theory QAnon .
DRAW Zionist Occupied Government . Zionist / Jewish occupied government.
SGH Abbreviation for Sieg Heil.

Combinations of the respective number symbols such as 88/14 or 14/88 are also particularly popular. Right-wing rock and NSBM CDs cost 14.88 euros in neo-Nazi mail order businesses.

The following symbols are more common in the US than in Europe:

abbreviation meaning
5 “I have nothing to say.” ('I have nothing to say') Based on the 5th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States of America, the right to remain silent. A code for the unsaid that the listener or reader can think for themselves what it is.
311 Spoken "3 times 11". 11 stands for K, the 11th letter of the alphabet, hence KKK, the abbreviation for the Ku Klux Klan .
33/6 33 also stands for 3 times 11 and thus for KKK. 6 is the current era of the Ku Klux Klan as well as the number of founders of the association.
100% ... purely Aryan descent.
4/19 represents the date of the FBI's action against the Davidian sect in Waco in 1993 and the 1995 bombing of the Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City. It is a symbol of the aversion to the US government.
CI Christian Identity . This equates white and Christian identity, whereby at the same time only Christians are referred to as an alleged "chosen people" and Jews are excluded, since, according to right-wing extremists, they are descended from animals or Satan (see also anti-Semitism ).
UAO "United As One" ('united like one' or 'united as one'), greeting of white racists.
United States "Our blessed Adolf", first used by Winifred Wagner .
44 + 44 44 + 44 = 88, 88 for the eighth letter in the alphabet, the H , i.e. HH for Heil Hitler . In addition, the fours are each written like the SS sign.

Anniversaries

Different anniversaries have symbolic content:

Rituals

Summer and winter solstice celebrations are annual occasions for meetings of right-wing structures.

Clothing and accessories

Anti-Semitic demonstrator at a Gaza solidarity demonstration in Berlin in July 2014 (Basic Operation Protective Edge ), tattooed on forearm with keffiyeh and the number “88” as a code for Heil Hitler and 9/11

Items of clothing that show the letters nsdap ( Consdaple ) in the manufacturer's name or lettering are popular with the neo-Nazi scene . For example, the lettering is applied to shirts in such a way that when the jacket is open only the acronym of the forbidden party NSDAP is visible. Clothing companies such as Lonsdale (the letters NSDA can be seen here when the jacket is open) or Fred Perry distance themselves from such associations. In German-speaking countries, shoes from the New Balance brand are also enjoying a certain popularity with neo-Nazis . The reason for this is the brand's logo, a sewn “N” on the shoes, with which wearers identify themselves as “nationalists”. This association is also rejected by the manufacturer. The brand itself boycotted stores that were assigned to the right-wing scene.

Other popular accessories in the scene are clean-shaven heads and items of clothing from the Thor Steinar and Harry North brands . Other well-known brands in this scene are Troublemaker , Masterrace Europe , Pit Bull and Rizist . The Palestinian kerchief, originally from the left-wing political spectrum, is also enjoying increasing popularity in the neo-Nazi scene as an expression of anti-Semitism. The purpose of this change is to get into the social mainstream.

Flags

Flags are often carried on demonstrations and marches by the neo-Nazi scene. Some of the most common ones found at such events include:

  • Reichskriegsflagge : the Reichskriegsflagge existed in four versions in the years 1867–1945; The version from 1935 to 1945 is punishable, the version from 1867 to 1921 is for example confiscated by the police in the Free State of Saxony upon request. It was also used as a symbol of the National Collection (NS).
  • Black-white-red flags, sometimes with an Iron Cross : The colors are those of the North German Confederation from 1867 and those of the German Empire from 1871, which were picked up again by the National Socialists and in the “ Third Reich ”. They are in contrast to the colors black-red-gold , which u. A. stand for the March revolution of the German democracy movement, the Weimar Republic and today especially for the Federal Republic of Germany, which right-wing extremists want to overcome. In addition, it enables the public to tie in with National Socialism without being punished.
  • German flag: the colors black, red and gold are rejected by many right-wing extremists because they are both the national colors of the Weimar Republic , which the right-wing extremists rejected, and of the Federal Republic of Germany . However, it tries to catch up with the middle of society and to reach people who identify with the colors black, red and gold, but are not right-wing extremists. This is part of the normalization strategy of some right-wing extremists.

In addition, flags are carried by right-wing extremist organizations (for example the NPD or their youth organization the Young National Democrats ).

Graphic symbols

Many of the graphic symbols shown here are often used by right-wing extremists. However, since they are often of older (Germanic or Celtic) origin, some of them are also used by apolitical Goths or neo-pagans . Some are patches (Gauwinkel), others are used as jewelry (pendants of necklaces, etc.) and still others are used on posters, stickers and flyers. They are also worn as tattoos or sprayed, drawn and carved. The legal situation described relates to Germany.

  • Gau badge : also Gauwinkel, was used to classify the Gaue under National Socialism, see Gau (NSDAP) and Reichsgau ; punishable since 2002.
  • Yellow lambda on a black background in a yellow circle : symbol of the right-wing extremist Identitarian Movement , not punishable by law.
  • Swastika : sign of the NSDAP , negative sign of the Action Front National Socialists / National Activists (ANS / NA); forbidden and punishable in all conceivable variants, including reversed, negative etc., even (for a while) in the red crossed out version, a popular jacket patch for left-wing punk . However, this changed with a decision by the Federal Court of Justice in 1973.
  • Fascis also Fasces are symbolized bundles of wooden rods into which an ax is clamped. They go back to a long symbolic tradition in Italy. During the time of fascism in Italy, they became a symbol of Italian fascism, especially as a party symbol of Benito Mussolini's followers.
  • Hammer & Sword : Symbol of free nationalist groups (see Free Comradeships ); not punishable.
  • Celtic cross : In the form shown here (vertical bar and cross bar are the same length) symbol of the neo-Nazi scene ; it stands for the "superiority of the white, Nordic race". Since the Celtic cross was used in the flag of the neo-Nazi VSBD / PdA , which was banned by the Federal Minister of the Interior in 1982, it is considered a mark of an unconstitutional organization within the meaning of § 86 , § 86a StGB. Its use is therefore punishable. Especially in its original form, however, it is alsowornby Goths , metal fans and esoteric people without a right-wing extremist view of the world, for example as jewelry. In practice, its use is therefore usually only prosecuted if it is shown in connection with the VSBD / PdA. According to the latest case law of the Federal Court of Justice , isolated use of the symbol according to § 86a StGB, unless the external circumstances show that the protective purpose of the norm is clearly not affected, in particular the symbol is obviously used in a harmless context. Such a Celtic cross was among other things a symbol of the fascist French Parti populaire français in the 1930s.
  • Othala / Odal rune : symbol of the Hitler Youth, later used by the Wiking Youth and the Bund Nationaler Studenten (BNS); punishable (criminal liability sometimes disputed). In1993 themagazine Nation und Europa described it as "an old Nordic symbol of ancestral loyalty". (A slightly modified version is used as a so-called head angle in the Bundeswehr for the rank badges of the sergeant major , chief boatman and senior middleman .)
  • SA : sign of the Sturmabteilung , prohibited.
  • Black Sun : A symbol later identified as Black Sun allowed the SS into the Obergruppenführer's hall of the Wewelsburg . The symbol was only associated with the older esoteric-neo-Nazi concept of a black sun from 1991. The black sun is widespread both in the right-wing and in the apolitical esoteric scene. It shows a kind of sun wheel, the twelve spokes ofwhich can be interpretedas an inverse victory run . Three swastikas can also be recognized within the symbol. The black sun has therefore become a recognized replacement symbol for the two forbidden signs.
  • Sieg-Rune : In National Socialism as a simple victory rune symbol of the German young people in the Hitler Youth , as a double rune symbol of the SS, today often used instead of the normal spelling of the S; punishable. Like other runes , they are supposed to suggest a common "Germanic" past that is thousands of years old. The ANS / NA also used a victory rune with horizontal tips.
  • Sonnenkreuz : used in particular by the Ku Klux Klan; punishable.
  • SS skull with the SS slogan “ My honor means loyalty ”; punishable.
  • SS mark , punishable by law.
  • Mjölnir / Thorshammer : War hammer, iconographic attribute of the Germanic god Thor . A small hammer is worn as jewelry on a necklace. This jewelry is often worn by right-wing extremists because of the reference to “Germanism”, but to a large extent also by Goths, metallers and neo-pagan- oriented people without a right-wing extremist worldview.
  • Tomoe are actually symbols that are used in Japanese coats of arms , but also in Buddhism and Shinto . They consist of a circle in which (mostly) three Magatama -shaped figures with the bulge inwards form a kind of triskele. Japanese right-wing extremists ( uyoku ) sometimes wear bracelets on which four magatama are listed, so that the inner figure has four hooks like the swastika, which leads to a strong visual resemblance to the swastika armbands of the Nazi era.
  • Triskele : used by the Ku Klux Klan, the Afrikaaner Resistance Movement and the Blood and Honor network; not punishable.
  • White Power : uses a modification of the Celtic cross; punishable in this variant.
  • Wolfsangel : Symbol used by the National Socialists. TheHitler Youth adjutants wore thewolf tang as a sleeve patch . The SA standard Feldherrnhalle , the National Socialist School Association and the Panzer Brigade 106 Feldherrnhalle also used this symbol. In this context, the wolf angel is supposed to symbolize defensibility. After the end of the Nazi dictatorship, the symbol was occasionally picked up in right-wing extremist circles around the world. The Wolfsangel was the identification symbol of the Young Front (JF),which was banned in 1982. Nowadays the Ukrainian Azov regiment usesthe symbol. In the context of right-wing extremist organizations, using the wolf rod is a criminal offense in Germany. There is legal use, for example, in the coats of arms of numerous cities and municipalities, but also in forestry.

Gestures

Network jargon

In the net jargon of the neo-Nazi scene, the four is read as the Odal rune Othala and used as a distinguishing mark.

Legal situation

The dissemination and use of symbols and slogans from the time of National Socialism and banned neo-Nazi organizations is considered to be the use of symbols of unconstitutional organizations in German criminal law and is punishable under Section 86a of the Criminal Code. Often, similar but not forbidden labels are used. The use of signs that do not fall under Section 86a of the Criminal Code can in part be punished as sedition under Section 130 of the Criminal Code. According to the exception provision in Section 86 (3) of the Criminal Code, the “social adequacy clause”, acts are not punishable if they serve civic education, science, reporting on contemporary events or history or similar purposes.

In most countries, such as B. the USA, symbols of National Socialism may be worn in public.

literature

  • Friedrich Paul Heller, Anton Maegerle: The language of hatred. Right-wing extremism and ethnic esotericism - Jan van Helsing, Horst Mahler… Schmetterling, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-89657-091-9 . Above all, "The Symbolic Language of the Right-Wing Extremes", pp. 8–70.
  • Agency for social perspectives e. V .: hide and seek - lifestyle, symbols and codes of neo-Nazi and extreme right-wing groups. Berlin: rat, 2011; Brochure via www.aspberlin.de aspberlin.de
  • Interior Ministry North Rhine-Westphalia (ed.): Music - Mode - Trademark. Right-wing extremism among young people. Düsseldorf, 2004; ( im.nrw.de ( Memento from September 20, 2008 in the Internet Archive ; PDF); new edition from 2006 ( Memento from June 11, 2007 in the Internet Archive ; PDF))
  • Dirk Reuter: Verbotene Symbols, a criminal law dogmatic investigation into the prohibition of marks of unconstitutional organizations in § 86a StGB. Nomos, Banden-Baden 2005, ISBN 3-8329-1483-8 (= Criminal Law in Germany and Europe , Volume 13, also a dissertation at the Humboldt University in Berlin 2004 under the title: The use of symbols of unconstitutional organizations ).

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Right-Wing Extremism: Symbols, Signs and Prohibited Organizations (as of October 2018). (PDF) In: verfassungsschutz.de. Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution, accessed on December 18, 2018 .
  2. ↑ Right to extreme in the Bundestag. Time online , October 24, 2017
  3. ↑ Codes and ciphers of the “right” . ( Memento of the original from September 7, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In: polizei-beratung.de @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.polizei-beratung.de
  4. ↑ Constitutional Protection Report 2000 . ( Memento from September 22, 2003 in the Internet Archive ; PDF; 1.2 MB) Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution, p. 268.
  5. ↑ When Jürgen Möllemann propagated the election target of 18% of the vote as part of Strategy 18, the ambiguity of the number "18" was discussed at events (cf. Holger Kulick: 18 means Adolf Hitler . In: Spiegel Online ) and in some media speculates.
  6. ↑ Meet Russian Convicted Human Trafficker And Neo-Nazi Set To Fight In M1 MMA Event and marks and symbols of the right-wing extremist scene . (PDF) Brochure, p. 8
  7. ↑ Language Codes. Right-wing extremist language jargon with a symbolic character . IDA-NRW
  8. ↑ Thomas Grumke , Thomas Greven: Globalized right-wing extremism? The extremist right in the era of globalization. Vs Verlag, 2006, ISBN 3-531-14514-2 , p. 152
  9. ^ McVeigh's Final Day Before Execution . In: ABC News , June 10, 2001
  10. ↑ 168: 1 . In: TAZ , December 2, 2005
  11. ↑ "A ban would be insane" . ( Memento of the original from July 22, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In: 11 Freunde , July 18, 2011 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.11freunde.de
  12. ↑ The secret numerical codes and ciphers of the neo-Nazi scene . In: fluter.de , June 14, 2011
  13. ↑ Only the swastika is missing . In: Jungle World , No. 18, April 30, 2008.
  14. ↑ New Balance ( Memento of the original dated November 5, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. on dasversteckspiel.de; Retrieved June 9, 2016. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.dasversteckspiel.de
  15. ↑ New Balance doesn't want a Nazi image . ( Memento of May 28, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) netzeitung .de
  16. ^ Johanna Kramer: Neo-Nazis with a Palestinian cloth . In: Sächsische Zeitung , May 10, 2004
  17. ↑ The colors of the neo-Nazis . In: netz-gegen-nazis.de
  18. ↑ Black-Red-Gold: The symbol for the national identity of the Germans! (PDF; 2.4 MB) Alliance against violence, right-wing extremism and xenophobia, 2008.
  19. ↑ More details and illustration of a Gau angle , accessed on March 15, 2013
  20. ↑ BGHSt 25, 30; NJW 1973, 106. (full text under: Link )
  21. ↑ Press release No. 209/2008 of the Federal Court of Justice of November 14, 2008
  22. ↑ Julian Strube: The invention of esoteric National Socialism under the sign of the black sun. In: Zeitschrift für Religionswissenschaft 20/2, 2012, pp. 223–268
  23. ↑ netz-gegen-nazis.de
  24. ↑ Symbols Act - Consolidated Federal Law, version of 04.03.2019. In: RIS. Retrieved March 4, 2019 .
  25. ^ Wolfgang Wippermann : European fascism in comparison 1922–1982 . Suhrkamp, ​​Frankfurt am Main 1983.