Temple of the Egyptian Gods (Gortyn)

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Archaeological site of the temple

The temple of the Egyptian gods ( Greek Ναός Αιγυπτίων Θεών Naos Egyption Theon ) in Gortyn on the Greek island of Crete existed from the 2nd century BC. BC to the 4th century AD. It was dedicated to the gods Isis , Sarapis and Anubis . These had their Greek counterparts in Persephone , Hades and Hermes . The area of ​​the excavation site of the former temple, the only one of its kind in Crete, but not in the Greek world , is now enclosed with a chain-link fence and can be viewed from the outside.

Location and history

Entrance with information sign

The ancient city ​​of Gortyn, in Roman times the administrative seat of the double province of Creta et Cyrene and after the Diocletian reorganization of the province of Creta , was located in the south of the island on the Lethaios river (Ληθαίος ποταμός Litheos potamos ) in the Messara plain . The Temple of the Egyptian Gods was in a square in the center of the city, perhaps the Forum Gortyns. Today the EO97 road from Agii Deka (Άγιοι Δέκα) to Mires (Μοίρες) cuts through the former urban area in an east-west direction. The remains of Gortyn can be found on both sides, with the archaeological site of the Temple of the Egyptian Gods with its entrance on the northeast corner 100 meters south of the road. The coast in the west is 17.8 kilometers away, the south over the Asterousia Mountains (Αστερούσια Όρη) 14 kilometers. The area of ​​ancient Gortyn belongs to the municipality of Gortyna (Γόρτυνα) in the Heraklion regional district .

After Gortyn's expansion from the Acropolis on the northwestern hill of Agios Ioannis into the plain in the 8th century BC. And the relocation of the city center to the area of ​​the temple of Apollon Pythios in the archaic period (7th / 6th century BC), Gortyn replaced Phaistos as the main place of the Messara. In the 5th century BC Gortyn already had about 50,000 inhabitants. The competition among the Cretan cities, especially with Knossos and Lyktos , led in the Hellenistic period to changing coalitions with foreign powers such as the Antigonids , Ptolemies , but also the Attalids . On the initiative of the Egyptian king Ptolemy IV. Philopator , Gortyn became around 220 BC. BC on the hills Pervolopetra, Armi and Prophitis Ilias for a length of about 1500 meters with new walls made of coarse blocks of local limestone using the Emplekton technique . As a result of the Ptolemaic troops stationed in parts of Crete, it established itself in the 2nd century BC. The mystery cult of the Egyptian gods on the island , and for the Ptolemaic garrison in Gortyn arose in the first half of the century, possibly around 163 BC. At the time of Ptolemy VI. Philometor , the sanctuary for Isis, Sarapis and Anubis. Outside Gortyn the Egyptian gods were worshiped in Itanos and Poikilassos , in the Idean Grotto , Hierapytna , Lasaia , Soulia , Phoinix and Amnissos the cult is attested by inscriptions and finds. Sarapis was connected to Zeus, who was born in Crete, and Isis to Kore .

Isis and Sarapis from Gortyn

The piracy from Crete and the support of Mithridathes VI. led to conflicts with the emerging Roman Empire , which first came about in 71 BC. Under Mark Antony tried to take action against the island. The defeat of the Romans in a sea battle led to negotiations with the Cretan Confederation . The majority of the Cretans rejected the demands of the Roman Senate in an ultimatum . The island was then occupied by Q. Caecilius Metellus in a two-year war that lasted until 67 BC. Conquered while Pompey fought the pirates at sea. The defeat of the Cretans was also due to the fact that some Cretan cities allied with Rome. One of them was Gortyn, which was spared from destruction and looting and was then expanded to become the Roman provincial capital. The cult of the Egyptian gods subsequently played an important role in places on the trade route from Egypt to Campania .

The heyday of Gortyn extended from the Hadrianic period from around 120 AD to the Severan period, during which the city possibly grew to a population of 300,000. It was previously destroyed by an earthquake in AD 46, but was immediately rebuilt. The remains of the temple of the Egyptian gods that are visible today also date from the 1st or 2nd century. A dedicatory inscription on an architrave in front of the temple's facade testifies to this . The inscription contains the rebuilding of the temple by Flavia Philyra and her children, probably in the Trajanic period (98-117 AD). After the destruction of the temple in the 4th century, it was renovated slightly changed, only to be destroyed again shortly after the improvised reconstruction and not used again. This coincides with the spread of Christianity and its development into the state religion in the Roman Empire.

Excavation findings

The Temple of the Egyptian Gods was discovered by Italian archaeologists in 1913 and excavated by Gaspare Oliverio in 1913 and 1914 . Another excavation took place in 1997 under Antonino Di Vita . The revised floor plan shows that the temple of the 2nd century consists of an 8.50 meter wide and 8.20 meter long open courtyard surrounded by a wall with two entrances on the west side, a brick floor and an oikos (literally house , the temple building ), to which a small staircase led up. Of the seven inscriptions found in the Hellenistic predecessor building, six were built into the Oikos. While votive offerings and inscriptions were set up in the courtyard, there were low benches on the back wall of the oikos for three almost life-size cult images of Isis, Sarapis and Hermanubis. The dedicatory inscription on the 2.35 meter long limestone architrave on the west side in front of the temple facade reads:

Architrave in front of the temple facade

«Εἴσιδι ϰαὶ Σαράπιδι ϰαὶ ϑεοῖς συννάοις Φλαβία Φιλύρα μετὰ τῶν
τέϰνων Γ. [Μ] ετρωνίου Μαξί [μου] Φιλύρας καὶ Λυσκίας τὸν οἶκον καὶ ἐκ θεμελίων
κατασκευάσασ [α] κα [θίδρυ] σεν εὐχὴν καὶ χαριστῆιον. "

“ Isis, Sarapis and the gods belonging to them, Flavia Philyra and her
children C. Metronius Maximus, Philyra and Lyscia built the foundation-
based oikos for adoration and thanksgiving. "

The name Metronius Maximus in the dedicatory inscription could also be read Petronius Maximus . The oikos was no longer used after the temple was destroyed in the 4th century. Instead, a 7.50 meter long and 1.05 meter high podium was erected on the entrance stairs in the courtyard of the temple to display the three cult images . At the southern end, a staircase about 0.65 meters wide led to the dais . In this form, the cult building did not last long until the sanctuary was finally destroyed. In front of the podium, four statues were found during the excavations, that of Sarapis with the three-headed Kerberos , Isis with a sistrum in his right hand, a youth figure with a broken head and missing arms, which is probably Hermanubis, and one less carefully crafted female robe statue without head and arms. The cult images are assigned to the Antonine period of the 2nd century and possibly come from a workshop in Alexandria, Egypt .

In addition to the dedicatory inscription of Flavia Philyra on the architrave and the inscription fragments in the oikos, a stele with the following ancient Greek inscription stands in front of the north-west side of the temple facade , which indicates that the gods Sarapis and Isis were worshiped in the sanctuary:

Stele with inscription

«Ὁ Κρὴς εὗρε Πύροος με ϰαὶ ἀ | μφ 'ὤμοις διφάλετρον |
τόξον ἑλὼν Ἄρεος ἤπτ | ετο φυλόπιδος. |
εὗρε δ 'ἄρα πρόβλημα χρ | οός ϰαὶ τεῦχος ὀιστῶν |
ὁ ϑρασὺς Ἐρταίων φέρ | τατος ἐν προμάχοις, |
ἐξ οὗ πᾶσα φοβεῖ με νέ | ῳν ὠϰύδρομος ἥβη. |
σοὶ δὲ Σάρᾳπι ϰαὶ Ἶσι δῶ | ρον ὑπὸ προδόμωι |
ϑῆϰε μνημόσυνόν με Π | ύρως σοὶ τόνδ 'ἐπὶ νίϰης |
πολλάϰις ἐϰ πολέμον | ϰῦδος ἀηράμενος. »

A stylobate with four column bases has been preserved to the south of the stele and 3.80 meters west of the temple front . The bases measure 0.64 × 0.64 meters and are spaced 1.60 meters apart, with three in a row and the fourth in the north at right angles to the west. Of the columns that carried Ionic capitals , a 3.60 meter long, completely preserved column shaft and several fragments have been preserved. They are made of gray granite and, undamaged, had a diameter of 0.54 meters below and 0.43 meters above. The columns probably did not belong to the sanctuary, as previously assumed when they were considered part of a pronaos , but led as a colonnade paved with large limestone slabs from the Temple of the Egyptian Gods to the south in the direction of the Pythion and the theater of Gortyn.

Basin in front of the crypt

There was an annex on the south wall of the temple building, which was separated into two parts by a north-south facing, 0.90 meter thick wall. East of the wall was a 2.50 x 1.70 meter, shallow water basin. Remains of colored stucco can be seen on the two preserved walls of the basin. The brick floor covered with mortar plaster is 0.10 meters below normal level.

Entrance to the crypt
Crypt of cultivation

To the west of the partition is a deep room called the crypt . The separate walling of the crypt carried a barrel vault . Its entrance was to the west opposite the colonnade and south of the two temple entrances. There a statue of a Sarapis presumably seated on a throne was found on a 0.50 meter high pedestal . A 6.30 meter long and 1.50 meter narrow corridor on the south side of the crypt led from the entrance to the east to a 1.30 meter wide passage on the left to the lower areas. Three steps to the north lead behind the passage to a ledge that is 0.50 meters below normal level. Then five steps lead west to a 1.80 meter deep ledge, behind which there is a 0.40 meter deeper, 1.10 × 1.15 meter large basin, which is via a feed line in the west wall with a diameter of 0 , 11 meters and 2.10 meters above the pool floor, was filled with water.

Four niches were set into the walls of the crypt that were used to hold statuettes , one for each wall and direction. With the exception of the eastern niche, the upper part of which is missing, they have round arches made of fired bricks . The statuettes in the niches are likely to have been the deities Sarapis, Isis, Anubis and Harpocrates . Harpocrates describes a child god who formed a triad of gods with Sarapis and Isis . The distribution of the statuettes of the gods in the respective niches is unclear. The water systems with shallow basins and deep crypts are typical of temples of the Egyptian gods. They served initiation ceremonies , in which a cleansing bath was followed by an immersion bath with the gods of the underworld, a symbolic death of how Osiris drowned in the Nile . The system in Gortyn was relatively small, so that the initiate in the crypt probably stood up to his knees in the water, while more water poured over him from the pipe above the western niche. Similar larger-scale devices for initiation ceremonies are known from the Red Hall in Pergamon .

In the floor plan of the excavator Gaspare Oliverio, modified by Ian F. Sanders in his book Roman Crete (p. 75, fig. 15) in 1982, a cistern is added northeast of the temple courtyard. According to the reinterpretation by Antonino Di Vita, this belonged to several rooms below the Oikos from the 2nd century. In the first publication of his excavation report in 1914, Gaspare Oliverio also mentions later graves north of the sanctuary, in which he found a warehouse with Byzantine coins .

Found objects

Statue of Sarapis

Statue of Sarapis

The statue of Sarapis found in the courtyard of the temple, which probably stood in the middle between Isis and Hermanubis, is almost life-size and made of white marble. The standing god is depicted with a short-sleeved chiton and a himation above. With his raised left arm, he rests on a stick that reaches to the ground, which has not been preserved and which was hand-made down to the base for installation in the archaeological museum of Heraklion . This could have been a trident or a scepter .

On the head with long curly hair and beard just such Serapis wearing a twig ornate Kalathos . The god's gaze from a serious expression is directed downwards at an angle. The feet of the deity are provided with sandals. The hanging right arm of the statue is broken off above the elbow and is missing. Possibly the god's right hand was connected to the figure of Kerberos on his right side. The latter is three-headed and worked out in a sitting position. The dog's heads look in different directions and have a kind of mane .

Standing representations of Sarapis with Kerberos at his side are rare. A similar representation is known from a coin from a town called Apollonia, which was described by Friedrich Imhoof-Blumer in 1890 . Sarapis is represented by the arrangement with Kerberos as ruler of the underworld and merges in this form with Pluto , the god of the dead world in the depths of the earth, who largely corresponds to Hades .

Statue of Isis

Statue of Isis

Like the statue of Sarapis, that of Isis is made of white marble and was discovered in the courtyard of the temple. The standing goddess is shown with a double belted chiton and a pleated cloak. The coat is placed over the shoulders and covers the back of the head. Isis' parted and wavy hair above the forehead falls in carefully twisted curls from the temples to the shoulders. On the head, which is tilted slightly forward, a small solar disk can be seen above the crown between cult horns . In Isis, the sandals are only indicated in the front area of ​​the feet protruding from under the chiton.

The left arm and right forearm of the goddess lie against the body. The right forearm is angled slightly upwards to the front. In the raised hand, Isis holds a sistrum which , according to Egyptian belief, caused the flood of the Nile by shaking it . The left hand held an object at thigh level that had broken off and lost. A kind of handle and an impression of the goddess's pleated cloak remained in his hand. Similar representations of Isis suggest with certainty that it was a vessel, probably a situla .

Representations of the goddess comparable to the Gortynian Isis are numerous. For example, a statue from the Vatican Museums in Rome is described in a similar way. Like the statue from Gortyn, it lacks the otherwise typical knot of clothing on the chest in front of the right shoulder. Isis priestesses were often depicted with the attributes of their goddess. The appearance of the goddess can even be found on ancient coins.

Statue of Hermanubis?

The third meticulously crafted statue found in the courtyard of the temple is an almost life-size figure of a youth with a broken head and missing arms. Like the statues of Sarapis and Isis, it was located in front of the podium erected in the 4th century. The figure wears a coat tied together on both shoulders. A part of the Hermes staff can be seen on the left shoulder . A marble hand with a purse and a fragment of a dog's head were found near the statue. They are understood as belonging to the statue and, in connection with the cadre, led to the view that the youth figure must be Hermanubis.

The jackal-headed ancient Egyptian god Anubis was viewed by the Greeks and Romans as a god with a wolf or dog head. He is mentioned many times in Greek inscriptions, mostly together with other deities, such as Osiris and Isis, Sarapis and Isis, with them and Harpocrates , as well as Kanopos or the Dioscuri . In classical art, Anubis often appears in groups with the associated gods, rarely on their own. Together with the cult of the other Egyptian deities from the circle of gods Osiris and Sarapis, the worship of Anubis spread to Greece in Ptolemaic times. Like Anubis, the Greek Hermes and the Roman Mercury are gods of the deceased, who led their souls to the land of the dead or Hades, from which their equation was derived.

Female robe statue

Podium in Tempelhof

Compared to the three aforementioned statues, the female statue found next to the fragments of the supposed Hermanubis figure in front of the right part of the podium is less carefully crafted and somewhat larger than life. The figure depicted with a chiton and himation is missing the head and arms. The statue was probably on the ground floor, as it does not match the three statues of gods on the podium in terms of size and workmanship and a female figure was already set up there with the typical representation of Isis. Whether the female robed statue is an image of Flavia Philyra , the Oikos donor named in the dedicatory inscription, remains a questionable interpretation.

Other found objects

A headless marble statue of a person seated on a throne was found near the southwest corner of the temple courtyard. It probably stood on the 0.50 meter high pedestal at the entrance to the crypt, on which a step is attached. The statue of mediocre execution possibly represents the enthroned Sarapis. At the northwest corner of the temple courtyard a headless male half-bust was discovered with a raised left arm and a piece of clothing lying over the left shoulder. The less careful work cannot be assigned to any deity or person. In the archaeological museum of Gortyn near the Titus basilica there is still a carefully crafted female figure, the head missing and whose connection to the temple of the Egyptian gods is unclear.

Nothing is known about the whereabouts of other finds unearthed by Gaspare Oliverio. The objects he described in 1914 are some small heads, two female torsos , three small fragmentary terracotta female heads , small terracotta bull images and other small votive offerings . Among other things, they were in the crypt south of the actual temple house. One of the statuettes discovered there was a female terracotta without a head, which was wrapped in a cloak and could belong to the type of the "grieving Isis". Fragments of terracottas, which represented parts of cattle, are associated with the appearance of Isis as a cow or Apis bulls.

literature

  • Gaspare Oliverio: Santuario delle Divinita Egizie in Gortyna (Creta) . In: Annuario della Regia Scuola Archeologica di Atene e delle Missioni Italiane in Oriente . tape II . Instituto Italiano D'Arti Grafiche, Bergamo 1916, p. 309-311 (Italian, digitized version (Annate disponibili: 1916-1920, v. 2, Pagina: 309-311)).
  • Regina Salditt-Trappmann: Temple of the Egyptian gods in Greece and on the west coast of Asia Minor . Brill, Leiden 1970, ISBN 978-90-04-00564-8 , The Temple of the Egyptian Gods at Gortyn, p. 54-66 .
  • Reinhold Merkelbach : Isis regina - Zeus Sarapis. The Greek-Egyptian religion depicted according to the sources . 2nd Edition. Saur, Munich / Leipzig 2001, ISBN 978-3-598-77427-0 ( reading sample ).
  • Kathrin Kleibl: The water crypts in the Hellenistic and Roman sanctuaries of the Egyptian gods in the Mediterranean region . Universität Hamburg, Hamburg 2003, The Temple of the Egyptian Gods in Gortyn , p. 82–89 ( digitized version [PDF; 6.9 MB ]).
  • Martin Bommas: Sanctuary and Mystery: Greece and its Egyptian Deities . von Zabern, Mainz 2005, ISBN 978-3-8053-3442-6 .
  • Stefan Pfeiffer : The Correspondence of Egyptian Gods in the Greek Pantheon (cat. 171–181) . In: Herbert Beck, Peter C. Bol, Maraike Bückling (Ed.): Egypt Greece Rome. Defense and touch . Wasmuth, Tübingen 2005, ISBN 978-3-8030-1057-5 , p. 285–290 ( digital version [PDF; 5.2 MB ]).

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Trudy Ring, Noelle Watson, Paul Schellinger (Eds.): International Dictionary of Historic Places . tape 3 : Southern Europe. Fitzroy Dearborn, Chicago / London 1995, ISBN 978-1-884964-02-2 , Gortyn (Hērákleion, Greece), pp. 292 (English, excerpt ).
  2. ↑ a b Gernot Heinrich: Gortyn . In: Melissa Vetters (Ed.): Kreta-Excursion 2017: Guide to the sites and museums . Part 2. University of Salzburg, Salzburg 2017, p. 147 ( digital copy [PDF; 4.6 MB ]).
  3. ^ Antonis Vasilakis: Gortyn . Kouvidis-Manouras, Iraklio 2000, ISBN 960-86623-3-8 , History – Stadtanlage , p. 32 .
  4. ↑ Klaus Bringmann, Hans von Steuben (ed.): Donations from Hellenistic rulers to Greek cities and sanctuaries . Part I: Testimonials and Comments. Akademie, Berlin 1995, ISBN 978-3-05-006893-0 , Gortyn / Crete, p. 268-269 ( excerpt ).
  5. ↑ Werner Huss : Investigations into the foreign policy of Ptolemy IV . In: Munich contributions to papyrus research and ancient legal history . Booklet 69.Beck, Munich 1976, ISBN 978-3-406-00669-2 , Ptolemaios IV. And Crete, p. 162 (note, excerpt ).
  6. ↑ a b Kathrin Kleibl: The water crypts in the Hellenistic and Roman sanctuaries of the Egyptian gods in the Mediterranean area . Universität Hamburg, Hamburg 2003, The Temple of the Egyptian Gods in Gortyn, p. 82–84 ( digitized version [PDF; 6.9 MB ]).
  7. ^ Antonis Vasilakis: Gortyn . Kouvidis-Manouras, Iraklio 2000, ISBN 960-86623-3-8 , The cult of the Egyptian deities on Crete, p. 97-98 .
  8. ↑ Angelos Chaniotis: The ancient Crete (=  Beck series . Volume 2350 ). Beck, Munich 2004, ISBN 978-3-406-50850-9 , The Conquest of Crete by the Romans, p. 101 .
  9. ↑ Kathrin Kleibl: The water crypts in the Hellenistic and Roman sanctuaries of the Egyptian gods in the Mediterranean area . Universität Hamburg, Hamburg 2003, The Temple of the Egyptian Gods in Gortyn, p. 82 ( digital version [PDF; 6.9 MB ]).
  10. ^ A b Regina Salditt-Trappmann: Temple of the Egyptian gods in Greece and on the west coast of Asia Minor . Brill, Leiden 1970, ISBN 978-90-04-00564-8 , The Temple of the Egyptian Gods at Gortyn, p. 65 .
  11. ^ Antonis Vasilakis: Gortyn . Kouvidis-Manouras, Iraklio 2000, ISBN 960-86623-3-8 , The sanctuary of the Egyptian gods, p. 97 .
  12. ↑ a b Kathrin Kleibl: The water crypts in the Hellenistic and Roman sanctuaries of the Egyptian gods in the Mediterranean area . Universität Hamburg, Hamburg 2003, The Temple of the Egyptian Gods in Gortyn, p. 84–87 ( digitized version [PDF; 6.9 MB ]).
  13. ↑ Kathrin Kleibl: The water crypts in the Hellenistic and Roman sanctuaries of the Egyptian gods in the Mediterranean area . Universität Hamburg, Hamburg 2003, The Temple of the Egyptian Gods in Gortyn, p. 83–84 ( digitized version [PDF; 6.9 MB ]).
  14. ↑ a b Kathrin Kleibl: The water crypts in the Hellenistic and Roman sanctuaries of the Egyptian gods in the Mediterranean area . University of Hamburg, Hamburg 2003, Figure XXVII, p. 187 ( digitized version [PDF; 6.9 MB ]).
  15. ↑ Kathrin Kleibl: The water crypts in the Hellenistic and Roman sanctuaries of the Egyptian gods in the Mediterranean area . Universität Hamburg, Hamburg 2003, The Temple of the Egyptian Gods in Gortyn, p. 85–86 ( digitized version [PDF; 6.9 MB ]).
  16. ^ Margherita Guarducci : Inscriptiones Creticae opera et consilio Friderici Halbherr collectae, IV: Tituli Gortynii . Libreria dello Stato, Rome 1950, p. 306–307 (Latin, digitized version [PDF; 2 kB ]).
  17. ↑ Angelos Chaniotis, Giorgos Rethemiotakis: New inscriptions from the imperial Lyttos, Crete . In: Tyche . tape 7 . University of Vienna, Vienna 1992 ( digitized [PDF; 3.2 MB ]).
  18. ↑ George H. Chase : Archeology in 1913. II . In: The Classical Journal . tape 10 , no. 4 . Classical Association of the Middle West and South , January 2015, ISSN  0009-8353 , p. 147 , JSTOR : 3286675 (English).
  19. ↑ Katja Sporn : Ilaria Romeo - Elisa Chiara Portale, Gortina III. Le Sculture . Review. In: Johannes Bergemann, Bruno Bleckmann, Gerrit Kloß, Hartmut Leppin, Jan Radicke (eds.): Göttingen Forum for Classical Studies (GFA) . Issue 4. Duehrkohp & Radicke, 2001, ISSN  1437-9074 , p. 1024 ( digital copy [PDF; 187 kB ]).
  20. ^ Margherita Guarducci: Inscriptiones Creticae opera et consilio Friderici Halbherr collectae, IV: Tituli Gortynii . Libreria dello Stato, Rome 1950, p. 302–303 (Latin, digitized version [PDF; 2 kB ]).
  21. ^ Regina Salditt-Trappmann: Temple of the Egyptian gods in Greece and on the west coast of Asia Minor . Brill, Leiden 1970, ISBN 978-90-04-00564-8 , The Temple of the Egyptian Gods at Gortyn, p. 55 .
  22. ↑ a b Kathrin Kleibl: The water crypts in the Hellenistic and Roman sanctuaries of the Egyptian gods in the Mediterranean area . Universität Hamburg, Hamburg 2003, The Temple of the Egyptian Gods in Gortyn, p. 86 ( digital version [PDF; 6.9 MB ]).
  23. ^ Regina Salditt-Trappmann: Temple of the Egyptian gods in Greece and on the west coast of Asia Minor . Brill, Leiden 1970, ISBN 978-90-04-00564-8 , The Temple of the Egyptian Gods at Gortyn, p. 61-62 .
  24. ↑ Kathrin Kleibl: The water crypts in the Hellenistic and Roman sanctuaries of the Egyptian gods in the Mediterranean area . Universität Hamburg, Hamburg 2003, The Temple of the Egyptian Gods in Gortyn, p. 87–88 ( digitized version [PDF; 6.9 MB ]).
  25. ^ Regina Salditt-Trappmann: Temple of the Egyptian gods in Greece and on the west coast of Asia Minor . Brill, Leiden 1970, ISBN 978-90-04-00564-8 , The Temple of the Egyptian Gods at Gortyn, p. 64 .
  26. ↑ Kathrin Kleibl: The water crypts in the Hellenistic and Roman sanctuaries of the Egyptian gods in the Mediterranean area . Universität Hamburg, Hamburg 2003, The Temple of the Egyptian Gods in Gortyn, p. 84 ( digital version [PDF; 6.9 MB ]).
  27. ↑ a b Gaspare Oliverio: Scoperta del Santuario delle Divinita 'Egizie in Gortyna . In: Annuario della Regia Scuola Archeologica di Atene e delle Missioni Italiane in Oriente . tape I . Instituto Italiano D'Arti Grafiche, Bergamo 1914, p. 377 (Italian, digitized version (Annate disponibili: 1914, v. 1, Pagina: 377)).
  28. ^ Friedrich Imhoof-Blumer : Greek coins. New contributions and research . In: Treatises of the philosophical-philological class of the Royal Bavarian Academy of Sciences . tape 18 . Royal Academy, Munich 1890, No. 816, p. 771-772 ( digitized version ).
  29. ^ Regina Salditt-Trappmann: Temple of the Egyptian gods in Greece and on the west coast of Asia Minor . Brill, Leiden 1970, ISBN 978-90-04-00564-8 , The Temple of the Egyptian Gods at Gortyn, p. 57-58 .
  30. ^ A b Regina Salditt-Trappmann: Temple of the Egyptian gods in Greece and on the west coast of Asia Minor . Brill, Leiden 1970, ISBN 978-90-04-00564-8 , The Temple of the Egyptian Gods at Gortyn, p. 58-60 .
  31. ^ Walter Amelung : The sculptures of the Vatican Museum . Volume I: Text. Georg Reimer, Berlin 1903, 31st statue of Isis (plate VII), p. 45-46 ( digitized version ).
  32. ^ A b Regina Salditt-Trappmann: Temple of the Egyptian gods in Greece and on the west coast of Asia Minor . Brill, Leiden 1970, ISBN 978-90-04-00564-8 , The Temple of the Egyptian Gods at Gortyn, p. 60-61 .
  33. ^ Richard Pietschmann : Anubis . In: Paulys Realencyclopadie der classischen Antiquity Science (RE). Volume I, 2, Stuttgart 1894, Col. 2645-2649.
  34. ↑ Max Pieper : Hermanubis. In: Paulys Realencyclopadie der classischen Antiquity Science (RE). Volume VIII, 1, Stuttgart 1941, Col. 714.
  35. ^ Regina Salditt-Trappmann: Temple of the Egyptian gods in Greece and on the west coast of Asia Minor . Brill, Leiden 1970, ISBN 978-90-04-00564-8 , The Temple of the Egyptian Gods at Gortyn, p. 61 .
  36. ^ Regina Salditt-Trappmann: Temple of the Egyptian gods in Greece and on the west coast of Asia Minor . Brill, Leiden 1970, ISBN 978-90-04-00564-8 , The Temple of the Egyptian Gods at Gortyn, p. 63 .
  37. ^ A b Regina Salditt-Trappmann: Temple of the Egyptian gods in Greece and on the west coast of Asia Minor . Brill, Leiden 1970, ISBN 978-90-04-00564-8 , The Temple of the Egyptian Gods at Gortyn, p. 65 .
  38. ↑ Kathrin Kleibl: The water crypts in the Hellenistic and Roman sanctuaries of the Egyptian gods in the Mediterranean area . Universität Hamburg, Hamburg 2003, The Temple of the Egyptian Gods in Gortyn, p. 88 ( digital version [PDF; 6.9 MB ]).

Web links

Commons : Temple of the Egyptian Gods at Gortyn  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Coordinates: 35 ° 3 ′ 36.9 ″  N , 24 ° 57 ′ 1.2 ″  E