Thasos (ancient)
 
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The location of the ancient island state of Thasos on the map of Greece |
The ancient island state of Thasos ( Greek Θάσος ) with its capital Thasos on the island of the same name developed from around 680 BC. In the course of the Greek colonization in the North Aegean. As early as the 6th century BC In BC, the city and the island achieved great importance in the Greek world and flourished, which lasted for centuries with cuts and interruptions. With a total population on the island in the 5th century BC From 60,000 to 80,000 BC, the ancient Polis of Thasos had a population of around 20,000. In the 7th century AD the city was destroyed and deserted.
Foundation and development of the ancient city
35 km from the mainland, under the protection of Cape Evraiokastro to the east and Cape Pachys to the west, the ancient city benefits from a number of advantages that the colonizers of Paros could take advantage of. In a favorable geographical location, at a crossing point of the sea routes, in a fertile and water-rich coastal plain, with pending marble in the immediate vicinity, an acropolis near the sea, a protected settlement could be developed.
Pre-colonial period
In the area of the ancient city of Thasos, according to archaeological findings, there were various settlement sites in pre-colonial times. Building remains and ceramics that can be dated from the residential areas at Hermes-Tor testify to the founding and development of an extensive living area that dates back to the 8th century BC. BC and was used until the early Christian period. Also in the area of Herakleion and Dionysion there are indications of prehistoric settlement at the end of the 8th and beginning of the 7th century BC. Surrendered. A mighty layer of iron slag from archaic times in the area of the Artemis Temple makes early mining and smelting activities seem a given.
7th century BC Chr.
Already in the 7th century BC The most important cult area of the city, the Herakleion , in honor of the Melkartian Herakles, with a modest temple (10 × 7 m) with sacrificial pits in the north and a centrally arranged altar arises in the southwest . The Artemision will be built in the center of the planned city. The various excavation finds included vessels and terracottas from the second half of the 7th century BC as offerings. BC to Roman times, a fact that proves the early flowering of the cult at this point, as well as the long-lasting existence of the sanctuary.
One of the city's most important places of worship, the Pythion , with the temple of Pythian Apollo is being built on the rock of the northern summit of the Acropolis . The entrance to the Temenos was decorated with reliefs of a panther and a lion. Particularly impressive in the east of the Pythion is a mighty, up to 10 m high, ancient section of the city wall of 30 m long made of large, flat gneiss blocks. In 1914, the Kouros, which is now in the city's museum, was discovered on its northwestern retaining wall . On the middle rocky peak of the Acropolis, in the middle of the 7th century BC The first archaic temple of Athena Poliouchos and Patroie, the city goddess and protector of the city, was consecrated on a terrace built to the northwest : foundations over a length of 16 m within the cella of the temple built around 150 years later, remains of a terrace on the slope and Fragments of ceramic figurines, vases and votive bowls indicate archaic origins.
The founding sites of the most important sanctuaries, Artemision and Herakleion in the area of the lower city, as well as Pythion and Athenaion on the Acropolis, were determined early and served as fixed points in spatial urban planning . At the end of the 7th century, two settlement and living areas develop, one around the Herakleion, the other near the Artemision. They are connected by a road that followed an isohypse between the Acropolis and the sea in a south-west-north-east direction in its course until the imperial era. This broad, paved main traffic axis , also known as the “Street of the Sanctuary of the Charites”, finally leads from the Caracalla Arch in the southwest to the Passage of the Theoroi in the east.
6th century BC Chr.
At the northeast end of the street of the Theoroi is the city's most venerated monument, that of Glaucus , one of the city's founding fathers, who lived with Archilochus in the 7th century BC. The island colonized, erected. The monument will later be moved to the north-eastern portico of the agora.
The most important early places of worship are enlarged: The Herakleion learns at the beginning of the 6th century BC. An extension to an area of 85 × 50 m. In the center of the recessed, walled central square is the early altar (13 × 5.70 m), in the south a building with a portico and five rooms is being erected, which were probably used for banquets at cult celebrations. In place of the first early sanctuary, a Doric temple (17.4 × 7.4 m) will be erected on a raised terrace facing the altar . In the Artemision , too, an altar or temple is being built on a high terrace (33 × 33 m). New residential areas are growing south of the Herakleion and north of the Hermes Gate . An urban square develops between these two settlement areas, the later expanded agora. The ruins of the Athenaion , which are still impressive today , are a 55 × 35 m platform created at the end of the 6th and beginning of the 5th century. This is above the first terrace of the 7th century BC. It was piled up on the rock and surrounded in the west and north by a high retaining wall made of mighty, rectangular marble blocks. The amphiprostyle Temple of Athena , newly built on it, consists of a western pronaos , a cella and an eastern opisthodom . The altar is believed to be west of the pronaos. Access is on the east side via a monumental, 8 m stepped propylon . At the same time, the city wall adjacent to the south is under construction. The marble blocks built into the wall come from the destroyed archaic temple. The Thesmophorion , a sanctuary of Demeter and Kore , is dated to the end of the 6th century BC. Dated. It stands in the extreme north of Cape Evraiokastro over an approximately 30 m long retaining wall made of large gneiss blocks. Finds of burnt eaves bricks, figurines and inscriptions that testify to the veneration of Zeus, Athena, Artemis and the nymphs, point to sacrifice or thanksgiving feasts that began around 480 BC. Were celebrated outside the city walls in honor of the Athena patrol by the Thasite women, the Patrai.
5th century BC Chr.
The growing wealth and the strong construction activity of the city are based to a not insignificant part on the underground gold mining that took place in this century within the city area, under the Acropolis of Thasos. One of the connections from the city to the tunnel entrances is the road leading from the Artemision to the southern height of the Acropolis. The Pan Sanctuary , a semicircular niche decorated with a banquet scene on the inside, is being built on the top of the rock .
The century of great architectural realizations in the city begins with the construction of the city wall , which serves to manifest power and wealth, while also defining the boundaries of the ancient city. The circle of the wall is a little more than 4 km long and includes an area that was only rarely inhabited until then. To protect the closed port, it will have its own port wall . The wall was built during the time of the Persian threat. After the siege of the city by Histiaios , the Thasites force shipbuilding and strengthen the city wall. A few years later this wall must be razed by order of Darius I , whereupon the Thasites immediately restore it again. In 463 BC The Athenians order the wall to be torn down. Another repair takes place towards the end of the 5th century BC. Chr. Further restorations follow. Despite these vicissitudes, the part of the walls that can be seen today dates from the 5th century. With an average thickness of 2 m, the wall is built in a shell construction, made of outer stone blocks and filled and tamped earth or stones in between. The outer wall bond varies. So you can find sections of polygonal masonry, or a construction made of coarse, sometimes cyclopean blocks of marble. Between the Pythion and the theater, stone layers made of long gneiss blocks predominate, in some sections also a mixture of gneiss and marble. The most common type of wall consists of evenly carved and layered marble. Below the pan break off is a mighty block that has fallen out of the wall and has large apotropaic eyes carved into it . More than 15 towers and corner bastions will be integrated into the city wall, including the magnificent tower at the gate of Zeus and Hera and an unusual tower bastion with an imposing marble staircase at the Pan Abbruch.
Cyclopean-like masonry, below the Pan Abort, from the northeast
Layered, cyclopean masonry over Parmenon Tower, from the south
Polygonal, layered masonry below the theater, from the southeast
Layered masonry over the Thesmophorion, from the north
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Eleven city gates will be built, five of which, unique in Greece, are decorated with reliefs on the passage sides depicting gods or heroes as protectors of the city: the gate of Hermes and the Charites with a male figure, cloak slung over his shoulder, walking towards the city, behind him three veiled female figures; the gate of the goddess on the chariot or triumph gate, a relief representation of the goddess Artemis on a chariot drawn by two horses in a finely pleated cloak, the reins in the left hand, the team leading a male figure ( Hermes ); the monumental gate tower of Zeus and Hera with the representation of the enthroned Hera, the scepter in her hand, in front of it the winged messenger Iris ; the most important gate of the city, that of Heracles and Dionysus , with a width of 4.75 m, an inscription naming Zeus, Semele and Alcmene as protectors of the city, including a relief of Heracles kneeling as an archer in a lion's skin , opposite the Depiction of Dionysus with maenads; the Gate of Silenus , with a monumental relief 2.4 m high, the largest known figure relief in the Greek world, showing a Silenus walking towards the city and holding a kantharos , including a gable niche for offerings; a powerful sally , a Poterne between Silen- and Parmenon -Tor; the gate of Parmenon with the inscription “Parmenon made me”.
Gate of Hermes and the Charites, from the northeast
Gate of the goddess with the chariot, from the northeast
Gate of Zeus and Hera, from the southeast
Gate of Silenus, from the south
470-460 BC A two-story building (55 × 13 m) was built in the area of the public square. The entrances to the seven rooms to the street running north-east along the building, as well as to the eight rooms to the agora, suggest that it is the Prytaneion , the seat of the city's magistrate. This building was used until the late imperial era. The main traffic artery experiences around 480 BC. At its east end a monumental and spectacular extension through the construction of the passage of the Theoroi . The 11 m long, paved passage shows reliefs with depictions of Apollo and the nymphs on the west side and Hermes with the Charites on the east side. The associated inscriptions reflect sacrifice regulations. Sacrificial niches in the passage point to nymph and Charite cults, and lists of the Thasite cult officials, the Theoroi, are carved on the walls. The reliefs of the passage were discovered in 1864 by the French traveler E. Miller and brought to the Louvre museum.
On the excavated stele of the port there are three streets in the city at that time: The "street of the sanctuary of the Charites" as the great lifeline between Herakleion and Artemision, the "street along the Prytanaion", and the "street from Herakleion to the gate at the Fishing". The city's original port is located in the bay directly southwest of Cape Evraiokastro. He was probably in the 7th and 6th centuries BC. BC without landing stage and wave protection. The northern pier, the foundations of which are still visible under water today, was built around 500 BC. Built in BC and has a length of about 110 m and a width of 18 m. A mighty tower with a diameter of about 20 m will be placed at the head of the pier. A wall is being built on the north side of the jetty, the thickness and height of which corresponds to the city wall and which should have served as protection against wind and waves. The second port of the city, the closed port , exclusively as a naval port is used, v is the beginning of the fifth century. Extensively protected by jetties, walls and lighthouses jutting out into the sea. At the beginning of the century the Thasitian fleet had 45 to 50 triremes , for the maintenance of which 15 protective structures, neoria , were built on the three inner sides of the port . Some of the foundation walls are still preserved underwater. The port is protected on the city side by a wall.
The building of the wall, which was gigantic for Thasos, is accompanied at the same time by several extensive construction activities in the cultic, public and private areas: The residential areas are from the area north of the Hermes Gate (House of Dimitriades) to the Zeus Gate to the southwest and extended to the Silenian Gate to the south. In Artemision you now enter the square with a large rectangular altar and the temple area of the patron goddess Artemis via the stairs of a monumental propylon. A large rectangular sacrificial pit will be built, leaning against the lower terrace wall, and a second round sacrificial pit on the square below the sanctuary; In Herakleion , the 7th century temple is being replaced by a new temple with a cella measuring 13 × 9 m. The east side is built on with a gallery of 8 × 63 m, the south side with the rooms for the supply of the citizens participating in the sacrificial festivals. The terrace of the Pythion is extended to the west and provided with a 40 m long retaining wall. End of the 5th, beginning of the 4th century BC The Poseidonion (49 × 33 m) arises behind the city wall by the sea, within a wall of uniform, regular blocks . A monumental two-door entrance from the northwest leads through a row of columns into the inner courtyard. The right side of the courtyard is built on with a row of 6 rooms with a column hall in front, which probably served as guest accommodation (hestatoriums) at the winter celebrations in honor of Poseidon. In the middle courtyard there are various constructions from northeast to southwest: a round base as a pedestal for a statue, a right-angled altar and the platform of a small chapel. The statuettes of a female goddess riding a dolphin, an Aphrodite Pelagia or Amphitrite are displayed here. In front of the entrance to the sanctuary there is an altar opposite the gate of the goddess, which bears the inscription Hera of the port . While the location of the old necropolises of the 7th and 6th centuries BC Until today is unknown, are from the 5th century BC. Many sarcophagi were recovered and graves uncovered until the 3rd century AD. Numerous valuable grave steles also date from this period.
4th and 3rd centuries BC Chr.
After the political and military turmoil of the 5th century, the 4th century BC applies. For Thasos as a period of economic prosperity. The high-yield gold mining continues under the Acropolis . The favorable situation is clearly expressed in the 1st half of the 4th century BC. BC in urban development and architecture, but especially in the placement and structuring of the agora . The layout of the system is defined in the general lines on the approximately 120 × 140 m trapezoidal area. The sparse remains of buildings from the 6th and 5th centuries BC In the north and in the western corner of the square are insignificant. The earliest building built within the square is the sanctuary of Zeus Agoraios Thasios , built at the beginning of the 4th century, belonging to the market . The temple of the Antes with vestibule (12 × 6 m) and a rectangular altar are placed in the northern area of the agora, enclosed by a parapet-like wall.
In the second half of the 4th century BC The demarcation of the square continues to take shape: to the northeast it is the marble Paraskenia building (21.55 × 9.33 m), a courthouse with an impressive 12-column Doric front. In the architrave there are parts of the founders' inscriptions, the eaves tiles are decorated with decorative ornaments. Inside, on the wall, is the list of the archons of the city's first magistrate, which is continued until the 3rd century AD. There is also the official correspondence with Rome in the 1st century BC. and inscribed AD. In honor of the Thai athlete Theagenes , a step altar and statue are erected in the north-western area of the agora.
Towards the south-east, an approximately 140 m long and 10 m deep, single-storey farm building was built , which extends to the south-west about 60 m over the agora. The rooms, accessible from the main road, house numerous shops, workshops, storage and living spaces. Two passages lead into the agora, a third directly to the closed harbor. There, at the connection between the city and harbor walls with three casemates, the gateway to the sea will be created .
According to Hippocrates, the city's theater already existed in the 2nd half of the 5th century BC. There is no archaeological evidence of this, although there seem to be archaic remains in the area of the stage building. According to more recent studies (1992–1995) the stage building (Koilon) and the auditorium will be the first to be built at the end of the 4th to the first quarter of the 3rd century BC. Built in BC. The proscenium , beginning of the 3rd century BC Donated by the citizen Lysistratos in BC, it has 12 Doric columns with a shaft length of about 4.8 m between two pilasters and an architrave with a triglyph frieze .
Hippocrates mentions Dionysion as early as the 5th century BC. The district is only partially uncovered to this day. The best preserved parts of the surrounding wall made of marble blocks from the 4th century BC. The votive base between the entrance gates from the end of the 4th or beginning of the 3rd century BC. BC has carried several statues depicting the personifications of tragedy, comedy, dithyrambos and nocturne. In the monument to the northwest, two statues, probably of Dionysus and a female figure, are placed. In the extreme northeast of the square a considerable monument with a total height of 9 m with a portico of four Doric columns and a large semicircular base is erected in the sacred area. The names of the arts and their actors are chiseled in, with a larger than life Dionysus in the center. In front of the monument's stairs are two 4th century BC altars. BC, at which one has sacrificed to the good daimon and the good Tyche .
End of the 4th century BC The very important marble monument of Thersilochus was built in the immediate vicinity of Herakleion . The structure measures 32 × 32 m. The entrance to the northeast leads through a vestibule with 8 Doric columns. Inside there are 16 Ionic columns with a shaft length of 6.5 m on massive plinths in a square of 15 m each. An inscription on the facade architrave gives the name of the Thasitic donor Thersilochus.
Beginning of the 3rd century BC The delimitation of the agora towards the harbor is created by the construction of the monumental, marble north-west portico . It is around 98 m long, 14 m wide and has a considerable ceiling span of around 12 m. Towards the square, between the ante, there are 35 Doric columns with shaft lengths of 5.2 m and a lower diameter of 0.7 m. The triglyph frieze is crowned by a chain of sculptures with acanthus tendrils , over which eaves tiles with lion heads. The northern vacant lot of the agora is closed with the large tuff building . In the southwest wall of this building, large-block orthostats are processed in the Hellenistic style . The semicircular foundation inside suggests that it is the bouleuterion of the city.
The southern route of the city wall was discovered in the middle of the 3rd century BC. A reinforcement through the installation of 13 mighty towers, as well as the redesign of the city gates of Zeus, Silenus and Hermes. For the first time from the middle of the 3rd century BC. The residential area of the city declined, which continued during the last two centuries BC. Certain parts of the city that were once densely populated are being abandoned or are only sparsely populated.
2nd and 1st century BC Chr.
During this period, the agora took on its definitive form with the construction of porticoed halls on three sides. The north-east columned hall connects to the Paraskenia and has 12 monolithic Doric columns. In front of the hall is the Glaucos monument from 600 BC that has been moved here. On the main road in the southeast, the row of buildings from the 4th century BC A 90 m long two-storey pillar gallery was added, which includes a long hall 9 m wide. In front of it, the southeast columned hall with 33 monolithic Doric columns is being built towards the inside of the square . On the south-west side the agora is closed by the likewise Doric south-west columned hall with again 32 columns. The portico runs in the direct direction of the road from the sea gate to the west corner of the agora. This access is via a wide staircase and through a vestibule with two columns on the west side to the agora with a two-winged gate. A building wing with 3 halls and a monumental passage from the south corner of the agora to a large public square surrounded by buildings outside the agora forms the end of the agora to the southwest.
1st to 3rd century: Roman era
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In the 1st century AD, especially under Emperor Hadrian , another period of renewal takes place across the city. According to the new taste, the theater is being converted for plays with wild animals and for gladiator fights: the orchestra is transformed into an arena. Around 140 AD, the Thasit Heragoras had a balustrade attached to the foot of the tribune, surrounded by a protective grille. The stage building is being renewed. In the center of the agora is a monument dedicated to the Emperor Augustus and his family, especially his son Lucius Caesar. On the western corner of the square, with a connection to the road to the sea, the square with Exedra is being created , a marble-covered, peristyle square with three-sided colonnades, facing the street with Ionic columns, Corinthian capitals and a monumental entrance, at the back there is the Exedra . An inscription indicates that the Thasite Komis was the donor. In the south-west of the public square, the five exedra , semicircular marble benches with bronze statues raised in the middle, are being erected. Not far from the south corner of the public square, on the southeast side of the main street, the Thasite Tiberius Claudius Cadmos has the sculptor Limendas build another monumental exedra with an Ionic frieze and statues of his family.
A locally defined necropolis has not yet been found inside or outside the ancient city . However, especially through the statements of the early travelers, clear indications have emerged that the necropolis can be assumed in the plain in front of the western and southwestern gates of the city. In this area, as well as at the port and on the arterial roads, more than 50 sarcophagi and numerous grave stelae were described at the beginning of the 19th century.
In the 2nd half of the 2nd century the residential areas of the city expanded again inside the walls, as well as outside to the west. Warehouses and magazines from the 1st century AD have to give way here. Further south, at the end of the main street, a monumental arch rises in the 2nd half of the 2nd century, which a little later is dedicated to the Roman emperor Caracalla and his family. The 3-arched triumphal gate is 17 m wide, 2 m deep, the central arch is 10 m high and the side arches 7.5 m. The architrave and frieze are simple, the only decoration consists of floral tendrils on the central Corinthian arch supports and capitals, as well as an inscription in honor of the emperor on the architrave of the main arch.
In the last decades of the 2nd century, the sectors south of the agora, the so-called Roman Quarter, were redesigned and embellished . Following on from the buildings of the 4th century BC. To the south the square with the hundred floor slabs was built. With a 20-column Ionic colonnade and two porticos to the northwest to the sea and to the southeast to the main road. On the other side of the street, in an original living area, the last magnificent building, the Odeon , is being built, intended for plays, concerts and conferences. This building with a facade of 52 m shows the character of a Greek theater in its two-thirds round orchestra . Incidentally, the closed building is built in a Roman style. As the last, previously identified Greek cult building, a building with a porticoed hall was built at Cape Evraiokastro, above the ancient Thesmophorion , in the first half of the 3rd century. In the 2nd half of the 3rd century AD, the invasion of the Heruli probably led to great destruction and looting of the city.
4th to 12th centuries: Byzantine rule
The replacement of the Greco-Roman religion by Christianity and the pirate attacks that took place from the early Christian era onwards resulted in the decline and destruction of the archaic sanctuaries and monuments.
In the 4th / 5th century, major cuts and changes can be seen in the cityscape. Without reference to the ancient grid, a new plan is used to redesign. Administration buildings and ancient sanctuaries are demolished, the stone material is used for Christian buildings and many works of art are brought to Constantinople. In the 5th century, the three-aisled Akakios basilica (23 × 15 m) with narthex and diakonicon was placed on the destroyed ancient court building in the north-eastern agora . At Cape Evraiokastro, a three-aisled basilica with a narthex and baptistery (25 × 15 m), several tombs and a cemetery were built in the 5th / 6th century . In the 6th century a mighty three-aisled church in the style of an early Christian Byzantine basilica (44 × 17 m) was erected over a Roman residential area in the south-western beach area outside the wall.
The devastating raids, sieges and occupations by Vandals, Avars and Bulgarians in the 5th to 12th centuries finally lead to the total destruction and desolation of the city. The ancient and early Christian buildings ultimately lie in ruins for centuries.
In the course of the Fourth Crusade , Enrico Dandolo invades Thasos with his Venetian- Franconian army on the way to Constantinople around 1204. He built a castle complex in the eastern area of the Acropolis and fortified the city walls. Michael VIII. Palaiologos uses Thasos as a naval base in 1261/64. It is believed that the citadel on the Acropolis was available to him at that time. This building on the Pythion plateau was renovated in 1307 by the Genoese Tidedio Zaccaria. The citadel is secured at the southern entrance by two bastions. The castle courtyard is accessed through a guard room and a reception room. A second access can be found in the northwest. Two cisterns and a chapel are in the northern courtyard area. A large number of marble components and mighty columns from the Temple of Athena are built into the fortress.
When the Byzantine Emperor Johannes V. Palaiologos bequeathed the island to the Bithyians Alexis and his brother Johannes in 1357 , the port was also fortified: the medieval port citadel was built on the ancient naval port, stretching from the sea gate over the harbor wall to the north-western portico of the agora extends. The remaining square tower is demolished in 1931 because of the museum building.
The Acropolis Citadel was reinforced in the first half of the 15th century by the Archon of Thasos, the Genoese Dorino I Gattilusio , by two towers towards the southwest. A glacis will be built between the towers in front of the western wall .
13th to 21st century
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The island of Thasos and the ruins of the ancient city of Thasos are described by early travelers from the 15th century . The place had fallen into disrepair and remained deserted for over seven centuries. As a result of the ongoing pirate attacks, the inhabitants had withdrawn to the mountains - mainly to the towns of Panagia and Potamia . A jetty west of the silted up ancient war port, called the port (Σκάλα) of Panagia, was also used . A presumably first, but limited resettlement in and around the area of the Acropolis, took place from 1204 onwards as a result of the appearance of the Venetian crusaders on the island. In 1831 the actual urban area was deserted and overgrown with trees and wild vines. Only in the second half of the 19th century did the residents return to the village. During this time international interest in the ancient ruins of the island awoke. Archaeologists and scientists explored the city and island, documented their finds and brought the most valuable and easily accessible artifacts to the museums of Istanbul, Paris and London.
Systematic excavations were carried out by the École française d'Athènes in 1911, still during the Ottoman rule, and have been carried out to this day, with an interruption due to the two world wars. This has been done in collaboration with the Ephoria for Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities in Kavala since 1969 .
Form of government and administrative structure of the ancient city
About the institutions of the city of the 7th century BC BC, the early epoch of the founding of the state, is little known. It is believed that aristocrats from among the first settlers ruled the Polis and Chora Thasos. However, there are social tensions in numerous Greek poleis. On the one hand, various aristocratic groups fought each other, on the other hand, the lower classes became increasingly dependent on the nobility. These conflicts harbored potential for civil war and so the citizens agreed on an aisymnet . This was given general power of attorney and had to mediate between the rival parties and resolve social grievances. In many Poleis these measures were not sufficient and then after the resignation of the Aisymnete mostly a tyranny developed .
In the middle of the 6th century BC Also on Thasos the tyrant Symmachus . After its expulsion, the island nation is placed under an archonate . From lists that have been preserved in fragments, the officials are from around 550 BC. Known by name, terms of office and functions. These could be taken from inscriptions in the Paraskenion (list of the archons) and in the passage of the theors in the southeast of the agora (list of the theors). These records go back to the Imperial Era. They create an obligation for the chronology in the archives, but also express the reputation that the listed citizens had in the city. The institution of the archonate was probably taken over from the mother island Paros and is occupied by three archons in Thasos.
The three theors did not appear on the island until 540 BC. 3 times a year together. They have religious, sometimes eponymous, powers, particularly those relating to cult celebrations. An appendix to the list of theors contains a reference to the period after tyranny, which states that around 540 B.C. "The time begins when the three hundred and sixty ruled," a council or boules whose membership corresponds to the days of the ancient year.
Beginning of the 5th century BC In the southern area of the agora there is a Prytaneion , a public building with a reception hall and seat of the officials responsible for urban matters. These include the six epistats. Only speculations are made about their activities: they may have been the leaders of the various factions in the council, also known as the Prytanen in Athens . In any case, the Thasitic Epistats, who were given powers of attorney and were responsible for the road and traffic system, for the supervision of public construction works, and for the cleanliness of the city, also provided the moral police.
After the capture of Thasus by the Athenians in 463 BC. There is a moderate aristocratic regime. The supremacy of Athens resulted in democratic influence, albeit with the appointment of only one archon. The three theors, who play a secondary political role, remain in office, among them the great painter Polygnot , who takes over with his brother every four years.
From spring 411 BC According to the list of the so-called "3-month anarchy" (as a result of the abandonment of the first eponym) one goes back to the annual meetings with 3 archons. Three hundred legislative citizens alone hold power and crack down on the opposition by enacting denunciation laws.
In the same year - in view of the political crisis that occurred as a result of the revolt of the 400 - democracy is replaced by an oligarchy on the initiative of the Athenians , which, however, soon achieves the independence of the city from Athens. The following oligarchy, friendly to Spartans, lasted four years. After the recapture of Thasos in 407 BC The Athenians insist on the return of the exiles and the re-establishment of "democracy" with their public council.
From 404 BC The Lacedaemonian order is introduced, which results in a decarchy under the leadership of 10 archons. After the return of the Athenian armed forces, one comes from 375 BC. BC again to a more open, permanently established oligarchic order, which apparently does not experience any interruption even under the Macedonians.
At the end of the 4th century BC The city's institutions are based on ancient traditions and the Athenian model of democracy: at the top of the magistrate are three archons , followed by three theors. A one-time term of office was accepted in these honorary positions after having previously held other offices. Towards the end of the 4th century BC The sons and grandchildren appear as successors to their fathers and grandfathers in the lists of local administrations.
The courts are under the control of seven (at times only three) apologists who appear to be closely connected with boules, as the dedications to Hestia Boulaia, the patroness of the council, together with Zeus, suggest.
The jury of the citizenship, the dicastes or dial files , are determined by lot. Each of them has a bronze pinakion with his name on it. The shape of these plaques was designed so that they could be inserted into the slot of a cleroterion .
The six epistats used appear to be played in the 5th century BC. An important role in a monitoring function in the police and judiciary. The epistate, which is used for life, accepts complaints and intervenes when someone is seized. He is based in one of the administration buildings in the southeast corner of the agora.
The two agoranoms (comparable to the aediles in the Roman Republic) monitor the market and the observance of weights and measures by the police, the astynomials and metronomes, which are subordinate to them. They are based in the Prytanaion. In this building, sacrificial vases are available for the atonement of offenses. The gifts go to the god Hermes. It is likely that one of the agoranomas also performs the task of controlling and annually stamping the wine amphorae. The agoranom is also responsible for the proper condition of the traffic routes, a role that began in the 5th century BC. Was transferred to the Epistats.
The moral police and the administration of justice include three gynecologists who are responsible for monitoring strict observance of the mourning order. This authority, established in the 4th century BC. BC in the city, watches over behavior and customs, especially of women, and in the present case over behavior during mourning. The gynecologists were also responsible for monitoring the dress code. A fragmentary inscription from the end of the 4th century BC. Chr. Refers here in particular to prostitutes.
In the Hellenistic epoch you hardly notice any development of the institutions. In the 3rd century BC Two mnemones appear as archivists of contracts and other documents. The number of epistats is at the end of the 2nd century BC. Chr. Reduced to two.
Five polemarchs were involved in matters of war and military administration, while the high school marks were involved in youth education and youth sports .
The areas of responsibility of the listed magistrates were not precisely defined. The forms of cooperation between the individual authorities to maintain order and enforce public regulations, for example, for the funeral system in the 4th century BC. In honor of those who fell in the war, described as follows: The agoranom (market supervisor) does not ignore anything on the day of the funeral procession. Nobody should mourn the brave warriors, the Agathoi , in any way for more than five days. Howling and wailing is prohibited. Offenders are charged with religious offenses. The archons, gyneconomists and polemarchs intervene without exception and every magistrate official is empowered to enforce the penalties provided by law. The Polemarchs put the names of the deceased on the Agathoi list. Their fathers and sons are invited to the ceremonies and for each of them the apodect, the administrator of the state budget, transfers the same amount as for the “Timouchoi” to be honored.
The institutions adapt to the new order in the imperial epoch. Women also join the archonate at the end of the 1st century AD. At this time there is also the gerousia , the council of the elderly, an aristocratic assembly in which women are sometimes allowed. In the 3rd century AD there are only two archons left. The most important official in the magistrate becomes the apodect, as the collector and administrator of the finances.
Priesthood and cult celebrations
The priesthood counts as one of the upper magistrates and is usually elected annually. In classical times it was the priests of Heracles, Dionysus, Aphrodite and Asclepius. Without a doubt there is also a Demeter priestess. In the 4th century BC The Hierope is appointed as the administrator of all religious budgets . Is replaced by the hieromnemon . In the 1st century AD, the Neocores , the temple guardians of Aphrodite, Artemis, Athena and a priestess of Zeus Eubouleos are known. A priestess of Cybele , a priest of Helio- Serapis and an anthophore are mentioned for the imperial epoch . Important personalities take over the services as priests of Heracles and Poseidon for life . During the 1st century AD, the highest religious honor is the priesthood of the Imperial Cult.
The archaic and ancient cults on Thasos are important due to the ruling wealth and find expression in numerous places of worship, consecration offerings, votive inscriptions, coins and amphora stamps. Towards the end of the 4th century BC The following cult festivals were established within the Thasitic year:
The Thasitic year began in November – December with the Apatouria Fall Family Festival in honor of Zeus Patroos and Athena Patroie. The latter was already used by the Parian settlers in the 7th century BC. Ch. Revered on the Acropolis as the protector of the city. It was continued in December – January with the Maimakteria winter festival, in January – February with the Posideia, in February – March the Anthesteria wine and flower festival and in March – April the Dionysia festival. This was followed in May-June by the Purification or Great Heraklea Festival in honor of the Melkartian Heracles. According to Herodotus, <red> Herodot II, 44 </red> is said to have been venerated by the Tyrians even before the Parian colonization on the island in Herakleion . Also Dionysus , god of wine and theater, is celebrated during these months with satyrs and maenads in the "Choria" since archaic times. In July – August the Alexandraia festival follows, in August – October the Thesmophoria, the Great Asklepieia, Demetrieia, Heroxeinia and Dioskouria festivals with the Great Komeia festival and at the end of the year the Badromia festival in honor of Apollo.
Currencies and coins in ancient Thasos
In the heyday of precious metal mining on the island of Thasos and in its Peraia , towards the end of the 6th century BC An annual precious metal yield of around 200 talents (around 7,200 kg silver). On the island, presumably in the ancient city of Thasos, and in its Peraia , presumably in Neapolis , there were Thasitic mints, which were among the earliest in the Greek world. During their excavations on Thasos, which lasted almost 100 years, the archaeologists of the École française d'Athènes unearthed more than 10,000 coins of all minted Thasitic series.
Stater currency at the end of the 6th / 5th centuries Century BC Chr.
The motif of the obverse of the very first coinage period is borrowed in the Thasitic coinage from the Dionysius cult: It depicts a Silenus wearing a fighting maenad . A four-part hallmark appears on the lapel. The approximately simultaneous Neapolitan coinage shows a Gorgon head here .
The first group of the series is characterized by the fact that the menade shows the right raised hand with fingers spread (Y). The basic value of the silver currency is the stater , with trits and hectares as the most important characteristics with average weights of 10–8.6, 3.9–3.6 and 1.8 g. A considerable number of coins were struck from the start. These coins were minted until the early 5th century BC. In the treasure trove of Pistyros there were 10 stateres and 29 hectares of Thasitic and Neapolitan coinage from the first stater group, which dates from around 520 to 500 BC. To be dated. Also in the hoard of Asyut / Egypt, which was deposited before 475 BC. Numerous Thasitic coins of this group can be found in this group.
Due to the Thasitic revolt and the exit from the Sea League, Kimon conquered 463 BC. The city of Thasos. The year marks a break in the island's monetary history. The resulting loss of income from the Peraia leads to the issuance of a second group of silver stateres with a high copper content. It bears the imprint of a bearded Silenus and the protesting menade with now a five-fingered hand. During this period there are numerous, often very rough, imitations in the Thracian style, which is confirmed by the coin finds in the Emporium Evros . The coinage of this second group still takes place in later times.
The Athenians introduce the democratic form of government and control the island and Peraia until 447/446 BC. Beginning at this time, the third and last Silenus group appears , remarkably worked out in Parthenonian sculpture style, with a bald Silenus with a strong beard and ponytail, the menaden hand is now behind the Silenus profile. Stateren and Triten keep the embossed hallmarks on the lapel , from the hectare these are replaced by embossings of tomcats , dolphins and the legends ΘΑΣΙ, ΘΑΣΙΩΝ, ΘΑ. All values of the system are coined: stateres and trites around 430 BC. BC, hectares, quarter hectares and eighth hectares between 412 and 405 BC Hectares and hemi-hecs are still to be found around 360 BC. Beaten.
Thasitic silver stater : Silenus and nymph, around 520–463 BC Chr. (Le Rider: Thasiennes 2), SNG Copenhagen (20 mm, 9.31 g), first Silen coinage
Thasitic eighth stater (silver): satyr, about 500–463 BC Chr. (Le Rider: Thasiennes 4), SNG Copenhagen 767395 (11 mm, 1.12 g)
Thasitic silver stater: Silenus and nymph, around 435–411 BC Chr. (Le Rider: Thasiennes 6), SNG Copenhagen 209034 (21 mm, 8.57 g), third silencing
4th century BC drachma currency Chr.
After the second revolt against the Athenians in 389/388 BC. The city was taken by Thrasyboulos and entered the second Attic League . The economy of the Thasite Peraia is revitalized and flourishing again. A radical reform of the value system begins, the second coin period, with new denominations, new metals and alloys and with new embossed images: the drachma values are introduced, besides silver, bronze and gold coins are also issued. The image of a youthful, mostly bearded and ivy-wreathed Dionysius on the obverse and of Heracles as an archer, as well as the legend ΘΑΣΙΩΝ on the lapel, are used as embossing motifs. The denomination of the new currency brings as silver coins the drachma and the tetradrachm (weight of 15 g), the obolus values Trihemiobolus, Hemiobolus and Triobolus. Several issues of drachms and didrachms in different epochs of the 4th century BC. In gold. From 150 treasures found in Greece, Hungary, Serbia, Bulgaria and Romania, as well as from collections, around 5000 tetradrachms and drachma denominations from two Thasitic mintings emerge.
Thasitic drachm, silver: Dionysus / Herakles, about 411-340 BC Chr. (Le Rider: Thasiennes 19 ), SNG Copenhagen 780285, (15 mm, 3.61 g)
Thasitic Trihemiobolus, silver: satyr / amphora, about 411-350 BC Chr. (Le Rider: Thasiennes 27 ), SNG Copenhagen 729586, (0.77 g)
Thasitic Tritartemorion, silver, about 411-340 B.C. Chr. (Le Rider: Thasiennes 12 ), SNG Copenhagen 192010, (8 mm, 0.41 g)
Thasitic hemiobolus, silver, about 411-340 B.C. Chr. (Le Rider: Thasiennes 13 ), SNG Copenhagen 213039, (7 mm, 0.28 g)
Around 360 BC In addition, bronze coins were emitted in very large numbers as oboloi (9–10 g) and the partial values trioboloi, hemioboloi and quarter oboloi or quart, as well as the smallest coin type, chalkoi , (335–310 BC) on the reverse with the bronze coins mostly only the bow and club of Heracles, and the legend ΘΑΣΙΩΝ.
At the same time, new gold and bronze coins emerged from the Thasitic Peraia as staters and bronze coins in the form of chalkoi with the beardless Heracles, on the reverse with different motifs and the embossing ΘΑΣΙΩΝ ΗΠΕΙΡΟΥ.
Obolus currency of the 3rd century BC Chr.
Due to a brief tyranny against 310 BC An episode of isolation begins in the island's monetary history. Emissions drop sharply and the leading currency collapses. You will see a new coin group: Specially shaped bronze coins, oboloi g weighing 13 at Avers with the head of veiled Demeter and lapel with entwined by vines Dioscuri . Even among the Macedonians, there are no signs of economic weakness despite the failure of silver coins. It was only towards the end of the century that hemioboles were emitted , replacing the previous types of coins: with Heracles' head without a beard on his obverse, his weapons with the legend ΘΑΣΙΩΝ on his lapel. Even if one assumes that up to 30,000 coins were minted, it can be assumed that the economic significance of such an issue was only minimal after decades without new mints.
Drachma currency of the 2nd and 1st centuries BC Chr.
After the defeat of Philip V in 197 BC. Thasos becomes independent again. As early as 196 BC New silver coins are introduced as hemidrachms from 1.6 to 1.7 g with the bearded Dionysus on the obverse and the laurel-framed Herakles club and the legend ΘΑΣΙΩΝ on the lapel, as well as a comparably large number of bronze coins with the same lapel and embossed on the obverse of the head of a young satyr.
After the alliance with Rome, appear between 180 and 170 BC. After 130 years, Dionysus and Heracles again on silver drachms and tetradrachms: Dionysus wreathed with ivy and beardless, Heracles rejuvenated, no longer as an archer, with the legend: ΗΡΑΚΛΕΟΥΣ ΣΩΤΗΡΟΥΣ ΘΑΣΙΩΝ (Heracles, savior of the Thasites). An important change is the fact that the city has chosen the Attic standard with a view to wide external distribution. The neighboring town of Maronea mints very similar pieces at the same time, which indicates a monetary alliance.
Bronze coins are also emitted in large numbers as hemioboles of around 3 g with the type "bearded Heracles and the weapons of the hero". A higher value is provided with a bust of Artemis and on the back with the archer Heracles.
The greatest number of Thasitic tetradrachms and their Thracian imitations are found in the years 160 to 80 BC. Minted. They are considered the main currency in ancient Thrace, the Geten and Dakerb and were found in large numbers in southern Bulgaria (4,221 pieces), Romania, Serbia and Hungary.
Roman currency of the 1st century AD
The coin reform of the Roman emperor Augustus radically changed the rules of the circulation of money: the sesterce is determining value. The Roman aureus , denarius and as values are also in circulation on Thasos . The Thasitic bronzes, the minting of which the Roman authorities accept, are also issued in Roman denominations. Four bronze coins were still struck on the island during the reign of Hadrian , Marcus Aurelius , Septimius Severus and under the rule of Caracalla until the final issue of the issue in 212.
Agriculture
Viticulture
The history of viticulture in Greece includes the prominent position of wines from Thrace between Evros and the Chalkidike peninsula . Essentially, it is the "Biblin", a grape variety and a wine, possibly named after the coastal region of the Symvolon Mountains (ancient name Biblina ) in the area of Antisara and Oisyme in the Thasitian Peraia .
This wine was already very successful in the 5th century BC. BC, but especially in the 4th and 3rd centuries BC BC, grown and exported on the island of Thasos. Wine export was of enormous economic importance for Thasos in ancient times. In the 4th century BC The three best Greek wines come from Chios, Lesbos and Thasos.
The Thasitian red wine was considered to be of the highest quality in the Greek world, on a par with that of Chios. He is mentioned and judged by:
- Aristophanes : it is valued for its fragrance
- Aristophanes: The Athenian gossips appreciate the small Thasitic amphorae
- Aristophanes: on a bowl of Thai wine, the comrades of the Lysistrata have sworn to refuse men for the duration of the war
- Xenophon : lets Antisthenes explain the Thasos wine as a luxury product, which is denied to the poor, with the words: ... like this wine from Thasos, which I drink without being thirsty '.
- Theophrastus of Eresos : The wine served on Thasos in the Prytaneum had a wonderful taste.
- Theophrastus of Eresus: one wine that makes you sleepy and another that awakens the drunkard
- Hermippos : Pour the Thasos wine ... if something weighs down my heart and I've drunk this wine, lo and behold, I feel good: that's Asclepius' shiver
- Hermippos: I rate this Thasos wine, which exudes the scent of apples, as the best after the impeccable Chios
- Virgil : praises the Thai wine made from dark grapes
- Plutarch : Thasos wine was often the luxury drink of courtesans and kings
Thasos issued 480-470 BC The oldest Greek wine trade law, which provides for the confiscation of wine and fines in certain cases. A second law (425 BC) criminalized the sale of the grape harvest on the cane before the first of June, and the third, forbidding any Thasitic ship to bring foreign wine into the territorial waters between Mount Athos in the west and the Cape To introduce Paxi in the east.
Unmixed, the Thasos wine was almost black. It was usually drank mixed with an equal amount of water. Its qualities depended on the necessary care and special recipes.
An ancient recipe for the production of a Thasitic liqueur wine with a high alcohol content is transmitted by Florentinus : The ripe grapes are exposed by spreading them vine by vine, for five days in the sun, in the middle of the sixth day they are collected again and reappeared they - as warm as they are - in a mixture of half must and boiled sea water. Then you take out the grapes and put them in the wine press for a night and a day, crush them and collect the juice in vases. After fermentation and clarification, one twenty-fifth of the boiled must is added and the wine is drawn off into the vases provided after the spring equinox.
For the authors of the Roman Empire, Tassos wine retained its good reputation. If Pliny thinks he is out of fashion, he is mentioned in praise by Dionysus Chrysostom , while Clemens of Alexandria reproaches the gourmets of his time for being too seduced by him. The Thai grape varieties, which were known at the time of Virgil for their quality and adaptability to light soils, were acclimatized in other growing areas, imported from Egypt and Italy. They are still mentioned in Philostratus in the 3rd century .
Ancient craft
Ceramics
The in the 8th century BC Ceramic shards from the Artemision, the Dionysion and the Hermes Gate dated to the 4th century BC are in the Macedonian style, mostly hand-made and without decoration. It was not until the 7th century BC vases , bowls and craters . Chr. Come from Thai or Parian pottery, made of red clay, with polychrome decor and black varnish . In light tone with black figural, floral or geometric patterns and representations are the fragments of bowls, Lekanen , Kant Haren , Skyphen and vases that locally in the 7th and 6th centuries.. BC, in Artemision, in Athenaion and numerous in Phari were found.
The excavations of the pottery, kiln and shard dump in Phari (1978) revealed a large number of different types of vases, Attic and Cycladic styles, from production from the end of the 6th to the beginning of the 5th century BC. There are essentially two types: vessels with a diameter of 20 to 28 cm, concentrically notched lines or concentrically arranged points.
4th century BC ceramics Chr. Has been analyzed and examined in large numbers on Thasos, especially utility ceramics and Lekanen with Attic, red-figurative representations and black glaze. They come from two sites in the city of Thasos: from round pits in the area of Valma, opposite the Artemision, and from the residential and workshop district at the Silenian Gate.
Also in the 3rd century BC Certain vases in black glaze and the entire repertoire of utility ceramics are still produced on a large scale. However, as early as the 4th century BC An increase in imports can be observed in BC and no local production of ceramics can be identified from the early Christian period.
Terracottas
In art workshops of sculptors, potters and coroplasts, statuettes and figurines were turned, hand-molded and / or molded, painted and fired as unique pieces and in series, in sizes from 15 to 65 cm. Most of the terracottas served as offerings to the gods. Very numerous archaic statuettes have been excavated in the Athenaion. In the Artemision and the Thesmophorion, 20,000 terracottas and 10,000 fragments from the 6th to the end of the 2nd century BC were found. BC, also from the residential areas at Hermes and Silen gates, in the agora and in the necropolis. In the 4th century BC The highest production figures were reached. Predominantly from forms, more rarely modeled, depictions of gods, dancers, profane figures and animals were made in sizes of 25–45 cm.
City Museum
Museum Limenas, built 1911/12, rebuilt 1934 (1957)
Limenas Museum (2008)
Unfinished kouros, around 600 BC BC, entrance hall of the Limenas Museum
Head of hair of the kouros
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Museums abroad
Relief of a panther, access to Temenos , Temple of Pythian Apollo, Acropolis Thasos, around 640 BC BC, excavated by Miller (1864), Louvre Paris
Relief Hermes Agoraios and the Charites, Passage of the Theors, Agora Thasos, around 480 BC BC, excavated by Miller (1864), Louvre Paris
Detail of a grave stele: portrait of Philis, daughter of Cleomenes, around 450 BC BC, excavated by Miller (1863), Louvre Paris
Grave stele with seated woman around 620–610 BC Chr. Louvre Paris
Statue of Vibia Sabina posing as Pudicitia. Roman copy from the 2nd century AD based on an original from the 4th century BC BC Archaeological Museum Istanbul.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Georges Perrot: Memoire de l'ile de Thasos , Paris 1864, p. 66.
- ↑ Aristophanes: The Thesmophoriazusen II
- ↑ Herodotus 4:46.
- ↑ Epidemiai 1, 20.
- ↑ Epidemies 1, 21.
- ↑ Esprit Marie Cousinery: Voyage dans la Macedoine , Paris 1831, Volume 2, p 104th
- ^ Pausanias, p. 230.
- ↑ Aristophanes: The Wealth (Plutos), 1021.
- ↑ Aristophanes: The Women's People's Assembly , 1119
- ^ Aristophanes: Lysistrata, 196.
- ↑ Xenophon: Banquet, 41.
- ↑ Theophrast: Athene, 1, 32 a; 10, 432c.
- ^ Theophrast: Athene, 1, 31-32.
- ↑ Hermippos: Athene 1, 29 c.
- ↑ Hermippos: Athene, 1, 29 e.
- ^ Virgil: Georgica, 2, 91.
- ↑ Plutarch: Athene, 10, 432 bc.
- ↑ EfA, Etudes Thasiennes , III, 7.
- ^ Inscriptiones Graecae XII, Suppl. 347, 1.
- ^ Inscriptiones Graecae XII, Suppl. 347, 2.
- ↑ Florentius: Geoponikes.
- ↑ Pliny: Natural History 14, 95.
- ↑ Chrysostom: Discourses 66, 7.
- ↑ Clement of Alexandria: Paidagogos 2, 2.
- ^ Virgil: Georgica 2, 91.
- ↑ Pliny, Natural History 14, 75.
- ↑ Philostratos: Heroikus 2, 9, Edition L. de Lannoy.
literature
École française d'Athènes
The publications of the École française d'Athènes distributed by the publishing house De Boccard Édition-Diffusion , Paris, essentially contain the results of the institute's archaeological work and scientific studies from 1911 to 2007.
Etudes thasiennes
- M. LAUNEY: Le sanctuaire et le culte d'Heracles a Thasos, 1944
- A.-E. BAKALOPOULOS: Thasos, son histoire, son administration de 1453 a 1912. 1953
- J. POUILLOUX : Recherches sur l'histoire et les cultes de Thasos I: De la fondation de la cite a 196 avant J.-C., 1954
- AT THE. et A. BON: Les timbres amphoriques de Thasos. 1957
- C. DUNANT et J. POUILLOUX: Recherches sur l'histoire et les cultes de Thasos II, de 196 avant J.-C. jusqu'a la fin de l'antiquite, 1958
- R. MARTIN: L'Agora (Premier fascicule), 1959
- L. GHALI-KAHIL: La ceramique grecque, (Fouilles 1911-1956), 1960
- Ch.PICARD: Les Murailles. (premier fascicule): Les portes sculptees a images divines, 1962
- J. SERVAIS: Aliki I, Les deux sanetuaires et J.-P.SODINI, A. LAMBRAKI et T. KOZELJ: Les carrieres de marbre a l'epoque paleochretienne, 1980
- J.-P. SODINI et K. KOLOKOTSAS: Aliki II: La basilique double et avec la participation de L. BUCHET: Vol 2.1984
- N. WEILL: Vol. 1: La plastique archaique de Thasos. Figurines et statues de terre cuite de l'Artemision, Vol. 2: Le haut archaisme, 1985
- Y. GRANDJEAN: Recherches sur l'habitat thasien a l'epoque grecque, 1988
- Y. GARLAN: Vin et amphores de Thasos, 1988
- C. ABADIE-REYNAL et J.-P. SODINI: La ceramique paleochretienne de Thasos. Aliki, Delkos, fouilles anciennes, 1992
- H. DUCHENE: La stele du port (fouilles du port 1), Recherches sur une nouvelle inscription thasienne, 1992
- B. HOLTZMANN: La sculpture de Thasos, Corpus des reliefs I: Reliefs a theme divin, 1994
- V. FRANCOIS: La ceramique byzantine a Thasos. 1995
- A. MULLER: Les terres cuites votives du Thesmophorion de l'atelier au sanctuaire. 1996
- Y. GARLAN: Les timbres amphoriques de Thasos, Volume 1: Les timbres protothasiens et thasiens anciens, 1999
- A. COULIE: La ceramique thasienne a figures noires, 2002
- F. BLONDE: Les ceramiques d'usage quotidien a Thasos au IVe siecle avant J.-C., 2007
- Y. GRANDJEAN: Le rempart de Thasos, avec la collaboration de Manuela WURCH-KOZELJ et la participation de Tony KOZELJ, ISBN 978-2-86958-228-6 , Athens 2010
Bulletin de correspondance hellenique
The Bulletin of the Ecole Française d'Athènes is the magazine that has published the results of studies and archaeological excavations since 1877. The bulletin appears twice a year.
- Numéro spécial: Cent-Cinquantenaire de l'EFA, extrait du sommaire: Histoire et structure - Sociologie - Activités et production - L'École française vue par les autres. 1996
Bulletin de correspondance hellenique, Supplements
- Ph. Gauthier: Les cités grecques et leurs bienfaiteurs (IVe-Ie siècle avant J.-C.). Contribution to the history of the institutions. 1985.
- J.-Y. Empereur, Y. Garlan: Recherches sur les amphores grecques. 1986.
- F. Blonde et Y. Perreault: Les ateliers de potiers dans le monde grec aux époques géométrique, archaïque et classique , Actes Table Ronde EFA ( October 2 and 3, 1987), 1992.
- M.-C. Amouretti, J.-P. Brun (ed.): La production du vin et de l'huile en Méditerranée, Actes du symposium international organisé par le Center Camille Jullian et le Center Archéologique du Var (Aix-en-Provence et Toulon, 20-22 November 1991). 1993.
Miscellaneous
- Alexander Conze : Journey on the islands of the Thracian Sea , Hanover 1860, ISBN 90-256-0880-9
- D. Lazaridi: Thasos , Thessaloniki 1958.
- Frederike Kyrieleis: Art monuments in Greece, Peloponnese and the islands , Deutscher Kunstverlag, Munich 1984, ISBN 3-422-00376-2 , pp. 489–492.
- H. Matthäus: Thasos im Altertum , In: Der Anschnitt, supplement 6, pp. 13–39, Association of Friends of Art and Culture in Mining e. V., Bochum 1988, ISBN 3-921533-40-6
- Y. Grandjean, F. Salviat: Guide de Thasos , Paris 2000, ISBN 2-86958-176-9
Web links
- École française d'Athènes (EFA)
- Collections de l'Ecole française d'Athènes en ligne (CEFAEL)
- Portail de revues en sciences humaines et sociales (PERSÉE)
- SNG Copenhagen: Thasiennes
Coordinates: 40 ° 43 ' N , 24 ° 40' E