Theodor Reuss

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Theodor Reuss with the Freemason's apron

Carl Albert Theodor Reuss (born July 28, 1855 in Augsburg , † October 28, 1923 in Munich ) was a German opera singer , radical political activist, journalist , sexual magician , theosophist , freemason and founder of occult orders .

Life

Reuss until 1880

Reuss was the son of the landlord Franz Xaver Reuss and Eva Barbara Margaret, nee Wagner. In Augsburg, he attended the trade department of the district trade school and completed an apprenticeship as a druggist . As a professional opera singer, he is said to have participated in the first performance of Richard Wagner's Parsifal in Bayreuth in 1882. He also worked as a vaudeville singer under the stage name “Charles Theodore”, which he is said to have used to establish contacts with the “Communist Workers' Education Association ”. His controversial singing career lasted until an illness that caused him to lose his voice. Alleged acquaintances with Richard Wagner and with Ludwig II (1845–1886), who was Bavarian King from 1864, cannot be historically proven. Theodor Reuss worked as a foreign correspondent and editor for several English and German newspapers and news services, including in London . In 1878 he wrote for the Times as a war correspondent from the Balkans ; In 1882 he went to Bosnia and Herzegovina .

Member of the Theosophical Society

After getting to know Helena Petrovna Blavatsky , shortly afterwards in 1885 he joined the London Lodge and thus the Theosophical Society (TG) in England. In 1895 the TG split into two competing organizations, on the one hand the Theosophical Society Adyar (Adyar-TG) and on the other hand the Theosophical Society in America (TGinA). Reuss now became a member of the TGinA and on August 30, 1896, under Franz Hartmann, Vice President of the TGinA offshoot Theosophical Society in Europe (Germany) (TGE).

World Alliance of Illuminati

In 1880 Reuss tried to restore the Adam Weishaupt Order of Illuminati in Munich . In Berlin he teamed up (probably in 1888) with the Dresden actor Leopold Engel (1858–1931), Max Rahn and August Weinholz to promote the start-up. As a researcher of the Illuminati Order, Leopold Engel had access to the complete documents about the Illuminati, which are known today as the Swedish chest.

Reuss believed that the official authorization to found the order could be based on a certain patent that had come into his possession through the "Prince of the Rosicrucian", Louis Gabriel Lebauche from Bezeille near Sedan . This is said to have been a high grade mason in the 18th degree of the Memphis rite or in the 46th degree of the Misraim rite . Lebauche is said to have received the patent personally from Adam Weishaupt during a visit on November 19, 1786 in Regensburg ; it is said to have been an authorization for its owner and subsequent owners to bring the light into "Scottish lodges".

Engel separated from Reuss in 1901 and accused him, as confirmed by other members of the order, of fraud regarding the patent after Reuss' plans to raise his order under the Grand Masonic Lodge of Germany had been rejected by its grandmasters. In the anniversary edition of the Oriflamme 1912, Reuss reported on the final separation between himself and Engel in 1902. Most of the members of the Order of Illuminati stayed with Reuss' Order, and in 1927 Engel tried to establish a world association of the Illuminati that was independent of domestic and foreign grand lodge authorities . by which the Bavarian Order of Illuminati, founded in 1776 but "fell asleep" around 1788, is meant. Engel's foundation existed until it was deleted from the Berlin register of associations in 1929. The relevant documents can be viewed in the Prussian State Archives. After 1945, a modified re-establishment of the Ordo Templi Orientis , the World Association of Illuminati , was established in Zurich . B. as so-called adoption lodge rites worked together with both sexes.

Freemasonry

At the age of 21, Reuss was admitted as a Freemason to the "Pilgrim Lodge" No. 238 during a stay in London on November 9, 1876 , promoted to journeyman in 1877 and made master in 1878 . In 1881 he was excluded again because of his left-wing political activities. Since then he has not belonged to any " regular " Masonic system.

Reuss subsequently used Freemasonry as a figurehead for commercial purposes and at the beginning of the 20th century occupied himself with the establishment, management and import of various irregular rites and granted "patents" for foreign foundations. He was considered a fraud in Freemason circles. As a full-time agent and founder of masonry and esoteric institutions, his monastic empire in 1906 consisted of a motley high-grade collection, consisting of 44 lodges (some of which only existed on paper) and 1,100 members. After the regular German grand lodge association Reuss' did not recognize numerous patents, some lodges separated from him, he was excluded from the Societas Rosicruciana in Anglia (SRIA) in 1906 , and around 1907 his associations disintegrated visibly. During this time Reuss made the acquaintance of Gérard Encausse (Papus), who was very agile in the European irregular Freemason and esoteric scene , who introduced him to his martinist order .

Memphis Misraim Rite

An important turning point came for Reuss in 1901 when he came into contact with the occultist John Yarker , the central figure of British irregular Freemasonry of the previous quarter century, and William Wynn Westcott , head of the Societas Rosicruciana in Anglia (SRIA). Between 1901 and 1902, Yarker and Westcott provided Reuss with a number of patents in order to be able to set up high-level German Masonic branches, including the Swedenborg rite . Westcott also gave him permission to set up an SRIA college in Berlin. Reuss received the rites from Cerneau's version of the Ancient and Accepted Rite and Yarker's version of the irregular " Ancient and Primitive Rite of Memphis and Misraim ", which was composed of the Memphis and Misraim rites. Westcott was also one of the founders of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn .

Together with Franz Hartmann and H. Klein, Reuss worked on the irregular “ Memphis Misraïm Rite ” and, through Yarker's patents, founded a branch of the “Old and Accepted Scottish Rite” (AASR) in Germany.

On September 24, 1902, Yarker probably issued a charter to Reuss, F. Hartmann and H. Klein, which allowed them to operate as a Sovereign Sanctuary in the 33 ° -95 ° of the Scottish Memphis and Misraim Rite. The original document has not been preserved. A copy of this document was published in 1911 in Reuss' Article of the Oriflamme , the official organ of the Order of the Oriental Templars, which was published from 1902 to 1923. In March 1961 it was published again as a newsletter of the Swiss successor organization Ordo Illuminatorum / Ordo Templi Orientis / Fraternitas Rosicruciana / Antiqua Ecclesia Gnostica Catholica in the publishing house of the Psychosophical Society in Zurich. The last issue No. 149/150 appeared in December 1974.

Yarker issued a guarantee letter on July 1, 1904, confirming Reuss' authority over the treatment of the rites discussed. Reuss published this document as an additional confirmation document on June 24, 1905. Together with Karl Kellner , he wrote a short manifesto for their joint order in 1903, which appeared in the Oriflamme the following year . This edition is one of the few sources that provide information about the teaching content of the individual rituals in the OTO.

Ordo Templi Orientis

The first English constitution of the Ordo Templi Orientis (OTO) can be traced back to January 22, 1906 . The first German OTO constitution was proclaimed on June 21, 1906. In February 1906 Reuss proclaimed himself the Outer Head of the Order (OHO) and remained Grand Master of the OTO until 1921

In 1906 Reuss moved from Germany to England, where he stayed with brief interruptions until the outbreak of World War I in 1914 and worked as a correspondent.

Reuss left an unclear situation in Germany with regard to the leadership of his orders. At a congress of the “Masonic Spiritualists” ( International Conference on Freemasonry and Spiritism ), in which Reuss took part in Paris on June 24, 1908, there were further changes. Here was Papus of Reuss free a foundation Patent and Reuss, the German representative of the founded by Yarker Memphis Mizraim Rite, exchanged Jean (Joanny) Bricaud, Papus and Charles Teder (pseudonym for Ch. DETRE) honors, titles and degrees with each other and Reuss accepted them into the highest degrees of the Memphis Misraim rite.

According to Frick, an established Sovereign Grand Conseil Généeral du Rite de Memphis-Misraim pour la France et ses dépendances ( Supreme General Council of the United Rites of Ancient and Primitive Freemasonry for the Grand Orient in France and its subsidiaries in Paris ) was practically at his side Top identical to the leading personalities of the Ordre Mariniste ( Martinist order ) and the Lodge Humanidad in Paris became the mother box of the Memphis Misraim rite. Reuss became a member of the Lodge Humanidad No. 240 in Paris and then an honoree and degree holder (33rd degree) of Spanish , Italian , Romanian , Greek and American lodges. To what extent Papus was also involved in the OTO is unclear. On June 1, 1912, under Czeslaw Czynski, a National Grand Lodge for the Slavic countries was established. Kellner, Reuss and Aleister Crowley were named in the 1912 anniversary edition of the Oriflamme as OTO members of the X. °.

Reuss translated Crowley's Gnostic Mass and was mentioned in 1918 as the Sovereign Patriarch and Primacy of the Gnostic Catholic Church and Gnostic Legate of the Église Gnostique Universelle for Switzerland. At the time of the outbreak of the First World War he was in Basel . Theodor Reuss also became known under his religious name “Merlin Peregrinus” (also: Peregrinus I. Merlin) as “Head of the Gnostic Catholic Church” in Germany, to which he was appointed by J. Bricaud. He was a close friend and collaborator of Dr. Arnoldo Krumm-Heller (religious name: Huiracocha, 1879–1949), a German- Mexican medical officer and Rosicrucian in Brazil , whom he officially appointed as the German representative for Latin America . Krumm-Heller founded his own order called Fraternitas Rosicruciana Antiqua (FRA). According to Krumm-Heller's son Parsival, he has never founded OTO lodges, initiated members of the OTO and never appointed any OTO officers. The coherent OTO initiation system is said to have been open to both women and men.

Collision with anarchists and communists

In the spring of 1885 Reuss was on the London Executive Committee of the anarchist Socialist League , on whose executive committee he was elected and where he also met Edward Aveling and his later wife Eleanor Marx- Aveling, a daughter of Karl Marx . His attempt to build a deeper friendship with these two personalities failed. On May 10, 1886, he was expelled from the Socialist League as an “international police scoundrel” “for dishonorable acts” and left England for Germany .

Tensions between the anarchists Josef Peukert and Victor Dave arose as a result. Reuss was accused from circles of the Belgian Social Democrats, and especially from Henry Charles and Victor Dave, of acting as a police spy. Peukert and the Autonomy Group then published a rebuttal of these allegations, which was reprinted in Anarchist magazine, and in return charged Dave with espionage. Finally, in February 1887, Reuss used a track by Peukert that Peukert had unknowingly put to Johann Neve in Belgium and betrayed Neve to the German police. Neve was then arrested for arms smuggling and propaganda and died while in custody.

Relationship with Aleister Crowley

The first encounter between Reuss and Aleister Crowley is uncertain about the time and place. Crowley had already been initiated into yoga by Allan Bennet (Bhikku Ananda Metteya, 1872–1923), which was still relatively unknown at the time, and had developed into libertine at an early age . It has been alleged, among other things, that Reuss, together with the composer Richard Wagner and the Bavarian king , dealt with the writings of François Rabelais ′ and the Thelema Abbey contained therein , which plays a central role at Crowley, for which there is no historical evidence.

In 1910, Crowley is said to have been introduced into the VII ° of the OTO by Reuss, after Crowley had received the 33rd ° in the Scottish Rite. What is certain is that on June 1, 1912, a "National Grand Lodge of the Oriental Templar Order for Great Britain and Ireland " was founded. This united Crowley's secret society A ∴ A ∴ and Reuss' OTO Crowley became the “National Grand Master for Great Britain and Ireland of the Mysteria Mystica Maxima [M: .M: .M :.], the English section of the Oriental Templar Order “And raised in the 33rd, 90th, 96th and Xth degrees of the Reuss high degree system. In the OTO Manifesto of 1912, Crowley appears under his initiation name Baphomet . Crowley reported himself that he was accepted by Reuss in the OTO and here in the IX °, which was specially equipped with sex-magic rites. On March 19, 1913, Reuss and Crowley jointly issued a charter that appointed James Thomas Windram (religious name: Mercurius, 1877-1939) as the official representative of the OTO in South Africa. Later in the same year, Crowley wrote the Gnostic Mass during a stay in Moscow , "created for use by the OTO as its central ceremony, to be celebrated publicly and internally and modeled on the mass of the Roman Catholic Church ".

In 1913 Crowley gave a constitution for the M: .M: .M :. and the Manifesto of M: .M: .M :. which he later revised and published as the so-called Liber LII , the OTO's manifesto. In a note from Reuss' translation of the Gnostic Mass , Reuss describes himself as Sovereign Patriarch and Primate of the Gnostic Catholic Church, and Gnostic Legate to Switzerland of the Église Gnostique Universelle and confirmed Jean Bricaud (1881-1934) as Sovereign Patriarch of this “Church ". The issue of this document can be seen as the birth of the Ecclesia Gnostica Catholica as an independent organization under the umbrella organization OTO with Reuss as the first patriarch. Crowley dedicated his mystery play The Ship (1913) and a collection of poems to The Giant's Thumb (1915) to Reuss . By 1914, this English branch under the leadership of Reuss and Crowley appeared more than the other sections.

When the First World War broke out, the collaboration between Reuss and Crowley to expand the OTO, who continued to journalistically testify to his pro-German attitude, broke off. The "headquarters" of the OTO was relocated to neutral Switzerland (Basel). It is not known whether another personal meeting took place during or after the war. During the war, around 1918, Reuss published the wording of a Gnostic Catholic Mass . The original text of this "Mass" is said to come from Crowley. In 1920 Reuss wrote in the development program of the Gnostic Neo-Christians : “ Freedom, justice, love! Do what you want, but remember that you are accountable ”; a quote indirectly referring to Rabelais and Crowley. In 1922 Reuss is said to have even revoked his cooperation with Crowley. In Germany in 1925 he held talks with the later head of the OTO in the USA , Karl Germer . German successor organizations and spin-offs developed from contacts with Crowley. So founded z. B. the Berlin antiquarian Eugen Grosche Easter 1928 the Fraternitas Saturni after Crowley's pattern. Proven contacts between different people from the theosophical direction to the Order of the Golden Dawn can show a relationship between these two worldviews.

From Reuss' period in Switzerland (1915–1921 with brief interruptions) the reports are contradictory. His work on Monte Verità near Ascona is certain. He set up the supranational grand lodge "Libertas et Fraternitas" and a mystical temple of the OTO ( Anational Grand Lodge and Mystic Temple ) as well as the Hermetic Brotherhood of Light. This seat in Switzerland represented a utopian commune, which was founded in 1900 by Henri Oedenkoven and Ida Hofmann and which functioned as a progressive base. On January 22, 1917, Reuss published a manifesto for this grand lodge, which was called “Verità Mystica”. On the same day he issued a revised OTO constitution, which was largely based on the Crowley constitution for the M: .M: .M :. was based and contained a synopsis of the grades and an abridged version of The Message of the Master Therion was attached.

On Monte Verità, Reuss held on 15-25. August 1917 from an "anational" congress, at which Crowley's poems were recited on August 22nd and his Gnostic mass on August 24th. On October 24 of the same year, Reuss patented the OTO lodge "Libertas et Fraternitas" on Monte Verità. The first chair master was the dancer and choreographer Rudolf Laban de Laban , another founding member was the dancer Mary Wigman . In 1917 »Libertas et Fraternitas« moved to Zurich. In 1918 the Gnostic Catholic Church was to be introduced as a compulsory religion from the 18th degree onwards, following a request from the Martinists. This request was rejected. As a result, there was a falling out with Reuss, whereupon the OTO was separated. In 1925 this lodge gave up its former privileges as the grand lodge of three other lodges and a circle and submitted to the “regular” Swiss grand lodge Alpina.

In an undated letter to Crowley (1917) Reuss reported that he had read The Message of the Master Therion before a meeting in Monte Verità and that he was translating The Book of the Law into German. Reuss added: “Let this new encourage you! We live in your work! ” ( Let yourself be encouraged by this! We live in your work! ). In 1917, Reuss and Crowley were apparently the only active national leaders of the OTO, because the announcement text of the 1917 congress in Monte Verita reads: “There are two centers of the OTO, both in neutral countries, to which those who support interested in the aim of this congress, be able to direct inquiries. One is in New York (US of America), the other in Ascona (Italian-speaking Switzerland). ”In contrast to Reuss, Crowley believed that it was not possible to initiate women into Freemasonry; however, he believed that they could very well be made initiates of the OTO.

With the advent of reports of animal sacrifices and allegedly satanic masses in the Abbey of Thelema , which Crowley had founded in Sicily as early as 1920, Reuss released him from the OTO on October 25, 1921

Reuss and Rudolf Steiner

Theodor Reuss was a member of the Theosophical Society in 1885 and of the Theosophical Society in America (TGinA) since 1896 . From 1902, Rudolf Steiner headed the German Section of the Theosophical Society as General Secretary , an offshoot of the Theosophical Society Adyar, which competes with the TGinA . Steiner is said to have received a patent from Reuss in 1906 for 1500 Reichsmarks as deputy grandmaster (Rex Summus X ° Sanctissimus - Supreme and Holy King) of the OTO / Memphis / Misraim chapter and grand council of the Rosicrucian Lodge " Mystica Aeterna " in Berlin, which Peter- R. King tried to refute. Steiner's future wife, Marie von Sievers , published in 1933/34 in the publishing house of the Anthroposophical Society (monthly for free spiritual life, combined with the monthly “Die Drei: Anthroposophie”) that her husband belonged to a “working group” called “ Mystica aeterna ” until 1914 have. Ms. Steiner herself was one of the first members of this group. In 1906 Steiner became deputy grandmaster of the OTO, from which he verbally distanced himself in later years. Steiner, like Reuss, was in the Rosicrucian or theosophical and neognostic tradition, and both of them supported adoption lodges, some of which were Masonic-oriented. Steiner rejected the libertine-gnostic formations of the high degrees by Reuss and Crowley. Reuss and Steiner are said to have belonged to the Ordo Rosicrusianum . Steiner founded the Anthroposophical Society in 1912/13 and ended his collaboration with Reuss in 1914. Dr. Robert William Felkin met Steiner a. a. 1910 in Berlin, contacts had even existed since 1906. Felkin, the co-founder of the Stella Matutina , a successor organization to the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn , to which Aleister Crowley belonged, led many of the members of that order to the first Anthroposophical Society, which was founded in England. Neither Steiner nor Felkin affirmed the libertine- gnostic formations described by Reuss or Crowley for the high grades worked on under Crowley.

After the First World War

Reuss left Monte Verità around November 1918. On May 10, 1919, Reuss presented a document called “Gauge of Amity” to Matthew McBlain Thomson, the founder of the American Masonic Federation . The document recognized Thomson as an OTO member of the IX. °. On September 18, 1919 Reuss received from Bricaud again the consecration and thus received the Antioch successor ("Antioch Succession") and was appointed as the "Gnostic Legate" of Switzerland for Bricaud's Église Gnostique Universelle . In 1920, Oedenkoven and Hofmann (see above) gave up Monte Verità to establish a second colony in Brazil, and Reuss published a document called The Program of Construction and the Guiding Principles of the Gnostic Neo-Christians: OTO ( Aufbauprogramm und Leitsatz der Gnostischen Neo -Christs: OTO ). In this document, Reuss presented his ideas with regard to a (highly regulated) utopian society.

On July 17, 1920 he attended the congress of the World Federation of Universal Freemasonry in Zurich, which was held in the << Libertas et Fraternitas >> Lodge. With Bricaud's support, Reuss unsuccessfully advocated the adoption of the Crowleyian religion as the official religion for all members of the World Federation of Universal Freemasonry who are in possession of the 18th degree of the Scottish Rite .

On May 10, 1921, Reuss issued X ° patents to Charles Stansfeld Jones (religious name: Parzival, 1886–1950) and Heinrich Tränker , who confirmed them as the respective grandmasters of the USA and Germany. In addition, he issued another "Gauge of Amity" document to Harvey Spencer Lewis , the founder of the Antiquus Mysticusque Ordo Rosæ Crucis (AMORC) , the organization of an order of the Rosicrucians in San José , California . This document also recognized Lewis as a VII ° member of the OTO. Reuss returned to Germany in September 1921 and settled in Munich. On September 3, 1921, Reuss issued a charter for Carl William Hansen (religious name: Kadosh, 1872-1936) as X. ° for Denmark .

Reuss' death and the consequences

In 1923 Reuss died in Munich at the age of 68. A successor in the management of the German OTO was Herbert Fritsche under the religious name Basilius (1911-1960).

Order of Reuss in Germany

  • Swedenborg rite ("irregular" three-level Masonic high degree system )
  • Societas Rosicruciana in Anglia (Rosicrucian)
  • Order of the Illuminati (founded by Leopold Engel in 1896 ), later: World Association of Illuminati
  • Oriental Templar Order Ordo Templi Orientis (OTO) ("irregular" Masonic system based on the Memphis Misraïm rite )
  • Old and Accepted Scottish Rite (AASR) (currently widespread "regular" Masonic high degree system with 33 degrees in Germany )
  • Cerneau rite ("irregular" Masonic system with 33 degrees)

Fonts

  • The Matrimonial Question. From an Anarchistic point of view , 1887 ( The question of motherhood ; Reuss ′ as a party speaker in England; his first publication in the form of a brochure)
  • INRI To the Masonic press in Germany! Oriflamme. Official organ of the Order of the Oriental Templars - OTO - The Sovereign Sanctuary of the ancient Freemasons of the Scottish, Memphis and Misraim rites for the German Empire and the German-speaking countries . (12th year Berlin and London: 1914).
  • Merlin Peregrinus (pseudonym for Theodor Reuss), INRI Ordo Templi Orientis - OTO Ecclesiae Gnosticae Catholicae Canon Missae. The Gnostic Mass - from the original text of Baphomet (di A. Crowley) translated into German by Merlin Peregrinus . AO 800. Verlag der "Oriflamme" (without place and year of printing).
  • The Illuminati Mysteries (1894)
  • History of the Illuminati Order (1896)
  • Peregrinus (pseudonym for Theodor Reuss), What do you have to know about Freemasonry? A generally understandable representation of the order of the Freemasons, the Illuminati and Rosicrucians (Berlin: Hugo Steinitz [1st edition] 1901 and other editions).
  • What is occultism and how to acquire occult powers? (1903)
  • What do you have to know about Richard Wagner and his sound dramas? (1903)
  • Lingam yoni; or the Mysteries of the Gender Cult (1906); Translation of Hargrave Jennings ' " Phallism ".
  • General statutes of the Order of the Oriental Templars OTO (1906)
  • Parsifal, the revealed secret of the Grail by Ur-Uter (1914)
  • Constitution of the Ancient Order of Oriental Templars, OTO, Ordo Templi Orientis, with an Introduction and a Synopsis of the Degrees of the OTO (1917)
  • The Gnostic Mass (translation) (1920)
  • The Development Program and the Guiding Principles of the Gnostic Neo-Christians (1920)
  • The Arte Magica Ararita (The Magic of the High Altar)
  • De Nuptis Secretis Deorum cum Hominibus (Of the secret weddings of the gods with man)
  • De Homunculus (From the preparation of the homunculus)
  • The Eucharist, the mystery of the Lord's Supper
  • The erotic in Goethe's Faust and the Tantriks
  • The cross and the sexual religion
  • The sexual in theosophy and anthroposophy, with the vows of the various leaders, in the original
  • The real secret of Freemasonry identical to the secrets of the Roman Catholic Mass
  • Overview of various Masonic systems and introduction to all degrees
  • The new Illuminati and their institutions and Handel
  • numerous other articles were printed in the Oriflamme

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Marco Pasi: Ordo Templi Orientis . In: Wouter J. Hanegraaff (Ed.): Dictionary of Gnosis & Western Esotericism. Brill, Leiden 2006, ISBN 978-90-04-15231-1 , pp. 898f.
  2. ↑ Short biography on ticinarte.ch
  3. ↑ cf. Lit .: Frick
  4. ^ Karl RH Frick: Light and Darkness. Gnostic-theosophical and Masonic-occult secret societies up to the turn of the 20th century . Volume 2. Marix Verlag, Wiesbaden 2005, ISBN 3-86539-044-7 , p. 463.
  5. ↑ Peter-Robert König: The OTO phenomenon RELOAD . Volume 1. Working group for questions of religion and ideology, Munich 2011, ISBN 978-3-941421-16-5 , p. 94.
  6. ^ Eugen Lennhoff / Oskar Posner / Dieter A. Binder: Internationales Freemaurer Lexikon , FA Herbig Verlagsbuchhandlung GmbH, Munich 2000, p. 703.
  7. ^ Helmut Zander : Anthroposophy in Germany. Theosophical worldview and social practice 1884–1945 . Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2007, pp. 976f.
  8. ^ A b Marco Pasi: Ordo Templi Orientis. In: Wouter J. Hanegraaff (Ed.): Dictionary of Gnosis & Western Esotericism. Brill, Leiden 2006, ISBN 978-90-04-15231-1 , p. 899.
  9. ↑ Peter-Robert König : The OTO phenomenon RELOAD. Volume 1. Working group for religious and ideological issues, Munich 2011, ISBN 978-3-941421-16-5 , p. 94f.
  10. ^ Karl RH Frick: Light and Darkness. Gnostic-theosophical and Masonic-occult secret societies up to the turn of the 20th century . Volume 2. Marix Verlag, Wiesbaden 2005, ISBN 3-86539-044-7 , p. 476.
  11. ^ Karl RH Frick: Light and Darkness: Gnostic-theosophical and Masonic-occult secret societies up to the turn of the 20th century . Academic printing and Publishing House, 1978, page 219
  12. ↑ Peter-R. King's OTO phenomenon
  13. ↑ Karlsruhe, vol. 33/34, issue 3
  14. ↑ Ellic Howe & Helmut Möller: Theodor Reuss: Irregular Freemasonry in Germany, 1900-23 . In: AQC. February 16, 1978
  15. ↑ Harald Strohm : The Gnosis and National Socialism. Suhrkamp Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1997. ISBN 3-518-11973-7 . P. 164.
  16. ↑ cf. Lit .: Frick

literature

  • Karl RH Frick: Light and Darkness , Part 1 and 2 . Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt, Graz 1978, ISBN 3-201-00951-2 ; ISBN 3-201-01062-6 ; see also The Enlightened by the same author ISBN 3-201-00834-6 .
  • Peter-Robert König: The Little Theodor Reuss Reader . Working group for religious and ideological issues, Augsburg 1993, ISBN 3-927890-13-8 .
  • Peter-Robert König : The OTO phenomenon RELOAD. Volumes 1 to 3. Working group for questions of religion and ideology, Munich 2011
  • Helmut Möller and Elic Howe: Merlin Peregrinus. From the underground of the Occident . Publishing house Königshausen + Neumann, Würzburg 1986, ISBN 3-88479-185-0 .

Web links

personal data
SURNAME Reuss, Theodor
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Reuss, Carl Albert Theodor (full name); Peregrinus, Merlin (religious name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German opera singer, radical political activist, journalist, sex magician, theosophist, freemason and founder of occult orders
DATE OF BIRTH July 28, 1855
PLACE OF BIRTH augsburg
DATE OF DEATH October 28, 1923
Place of death Munich