Thomas Pownall

This article deals with the British-American politician, on the cleric see Thomas Pownall Boultbee .

Thomas Pownall

Thomas Pownall (baptized September 4, 1722 ( gregor. ); † February 25, 1805 ) was a British politician and colonial administrator. He was governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay from 1757 to 1760 and a member of the British House of Commons from 1767 to 1805 . He traveled extensively in the North American colonies before the War of Independence and opposed the proposals of parliament to introduce taxes in the colonies, in addition he was an advocate for the minority who represented the positions of the colonies until the war.

He was classically educated and had close ties to the colonial administration in London . Pownall first traveled to North America in 1753 and spent two years exploring the colonies before being named Lieutenant Governor of the Province of New Jersey in 1755 . He became governor of Massachusetts in 1757 after helping to oust longtime governor William Shirley . His tenure was marked by the French and Indian War in which Pownall in Massachusetts created a Provincial Militia . He resisted military interference in the colonial administration, such as attempts to house British soldiers in private houses, and had a generally positive relationship with the Colonial Assembly .

In 1760 he returned to England, but remained interested in colonial concerns. He published widely read writings on the situation in the colonies, as well as several editions of The Administration of the Colonies . As a member of parliament, he campaigned regularly for the positions of the colonies, albeit without great success. But he then backed the war measures when the War of Independence began. In the early 19th century he was an early advocate for freedom of trade and for establishing solid relations between Britain and the United States. Some researchers also identify Pownall with Junius, a writer known only by the pseudonym, who published letters criticizing British governance.

John Adams wrote, "Pownall was the most constitutional and national governor, in my opinion, who had ever represented the crown in this province."

Life

youth

Thomas Pownall was the eldest son of William and Sarah (Burniston) Pownall. His father was a country gentleman and soldier, whose poor health and early death in 1735 brought the family into trouble. Pownall was baptized on September 4, 1722 ( New Calendar ) in Lincoln , England and received his education at Lincoln Grammar School and Trinity College , Cambridge , where he graduated in 1743. During his training he became familiar with classical and contemporary philosophers and the sciences. His first work, a work on the origins of government (1752), he had already sketched out in Cambridge.

While at Cambridge, his younger brother John got a job with the Board of Trade , which oversaw British colonial affairs, and quickly made a career. The brothers supported each other in their career endeavors. John secured a job for Thomas in the Colonial Office, where he had every opportunity for advancement and influence in colonial offices. In 1753 he went to America as private secretary to Sir Danvers Osborn, 3rd Baronet , who had just been appointed governor of New York. Osborne committed suicide a few days after his arrival in New York suicide , which stood Pownall without hiring and supporters. However, Pownall decided to stay in America and undertook studies of the American colonies . In the following months he traveled extensively from the Province of Maryland to the Province of Massachusetts Bay . He was introduced to the highest circles of politics and society in the colonies and built connections to a number of influential people, including Benjamin Franklin and the Governor of Massachusetts William Shirley .

The 1755 Evans-Pownall Map.

An important topic that the Osborn was commissioned to deal with was the growing discontent of the Iroquois , whose territory bordered on New York (and is now the area of ​​the central and western Upstate New York ). Pownall had dealt with the subject and was then invited by his liaison officers in Pennsylvania to attend the Albany Congress in 1754 as an observer. His observations on the colonial way of dealing with the Indians (e.g. political trench warfare over control of the Indian trade, corrupt and fraudulent appropriation of Indian land, etc.) led him to draft a number of proposals about colonial administration. He proposed the establishment of a Crown-appointed Superintendent for Indian Affairs, specifically Sir William Johnson , New York's Commissioner for Indian Affairs. He also wrote visions for carrying out the expansion of the colonies westward. After the conference he returned to Philadelphia. But it was during this time that a close friendship with Franklin developed, with whom he began to invest in companies. Franklin, who unsuccessfully suggested a colonial union, may also have contributed to Pownall's writings, although the exact scope of his contributions cannot be determined. While in Philadelphia, he also worked closely with cartographer Lewis Evans , as both recognized the need for accurate maps of the hinterland of North America, which is why it came into conflict with New France in the French and Indian War . The map published by Evans in 1755 was dedicated to Pownall and therefore earned him wide public recognition. Pownall's recommendation for Johnson as Superintendent of Indian Affairs was also implemented by the Crown in 1755.

Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey

William Shirley was removed from the post of Governor of Massachusetts on the basis of Pownall's investigation.

Pownall had previously lived at his own expense in the hope that a position would happen to come his way. In May 1755 he was made lieutenant governor of New Jersey , albeit with few duties as the aging governor, Jonathan Belcher , was still alive. Above all, Pownall should attend the military conferences during the ongoing war. Belcher, however, lived longer than expected (he died in 1757) and Pownall was obsessed with work. The military conferences drew him into the power struggle between Johnson and Shirley, who made the military rise and was appointed commander-in-chief after the death of General Edward Braddock in July 1755. The power struggle mainly concerned dealing with Indian Affairs. Johnson trumped Pownall's concern for border security and was able to pull him on his side. However, Pownall had already developed an aversion to Shirley when the latter put him back, and his reports to New York Governor Sir Charles Hardy , along with harmful allegations made by other Johnson supporters, led to Shirley's dismissal as Commander -in-chief. Pownall returned to England in early 1756, where he confirmed Johnson's accusations and was then given a position as Secretary Extraordinary. (Pownall himself had created the title.) It was responsible to the new Commander-in-Chief, Lord Loudoun .

While Pownall was in England, Shirley's reputation was damaged even further when it became known that he had dropped military information into enemy hands and the Board of Trade decided to recall him. Pownall was meanwhile offered the post of governor in Pennsylvania by its owners; However, his demand for extensive competencies induced those responsible to withdraw the offer. Pownall used the rejection to his own advantage by publishing that he had rejected the offer because of the "incomprehensible and unenlightened attitude of the proprietors"

Pownall's drawing of the Great Falls on the Passaic River .

Pownall accompanied Loudoun back to America in July 1756, but returned to England again to represent Loudoun in hearings on Shirley's military failure. Loudoun also gave him insight into his military plans and assessments. In London he came into close contact with the new Pitt-Newcastle Ministry and informed them about the state of affairs in North America. His accountability on these issues led to his appointment as governor of Massachusetts in March 1757. Although he was admired for his expertise on colonial issues, he was also criticized for his vanity and whims, and also for his role in the deposition of Shirley.

Governor of Massachusetts Bay

Pownall arrived in Boston in early August . He was well received and took office on August 3rd. Immediately he was thrown into a war-related crisis: a French force was moving towards Fort William Henry in north New York and the commanding officer there had sent a call for help. Pownall energetically organized a militia, but the call to arms came too late: Fort William Henry fell after a brief siege ( Siege of Fort William Henry ) and as a result some of the worst atrocities committed by Indians in war took place.

Pownall had intermittent relationships with John Campbell, 4th Earl of Loudoun .

In September 1757, Pownall traveled to New Jersey to attend Governor Jonathan Belcher's funeral and stopped in New York to meet with Loudoun. The Commander-in-Chief was upset that the Massachusetts General Court (the Provincial Assembly) had not fully implemented his demands and held Pownall responsible. Pownall denied military interference in civil affairs and suggested that the governor should lead, not drive, the provincial assembly. In contrast, Loudoun often used this method to implement his agenda. The meeting ended in bitter dispute and Loudoun wrote a letter to London in retrospect, in which he criticized Pownall's position and described his way of government as "high-handed". Loudoun received a dissenting vote from the General Court against a request to billet British troops with civilians in Boston, and threatened to move additional troops to the province and force shelters. Pownall demanded that the General Court partially respond to Loudoun's request and then passed a law that allowed the billeting of troops in inns and other public buildings. The law was unpopular and Pownall was featured on the local news as a supporter of Loudoun and its conduct. However, Pownall's correspondence with Loudoun shows that he clearly saw the colonists' attitude: “The inhabitants of this province have the natural rights of English citizens ... the use of these rights ... will move and encourage resistance perform ... against a cruel invading enemy. "Pownall was also aware of the relationship between the royal governor and his assembly:" A governor must endeavor to 'guide' these people because he cannot 'drive' them and must lead them step by step so that he can get support. ”He was so attached to these ideas that he offered to resign; Loudoun, however, encouraged him to stay in office again. Later, Pownall would draft parts of the Quartering Act of 1765, a parliamentary law whose implementation in the colonies was largely boycotted.

In January 1758, Pownall wrote several letters to William Pitt describing the difficulties surrounding relations between the colonial government and both the military and civil administrations of the British Establishment. In particular, he recommended that London should pay more money for war spending. The implementation of this proposal led to more militia recruitment in the last years of the war, including 7,000 men from Massachusetts for the 1758 campaign. Pownall achieved the passage of a law through the General Court with the reforms of the militia system were implemented. However, the law did not include all of the changes Pownall wanted to implement a more flexible and less costly organization, and its provisions placed more power over the militias in the hands of the local administrations, thereby limiting the governor's control.

Pownall's order, in which he told Lieut. Col. John Hawke Authorized to Beat his Drum to Call for Regiments for the Invasion of Canada, 1758.

Despite these reforms, militia recruiting proved difficult and recruiting squads were often harassed and even stoned and fistfights took place on several occasions. However, Pownall succeeded in raising the full provincial militia target and his energetic support in the war earned him the recognition of William Pitt, of the Board of Trade, and the new Commander-in-Chief, James Abercrombie . In the swing of his success, Pownall proposed to General Jeffery Amherst to build a fort in Penobscot Bay to control possible French movements in the area. The area had experienced multiple border conflicts since 1755, including a violent attack on St. George in the spring of 1758. This proposal developed into a major expedition into the area, which was not only approved by Amherst, but also by the Assembly. Pownall led the expedition himself and oversaw the construction of Fort Pownall , and he counted this among the major achievements of the year. The success also brought about a land rush in the area.

Though Pownall's entry into office was somewhat difficult, his popularity in the province grew over the course of his tenure. He conscientiously took care of the needs of the many fishermen and convinced the military authorities to successfully abolish some arduous bureaucracy and he also courted local traders. In fact, he invested in Thomas and John Hancock's ventures . on his departure he was showered with praise by a group of Massachusetts traders. As a bachelor he was told to be a "ladies' man" and he was very present on the social stage. Although he was not strictly religious, he regularly attended Anglican services, and often the Congregationalists . He successfully figured out controversial issues relating to the drafting, formation and supply of militias and worked out compromises between military and provincial demands. However, he had a tense relationship with his lieutenant governor, Thomas Hutchinson. The two men never trusted each other, and Pownall regularly excluded Hutchinson from his Inner Council meetings. Instead, he sent him across the country with assignments, for example with the assignment to carry out militia recruitment. One of Pownall's final acts before leaving the colony was the appointment of James Otis, Sr. , a longtime opponent of Hutchinson's, as Assembly spokesman.

In late 1759 Pownall wrote a letter to William Pitt requesting a transfer to England, because "he could be of use there". His biographer John Schutz suspects that a subliminal reason for Pownall's request was his frustration because he was from the important military Tasks of the late war years was excluded, and he may have wanted to take on a more influential post, such as a Governor-Generalship of Conquered New France . Historian Bernard Bailyn believes that Pownall's divisive dislike and distrust of Shirley's supporters (such as Thomas Hutchinson) and the resulting power struggles were what triggered the request, as well as his difficulties with the commanders of the military. Whatever the reason, the Board of Trade was in the state of an occupation carousel after the death of George II and Pownall was given the post of governor of the Province of South Carolina and permission to take a vacation in England first. His departure from Boston was delayed by recruitment issues and cleanups after a major fire in the city, so he did not leave until June 1760.

Administration of the colonies

Although he held the post of governor of South Carolina, he never got there. He characterized his presence in Massachusetts as "urgently needed" (arduous) and informed the Colonial Office in November 1760 that he would only accept another governor's post if the newly crowned George III. command it directly. Pitt then appointed him Military Commissary in the Electorate of Braunschweig-Lüneburg (Electorate of Hanover), where he stayed until the end of the Seven Years' War in 1763. The position did not fuel his career ambitions in colonial administration, and it led to allegations of financial irregularities, of which he was acquitted.

On his return to England he was preparing a treatise entitled The Administration of the Colonies . This was first published anonymously in 1764 and Pownall revised the work and got several editions between 1765 and 1777. The work, a dry and complex treatise on the situation in North America, which also contained a commentary on the growing tension in the Thirteen Colonies , was Pownalls Attempt to enable a successful integration of the colonies into a larger empire.

Pownall's work identified him as a supporter of "American liberty" (American aspirations for freedom). While worried that Britain might lose control of the colonies, he wrote that Americans were entitled to the same rights of representative government as subjects in England, Scotland and Wales. At the same time, he insisted that the military protection given to the colonists of Britain also entailed extensive obligations, the cost of which had to be paid. Pownall was also convinced that a strong, central government would be able to make common policies that could be binding on every member of the British Empire, including the provinces in North America. Pownall decided that the only solution to the tensions lay in an imperial parliament, with representatives from both Britain and the colonies. Although he was not the only British commentator to raise the idea of ​​an imperial parliament, most Americans flatly opposed the idea, so much so that John Dickinson suggested this centralized plan to reform the legislative system in his influential Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania ( 1768) explicitly criticized.

Supporters of the colonies

Pownall cultivated his political friends in Massachusetts and was summoned several times before parliamentary committees to comment on colonial affairs. He also considered returning to Massachusetts if a job was found and began investing in land in Nova Scotia , greatly increasing his holdings in the colonies. In 1765 he married Harriet Fawkener , the widow of Everard Fawkener and illegitimate daughter of Lieutenant-General Charles Churchill (nephew of the 1st Duke of Marlborough ), thereby establishing a connection with the Dukes of Marlborough . Pownall raised her four (? - three) children as if they were his own. Harriet was a gracious and intelligent woman. She became an important partner in advancing his political career, hosting social events and encouraging his intellectual endeavors. She may also have encouraged him to run for a seat in the British House of Commons in 1767 when he won a seat for the Pocket borough Tregony in Cornwall .

Benjamin Franklin , a friend and correspondent of Pownall.

Thereupon he renewed his correspondence with officials in Massachusetts in the hope of getting an assignment as representative of the provincial interests, but achieved nothing. He received regular visitors from the colonies, and Benjamin Franklin, his old friend from Pennsylvania, was a frequent visitor. He watched with excitement the growing problems in the colonies and the failures of parliamentary leadership and colonial administration which exacerbated these problems instead of diminishing them. He used his position in parliament to illustrate the resistance in the colonies to the Quartering Act of 1765 and other unpopular laws. When troops were dispatched to Boston in 1768 following the protests against the Townshend Acts and they used force, he gave a speech in Parliament warning that the links between Britain and the colonies would be disrupted and that a permanent rift would eventually arise could.

Pownall opposed Lord North in his selfish introduction of the hated Townshend Act 1770, in which the tax on tea was preserved as a symbol of parliamentary power. In debating the law, Pownall said that withholding the tax was a "millstone" around the neck of the English rather than a yoke for the Americans and that it would lead to civil war. He gave his address on March 5, 1770, the day of the Boston massacre . Disappointed by Parliament's inability to understand the problems of the American colonies, he urged its colonial correspondents to emphasize constitutional issues and avoid violence.

The problems of the American colonies then briefly disappeared from its sphere of influence. In 1772, Pownall took care of laws reforming food production and distribution in Britain. The law passed through the House of Commons, but was changed by the House of Lords , whereupon the House of Commons rejected the changed law again as it saw the change as a violation of its prerogatives. The bill was passed the following year and was named Governor Pownall's Bill . It received a lot of support, including from such influential people as Adam Smith . Pownall was honored with a membership in the Society of Antiquaries and the Royal Society .

revolution

After the Boston Tea Party in December 1773, Parliament passed a series of laws (Coercive Acts) to punish the Province of Massachusetts. Pownall had no chance to steer the opinion in a more conciliatory direction. He was also involved in the Hutchinson Letters Affair as one of those who may have forwarded private letters from Thomas Hutchinson to Benjamin Franklin, although Franklin never revealed his source. As a result, Pownall could not hold his seat: in 1774 he was voted out of office. In an attempt to remain active, Pownall ultimately turned to Lord North, who secured him a seat in a by-election, whereupon he ran for the Borough of Minehead in Somerset . This apparent turn to Toryism alarmed many of Pownall's supporters in the colonies; but there is also evidence that North Pownall manipulated defeat to secure his support.

Lord North , portrait by Nathaniel Dance-Holland .

Pownall supported North's attempts at reconciliation in the debates before the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War . However, hostilities began in April 1775 and his conciliatory views were rejected by both parties; by the Tories for appearing in support of the war, as well as by the Whigs , who saw his proposals as attempts to weaken their position. Pownall remained nominally a supporter of North until 1777, when he spoke openly for the peace party. France's entry into the war on the side of the Americans clearly brought him back to the side of the Tory position in support of the war. His support, however, was very nuanced: he continued to argue in favor of negotiations with the Americans, but was resolutely patriotic with the French. He was not the only British politician unable to bring these positions together and refused to run for re-election in 1780.

During the war years he published several revisions of his The Administration of the Colonies . He added and revised to take account of the changing conditions and also worked out an update and revision of the Evans Map, using data and updated maps from correspondents in the colonies. He withdrew more and more in the years that followed after his wife died in 1777, but he still appeared regularly in Parliament.

Post-war years

Francisco de Miranda , activist for Latin America's independence. Portrait of Martín Tovar y Tovar .

In July 1780, Pownall anonymously published an essay entitled A Memorial Most Humbly Addressed to the Sovereigns of Europe . This widely circulated document garnered Pownall much attention across Europe; the anonymity of the author was quickly revealed after much of the Administration of the Colonies had been used. The essay gave instructions to Europe's rulers on how to deal with the now independent United States and pointed out that America's independence and rapid population growth will have a transformative effect on world trade. In the essay he suggested that European leaders meet to agree global rules for basic free trade.

Pownall retained an interest in the development of the United States even after the war ended, although he never returned. He applied unsuccessfully for a post in the Massachusetts Militia, but more as a formality so that he could present himself with it on his travels in Europe. He continued to write essays and published an updated version of his map from 1755. In his final years Pownall came into contact with Francisco de Miranda , a Venezuelan officer who promoted Latin America's independence from Spain. According to historian William Spence Robertson , important arguments used by Miranda in his later endeavors stem from Pownall's influence. Pownall explicitly supported Miranda by providing him with ties to the British government to promote the independence agenda. Pownall's last great work was a treatise in which he again campaigned for free trade as well as British support for the independence of Latin America in order to open the markets to British and American trade. Pownall died in Bath on February 25, 1805 and was buried in the Church of Walcot (Bath) .

Thomas Pownall as an antiquarian

Memorial to William and Sarah Pownall in Lincoln Cathedral , erected by Thomas' brother John in 1790.

While Pownall is best known as a colonial governor and politician, he also played an important role as an antiquarian and archaeologist in the late 18th century . Bryony Orme praises him as one of "perhaps the most neglected of our early antiquarians". He inherited that interest from his father, Captain William Pownall, who was at No. 5 Pottergate lived in Minster Yard , next door to Lincoln Cathedral . His father had correspondence with William Stukeley about ancient finds in and around Lincoln, and Thomas Pownall's brother John also wrote articles on archaeological topics. Even before he left for America, Pownall showed an interest in archeology by recording the findings in 1752, which indicated a Roman villa at Glentworth in Lincolnshire . After his return from America he became a Fellow (member) of the Society of Antiquaries in 1770 and wrote numerous articles for the early editions of the journal Archaeologia . Some of his writings deal with discoveries around Lincoln, but more important were his contributions to New Grange in Ireland in 1773 and to the Cairn Brach y Dinas at Penmaenmawr , on the north coast of Wales. He then dealt with the descriptions of Roman remains in France, where he was living at the time, and after moving to Bath in Somerset, he wrote again descriptions of the Roman finds there.

Legacy and Family

Pownall was married twice. His first wife was Harriet Churchill, who had three children into the marriage. In 1784 Pownall married Hannah (Kennet) Astell , through whom he acquired important goods and the position of country nobleman .

The places Pownal (Maine) and Pownal (Vermont) were named after him. Dresden (Maine) was formerly called Pownalborough ; this recognition has been given in the name of the Pownalborough Courthouse , a historic building that was built in 1761. The remains of Fort Pownall , which also bore his name, can still be seen in Maine's Fort Point State Park .

Junius

Between 1769 and 1772 a series of letters were published in London's Public Advertiser , which were written under the pseudonym "Junius". Some of the letters contained allegations of corruption and abuse of power by British officials. Topics that Pownall also addressed and dealt with in writing. The identity of Junius has been an issue since then. 1854 wrote Frederick Griffin 's work Junius Uncovered in which he represented the idea Pownall was Junius; this idea was taken up again by Pownall's descendant Charles AW Pownall in his 1908 biography. Today's scholars question this assumption and favor Philip Francis as the author of the letters because of several references in the letters.

Works

• A Description of the Sepulchral Monument of New Grange, near Drogheda, in the County of Meath, in Ireland. By Thomas Pownall, Esq. in a letter to the Rev. Gregory Sharpe, DD Master of the Middle Temple . Read at the Society of Antiquaries , June 21/28 1770. Archaeologia Vol 2, (1773), pp. 236-276 ( babel.hathitrust.org ).

literature

• John Adams, Charles Francis Adams: The works of John Adams, second President of the United States . tape 10 . Little, Brown, Boston 1856, OCLC 64221253 .
• Bernard Bailyn: The ordeal of Thomas Hutchinson . Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass. 1974, ISBN 0-674-64160-4 .
• Bruce J. Bourque, Steven L. Cox, Ruth Holmes Whitehead: Twelve thousand years. American Indians in Maine . University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln 2001, ISBN 0-8032-1310-7 .
• Charles AW Pownall: Thomas Pownall, Governor of Massachusetts Bay, Author of the Letters of Junius . Henry Stevens, Sons & Stiles, 1908, OCLC 317572928 ( archive.org ).
• Alan Rogers: Empire and Liberty. American resistance to British authority, 1755-1763 . University of California Press, Berkeley 1974, ISBN 0-520-02275-0 .
• John A. Schutz: Thomas Pownall, British defender of American liberty; a study of Anglo-American relations in the eighteenth century. AH Clark, Glendale, Calif. 1951 ( babel.hathitrust.org ).
• John J. Waters, John A. Schutz: Patterns of Massachusetts Colonial Politics: The Writs of Assistance and the Rivalry between the Otis and Hutchinson Families . In: The William and Mary Quarterly . tape 24 , no. 4 , 1967, ISSN  0043-5597 , pp. 543-567 , doi : 10.2307 / 1919470 , JSTOR : 1919470 .

Web links

Commons : Thomas Pownall  - collection of images, videos and audio files

• National Governors Association (English)

Individual evidence

1. ↑ “ Pownall was the most constitutional and national Governor, in my opinion, who ever represented the crown in this province. ”(Adams: p. 243.)
2. ↑ Protection: pp. 18-19.
3. ↑ Pownall, Thomas . In: John Venn , John Archibald Venn (eds.): Alumni Cantabrigienses . A Biographical List of All Known Students, Graduates and Holders of Office at the University of Cambridge, from the Earliest Times to 1900. Part 1: From the earliest times to 1751 , volume 3 : Kaile-Ryves . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1924, pp. 389 ( venn.lib.cam.ac.uk Textarchiv - Internet Archive ).
4. ↑ Protection: pp. 26–28.
5. ↑ Protection: p. 20.
6. ↑ Protection: pp. 21-22.
7. ↑ Pownall: 5, 41-42.
8. ↑ Schultz: 34-35.
9. ↑ Schultz: 37-38.
10. ↑ ^{a b} Schultz: 41-48.
11. ↑ Rogers: 24.
12. ↑ Protection: pp. 43–44.
13. ↑ ^{a b} Protection: 49.
14. ↑ Protection: p. 51.
15. ↑ Protection: p. 53.
16. ↑ Rogers: Jan.
17. ↑ Protection: p. 55
18. ↑ Protection: p. 58
19. ↑ Protection: p. 60.
20. ↑ Protection: pp. 60-67
21. ↑ Protection: pp. 68-69
22. ↑ Protection: pp. 69-70
23. ↑ "unreasonable, unenlightened attitude of the proprietors' protection: 71st
24. ↑ Protection: pp. 74-78.
25. ↑ Protection: p. 78.
26. ^ Protection: pp. 78-83
27. ↑ Protection: p. 84.
28. ↑ Protection: pp. 85-87.
29. ↑ Protection: pp. 89-96.
30. ↑ Protection: pp. 105-108.
31. ^ Protection: pp. 109–110.
32. ↑ Protection: p. 115.
33. ↑ Rogers: 86-87.
34. ↑ "the inhabitants of this province are intitled to the natural rights of English born subjects ... the enjoyment of these rights ... will animate and encourage them to resist ... a cruel, invading enemy." Protection: 116.
35. ↑ "a governor must endeavor to lead those people for he cannot drive them and must lead them step by step as he can 'gett [sic] footing'." Protection: 116–117.
36. ↑ Protection: p. 117.
37. ↑ Rogers: 88.
38. ↑ Protection: pp. 118–119.
39. ↑ Protection: p. 128.
40. ↑ Protection: pp. 121–123.
41. ↑ Protection: p. 130.
42. ↑ Protection: p. 151.
43. ↑ Protection: p. 152.
44. ^ Bourque: 200-203.
45. ↑ Protection: pp. 166–172.
46. ↑ Protection: 174.
47. ↑ Protection: pp. 155–156.
48. ↑ Protection: p. 154.
49. ↑ Protection: p. 157.
50. ↑ Protection: pp. 162–166.
51. ↑ Waters and Protection: 556.
52. ↑ Waters and Protection: 557.
53. ^ "I might be of some service". Protection: 174.
54. ↑ ^{a b} Protection: 175
55. ↑ Bailyn: 44.
56. ↑ Protection: pp. 182, 197.
57. ↑ Protection: 197.
58. ↑ Protection: pp. 181, 194, 293.
59. ^ Protection: pp. 182-194.
60. ^ Pownall, Administration of the Colonies , 4th Ed., 1768: 174.
61. ↑ bernardoconnor.org.uk
62. ↑ Protection: p. 198
63. ↑ Protection: p. 199
64. ↑ Protection: p. 200.
65. ↑ Protection: p. 202.
66. ↑ Protection: p. 203.
67. ↑ Protection: p. 213.
68. ^ Protection: pp. 219-220.
69. ↑ Mk 9.42  LUT
70. ↑ Protection: p. 226.
71. ↑ Protection: pp. 228-229.
72. ^ Protection: pp. 230-232.
73. ↑ Protection: pp. 234-236.
74. ↑ Protection: p. 237; Pownall: 264.
75. ↑ Protection: p. 241.
76. ↑ Protection: p. 242.
77. ↑ Protection: p. 254.
78. ^ Protection: pp. 255-256.
79. ↑ Protection: p. 244.
80. ↑ Protection: p. 252.
81. ^ Protection: pp. 257-260.
82. ↑ Protection: p. 264.
83. ↑ Protection: 265.
84. ^ Protection: pp. 282–283.
85. ^ Protection: pp. 284–285.
86. ↑ Protection: p. 286.
87. ^ "Is perhaps one of the most neglected of our early antiquaries, and undeservedly so." Bryony Orme: Governor Pownall. In: Antiquity, 1974, Vol. 48, 116-25.
88. ^ RW Hunt: William Pownall, Antiquarian. Lincolnshire Architectural and Archaeological Society, 1962, Vol.9 pt.2: 158-163.
89. ^ P. Everson: Thomas 'Governor' Pownall and the Roman Villa at Glentworth, Lincolnshire. Lincolnshire History and Archeology, 1980, Vol.15: 9-14.
90. ^ Archaeologia, Vol. 2: 236-75
91. ↑ Stewart Baldwin: The English Ancestry of George ¹ Pownall of Bucks County, Pennsylvania, with Notes on Thomas ¹ Pownall, Governor of Massachusetts Bay and South Carolina. In: The American Genealogist , 76 (2001): 81-93, 217-26; Edward J. Davies, "Further Notes on Governor Thomas ¹ Pownall," The American Genealogist , 77 (2002): 190-94.
92. ^ Protection: pp. 265-268.
93. ^ Bailyn: The Ordeal of Thomas Hutchinson: 44
94. ^ Charles Allen: History of Dresden, Maine. Jennie and Eleanor Everson, Dresden, ME 1977.1931: 265.
95. ^ National Register Information System . In: National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . Retrieved March 13, 2009., reference # 70000052
96. ^ ^{A b c} T. H Bowyer: Junius, Philip Francis and Parliamentary Reform. In: Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies. Volume 27, No. 3, Autumn 1995: 397.
97. ↑ Pownall: 336-337
98. ↑ Pownall: 324.