John Endecott

Portrait of John Endecott

Endecott's signature

John Endecott , also John Endicott (* approx. 1588 , presumably in Dorchester , England , † March 15, 1665 in Boston , Massachusetts Bay Colony ) was an English puritan , colonial administrator, soldier and the second governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. With the exception of one year, he held offices in the civil, legal, or military fields for all of his years in the colony. In total, he served as governor for 16 years, including most of the last 15 years of his life. A colonial governor never reached that term again. Endecott also represented the colony in the New England Confederation and drove the expansion of the Salem settlement and other parts of Essex County .

Act

Endecott was a dutiful and hot-headed Puritan with a separatist attitude to the Anglican Church . This at times contradicted non-conformist views prevalent among the colony's early leaders - especially disputes arose when Endecott sheltered the separatist Roger Williams . He advocated the view that women should dress modestly and that men should keep their hair short. In his judicial judgments, he regularly banished people from the colony whose religious views were inconsistent with those of the Puritans and sentenced four Quakers to death for returning to the colony after their exile ( Martyrs of Boston ). He repeatedly disfigured the English flag because he saw the St. George Cross depicted on it as a symbol of the pontificate . An expedition led by him in 1636 is now seen as the opening offensive in the Pequot War , in which the Pequot tribe was practically exterminated.

Endecott used some of his lands to grow fruit trees - a pear tree he planted still stands in Danvers today . When copper was found on his land, he was involved from the start in efforts to build a mining industry in the colonies. In Endicott Rock State Park on Lake Winnipesaukee , his name is written on a stone that was engraved by surveyors in 1652 as they explored the colony's northern border. Places and institutions were named after Endecott, and his descendants , like those of other early colonists, were in many cases known. Endecott was very well read and spoke French fluently .

Life

Most of what is known about Endecott's early life is of minor importance at best. Nineteenth- century biographers believed that he came from Dorchester , Dorset , as he was correspondence with people from that town. In the early 20th century, the historian Roper Lethbridge (1840-1919) speculated that Endecott was born around 1588 in or near Chagford in Devon . In Chagford, a former colonial school building was named after him.

Recent research by the New England Historic Genealogical Society challenges Lethbridge's claims. According to their investigations, Endecott could indeed have been born in or near Chagford, but there is no reliable evidence to support this claim or the identity of his parents. Therefore, based on the information available, the researchers conclude that Endecott could not have been born later than 1600. In the early 17th century there was a person of the same name who worked in Devon , but there is no reliable evidence as to whether this was the future governor of the colony. What is certain, however, is that Endecott was acquainted with Sir Edward Coke and through whom he probably met Roger Williams . Some early colonial documents refer to him as "Captain Endecott," suggesting some military experience, and other records also attribute medical knowledge to him.

Settlement of the New World

Endecott's pear tree , photographed in 1997

In March 1627/1628 Endecott was one of seven signatories of a contract of sale for a piece of land acquired by the New England Company - the main buyer was the Earl of Warwick , who acquired the land on behalf of the Plymouth Council for New England for the New England Company. The Plymouth Council at that time was the umbrella organization for the development of the English colonies in North America between the 40th and 48th parallel .

Endecott was appointed to lead the first expedition and set sail for New England on June 20, 1628 on board the ship Abigail - accompanied by about 50 "planters and servants" . On September 6th they landed in what is now Salem . The area was already occupied by settlers from the failed Dorchester Company , whose original donors were now partly involved in the New England Company. This group of early settlers had moved to Salem from an abandoned settlement on Cape Ann near present-day Gloucester under the leadership of Roger Conant . Built by the group settlement they initially named after the Indian tribe of Naumkeag . Endecott was a co-founder of the aforementioned New England Company for a Plantation in Massachusetts (later the Massachusetts Bay Company), for which Charles I of England issued a royal charter in 1629 .

After receiving a royal charter of the colony, Endecott was formally appointed governor by the council of the New England Company in London in 1629 . In the same year the place was renamed Salem and Matthew Cradock was installed in London as First Governor of the New England Company. Endecott was responsible for ensuring that the colony gained stability and was prepared for the arrival of more settlers. So he sent another expedition carried out by the Sprague brothers .

The winter of 1629/1630 was very harsh compared to England, so he asked the Plymouth Colony for medical assistance. His wife, who had already been sick on the crossing, died that winter. Further difficulties in its task with which Endicott was struggling included early signs of religious schisms among the settlers of the colony, resulting in non-conformists and separatists divided up, and bad relations with Thomas Morton , whose failed Wessagusset Colony and free-thinking methods (including the establishment a maypole and the performance of dances) were a thorn in the side of the conservative Puritans . At an early stage of his tenure as governor, Endecott visited the now abandoned site where Morton's colony had stood and had the maypole that was still there demolished. When a group of early settlers wanted to build a new church separate from that built by the colonial leadership, their leaders were promptly sent back to England from Endecott.

The early 1630s

This illustration by Howard Pyle shows Endecott defacing the English flag. Pyle incorrectly depicted the flag as the Union Jack , although at the time it only showed the George Cross .

Endecott's first term ended with the arrival of John Winthrop in 1630. The New England Company had restructured and moved its headquarters from London directly to the colony. Winthrop was henceforth the sole governor. After seeing the conditions in Salem, he decided to move the colony's administrative headquarters to the mouth of the Charles River , where he founded what is now Boston . Endecott became one of his assistants and chose to stay in Salem, where he held various leadership roles for the remainder of his life, including city councilor and militia leader. At the Massachusetts state level , he was a military leader, magistrate, deputy governor, and governor. Under his guidance, an "orchard" was planted in Salem, where he cultivated seedlings of fruit trees - the area is now known as Danvers . The Endicott pear tree , which was brought to New England as a seed in one of the first convoys of settlers, still stands today and still bears fruit.

In the early 1630s, the religious conflict between the nonconformists and separatists, also fueled by the Boston and Salem-based churches, was the major cause of political disagreement in the colony. The Church in Salem supported the separatists who sought complete separation from the Church of England , while the nonconformists in Boston, headed by Winthrop himself, sought reform of the Anglican Church from within. The arrival of the separatist Roger Williams in Boston in 1631 led to an expansion of this conflict, whereupon he was banished from the colony and first moved to Salem, where he was offered a position as a teacher in the local church at Endecott's intervention. However, when this became known in Boston, Endecott faced significant criticism and accusations for his support for Williams, who was exiled from the colony. Endecott then gave up his support and Williams moved on to Plymouth. A few years later he returned to Salem and became the unofficial pastor of the local church after the death of Samuel Skelton in 1634. The Boston authorities were anxious to arrest Williams because they believed he held treasonous and heretical opinions and made them public. Williams then fled and founded the city of Providence in Rhode Island .

During this time, Endecott argued that women should be veiled in the church and defaced the local militia flag, which displayed the St. George's Cross , which he saw as a symbol of the pontificate . This is taken up, among other things, in the story "Endicott and the Red Cross" by Nathaniel Hawthorne , in which the author describes the "conflict between Endecott as a symbol of religious intolerance and as a symbol of heroic resistance to an external domination of New England". Endecott's actions coincided with Massachusetts investigations by Charles I's Privy Council , and the colonial administration believed that a tough response was necessary to avoid loss of colonial status. Endecott was therefore reprimanded for the carelessness of his act (but not for the act itself) and, in addition, all official offices were removed from him for one year. 1635 is the only year in which he held no public office.

In the same year, the committee responsible for the colonial militias spoke out in favor of no longer using the English flag as standard in this area. Following Endecott's deed and the colony leadership's refusal to provide Salem with additional land at Marblehead because Williams was in town, the Salem Church sent a letter to other churches in the colony calling this legislative act " hideous sin ”. Although the author of the letter could never be identified, Endecott defended him at his hearing in Boston and was thrown in jail for a day. After he acknowledged his mistake, the charges were dropped.

The Pequot War

→ Main article : Pequot war

This engraving depicts the landing of the Men of Endecott on Block Island .

In 1636, the Massachusetts merchant John Oldham's boat was seen anchored off Block Island and surrounded by Indians . When the colonists who had observed this scene approached the boat, the Indians fled and Oldham's body was found below deck. The attackers were believed to be Indians from the Narraganset tribe , but their leaders claimed that the tribe members responsible for the crime had fled to the Pequot to seek protection. At that time, the Pequot were aggressively expanding and harassing the neighboring tribes (including the Narraganset), but had largely peaceful relations with the English colonists of what is now southern New England. The accusation of Narragansett increased the anger of state power under Governor Henry Vane even further - she was already upset already have an earlier incident, the Pequot had refused during which deliver men in the murder of another dealer on the Connecticut River involved had been. The recent incident has now led to calls for the Pequot to be punished. In August 1636, Endecott was commissioned by Governor Vane to take revenge on the Pequot with 90 men.

His orders were to go to Block Island, kill all adult male Indians, and capture women and children. He was then to move on to the Pequot settlements on the mainland and make three demands: First, the killers of Oldham and the other merchant should be extradited. Second, the Indians were to make a payment of a thousand fathoms of wampum in reparation; and third, some of the Pequot's children were to be extradited to serve as slaves to the English .

Endecott carried out these orders with great zeal. Although most of the Indians on Block Island put up little resistance, he spent two days destroying their settlements, fields and canoes. However, most of the islands' Indians were able to evade the English search parties successfully. English reports say 14 Indians were killed, but the Narraganset speak of only one dead. Endecott sailed on to Saybrook , Connecticut , an English settlement at the mouth of the Connecticut River . Lion Gardiner , the local leader, complained to Endecott when he learned the goals of his mission: "You come here to scare off the wasps of the area, only to set sail and flee!"

After some discussion and delays due to bad weather, Gardiner finally agreed to support the Massachusetts forces with some of his men and to plunder the Pequot supply stores. When they arrived at the settlement of the Pequot near the mouth of the Thames River, they answered the friendly greetings of the Indians with silence. When a sachem finally came to them, the English made their demands and threatened war if these were not met. Endecott promised to wait for his return until the sachem had settled the matter in the village. In fact, he let his fully armed forces go ashore as soon as the sachem was out of sight. When the latter noticed the incident and rushed back to explain that the leaders of the village were currently on Long Island , Endecott declared it a lie and ordered the attack on the village. Most of the inhabitants were able to flee, so that all that remained for the English was to destroy the village and loot the supplies. Endecott then returned with his men to Boston, leaving it to Gardiner and his men to loot the rest of the Indian supplies. The Pequot regrouped and attacked Gardiner, whose armor protected them from the arrows but did not make their escape easier.

The historian Alfred Cave describes Endecott's actions as a “deliberate provocation of war with the Indians”. All the surrounding colonies protested against the measures and complained that the raid would put the lives of their residents at risk. Because the Pequot had previously lived relatively peacefully next to the English, the raid actually had the effect that Gardiner had predicted and feared. English settlements on the Connecticut River were first attacked in April 1637, and Gardiner was formally besieged at Saybrook by the Pequot. Endecott played no further role in the war that followed, which ended with the destruction of the Pequot as a tribe. The conquered land was divided among the colonies and the Allied Indian tribes by the Treaty of Hartford in 1638 , and the surviving Pequot were distributed to their neighbors' settlements.

Later terms as governor

In 1641, Endecott was elected deputy governor. In this role he was a signatory to the Massachusetts Body of Liberties , which in anticipation of the Bill of Rights granted all colonists a number of individual rights . The next few years were relatively quiet, although rumors of a war with the Indians in 1643 led to the formation of the New England Confederation , with the help of which the colonies in New England could respond in a coordinated manner to external threats, but also to internal matters such as escaped slaves and convicts.

In 1643, Governor Winthrop was embroiled in a controversy over the correctness of partisanship in a power struggle in neighboring French Acadia . Endecott was of the opinion that Winthrop should have let the French fight among themselves without interference from the English, since an intervention would weaken both. The gubernatorial elections in 1644 therefore turned into a vote on Winthrop's policy, with the result that Endecott was elected governor and Winthrop his deputy. During that year-long tenure, Endecott oversaw the division of the colony into four new counties: Suffolk , Essex , Middlesex and Norfolk . The rise of Endecott from Salem also led to attempts by other Salem residents to move the seat of colonial administration back to Salem. However, this attempt was rejected by the Advisory Board of the Governor's Assistants.

The effects of the English Civil War , which broke out in 1642, also reached the city of Boston during Endecott's tenure. Two ships - one with a cavalier , the other with a roundhead captain - arrived in Boston, and the supporter of Parliament moved for the royalist ship to be confiscated. After extensive deliberation, Endecott's advisory boards decided to endorse the Roundhead's position in principle and reserved the right to declare independence should Parliament “subsequently show an evil nature”. The parliamentary captain was allowed to confiscate the other ship, and the colony itself began to confiscate all royalist ships calling at Boston Harbor.

1645 Thomas Dudley was elected as the new governor and Winthrop as his deputy. As a consolation, Endecott was given command of the colonial forces and reported directly to the governor. In addition, he was reappointed assistant to the governor and selected to represent the colony in the New England Confederation. The threat from the Indians in neighboring colonies led to an upgrade of the defensive forces, which Endecott supervised in the lead. 1646 Winthrop was re-elected governor; after his death in 1649 he was replaced in his office by Endecott. Through annual re-elections, Endecott served as governor until his death in 1665, with the exception of terms of 1650/1651 and 1654/1655, where he was deputy governor.

In 1639 Endecott was awarded several hundred acres of land north of Salem (now Boxford and Topsfield ). The area was not formally designated until 1659, but as early as 1651 he received another "three hundred acres of land to set up copper workshops" that bordered his land. He hired early settler Richard Leader, who had already pioneered the ironworks in nearby Lynn . Efforts to operate copper processing plants on the new land, however, were unsuccessful.

A permanent shortage of coins in all colonial settlements forced Massachusetts to build a mint in 1652 and to mint coins from the available silver reserves. Although this solved a practical problem, the colony was not authorized to do so by the English crown. While this wasn't a major issue during Endecott's tenure, it eventually sparked controversy with British royalty and the mint was shut down again in 1682.

The borders of the colony could be expanded under Endecott, especially in the 1650s. In addition to the formal incorporation of what is now Stonington as spoils of war from the Pequot War, Endecott sought to establish the colony's northern border. In 1652 he dispatched a group of land surveyors to identify the northernmost point of the Merrimack River , as the charter established the northern limit of the colony 3  mi (4.83  km ) north of that river. The group was led by Indian guides to the outflow of Lake Winnipesaukee , which the surveyors defined as the source of the Merrimack. At this point, they carved an inscription into a stone that can still be seen in a small state park in New Hampshire . The extension of this survey line to the east determined the coastline at Casco Bay , so that the colony claimed everything that was in what is now southern Maine and New Hampshire.

Religious intolerance

This 1660 painting by Howard Pyle shows Mary Dyer being led to the gallows.

A written statement from May 1649 illustrates Endecott's rejection of the then fashion trend towards long hair:

“Forasmuch as the wearing of long haire after the manner of Ruffians and barbarous Indians, hath begun to invade new England contrary to the rule of gods word… Wee the Magistrates who have subscribed [signed] this paper… doe declare and manifest our dislike and detestation against the wearing of such long haire. "

"Given that the beggars and barbarian Indians' example of wearing long hair is beginning to conquer New England contrary to the Word of God, the signatories of this paper declare their aversion and loathing for wearing such long hair."

- John Endecott

In 1651, Endecott presided over a lawsuit in which three people were indicted for being Baptists , which had been officially banned since 1644. He found John Clarke guilty and, in his judgment, gave him the choice of paying a fine or being flogged . Clarke refused to pay the fine, but his friends paid it against his express request. Clarke then returned to Rhode Island . Of the three men convicted, only Obadiah Holmes was flogged while John Crandall traveled to Rhode Island with Clarke.

When Oliver Cromwell had consolidated his control over England in the early 1650s , he began raiding religious communities that deviated from his own religious views. Baptists and Quakers were the most affected , so these groups began to emigrate to the North American colonies to avoid persecution. The first to reach Boston in 1656 were promptly deported by Endecott's deputy, Richard Bellingham ; Endecott himself was in Salem at the time. When he was back in Boston, more Quakers began arriving in the colony, and Endecott had them thrown in jail to await trial and deportation. He met Quaker Mary Prince several times after she wrote him a "scandalous letter". However, the meetings were obviously unsuccessful, and she was deported with the other Quakers. As a result, all members of the New England Confederation introduced measures that allowed them to remove Quakers from their jurisdiction without delay.

However, the measures initially adopted were inadequate, so tougher laws were put into effect. Repeatedly caught “perpetrators” were punished by cutting off their ears and, in the third incident, by piercing their tongues with a red-hot iron rod. In 1658, the penalty for the third offense was increased to execution , unless the convict immediately and publicly renounced his "cursed views and diabolical teachings". In October 1658, Massachusetts introduced the death penalty for the second such incident.

A year later, three Quakers were arrested and sentenced to death. Marmaduke Stephenson and William Robinson were hanged from the gallows , while Mary Dyer was pardoned and expelled from the colony at the last minute. However, she returned in 1660 and, in a questioning Endecott, refused to renounce her views or accept lifelong banishment from the colony. She was also hanged on June 1, 1660, making her the Martyrs of Boston along with Stephenson, Robinson, and William Leddra, who was hanged in 1661 . However, this intransigence was viewed as problematic by the colonists, so the laws were changed so that the death penalty could only be pronounced for the fifth incident. The poor treatment of Quakers and other religious groups was later cited as one of the reasons for the withdrawal of colonial status in 1684.

"And on his horse, with Rawson, his cruel clerk at hand,
Sat dark and haughty Endicott, the ruler of the land."

- John Greenleaf Whittier : Excerpt from "Cassandra Southwick"

Endecott's role in treating the Quakers was captured by John Greenleaf Whittier in his poem Cassandra Southwick , which he named after the Quaker of the same name , who also suffered from Endecott. Whittier characterizes Endecott as "dark and proud" while he describes the Quaker as a person with "bitter hatred and contempt". Henry Wadsworth Longfellow portrays Wenlock Christison's trial in one of three dramas in the New England Tragedies Collection . Christison was the last Quaker Endecott sentenced to death for returning to Massachusetts after his exile. However, the sentence was not carried out because the law was changed shortly after the sentence was pronounced.

Although the Puritan colonists of New England largely supported Oliver Cromwell's hegemony, they did not always accept his recommendations. For example, the Massachusetts Colonial Council wrote a letter to Cromwell, signed by Endecott, when Cromwell requested that the New Englanders move to Ireland to increase the number of Protestants there, stating that the people of the New World were there be happy wherever they are.

English restoration

Portrait of King Charles II , ca 1653

In July 1660, news reached Boston that King Charles II was back on the English throne . This immediately caused great concern in all the colonies that had previously supported Cromwell, as there was a risk that their colonial status could be overturned. In Boston itself saw Edward Whalley and William Goffe far to larger problems as they two of the signatories of the list of 59 signatories of the death sentence against King Charles I had been. Although Charles II promised in the 1660 Breda Declaration that all signatories would be pardoned with the exception of parliamentary decisions, in the Indemnity and Oblivion Act of 1660 all regicides were threatened with punishment. Whalley and Goffe were able to roam freely in Boston for a while as Endecott refused to capture them until news of the Indemnity Act reached him. On March 8, 1661, he then issued an arrest warrant against the two. It is unclear whether they were warned beforehand, but they defied arrest and escaped to New Haven.

In the same month the king issued an order, which reached Endecott in May 1661, demanding the extradition of Whalley and Goffe to England. Endecott dutifully obeyed the order, but hired two recently arrived royalists to look for those to be extradited. Predictably, their search was unsuccessful, and Whalley and Goffe escaped again. The biographer Lawrence Mayo suspects that Endecott would have hired other men to search if the capture of the two had been important to him.

Opponents of Puritan rule in Massachusetts immediately reported their complaints to the new king. Among other things, they complained that the enthronement of Charles II had not been officially announced - this only happened after Endecott received a corresponding, punishable order from the king in 1661. The colonial administration then wrote several letters of praise to the king, in which they congratulated him on his seizure of power. In further letters of complaint from the opponents of the Puritans, the mint was described as an attempt to devalue the good English currency, and problems with expanding the border, the Indians and dealing with Quakers also reached the king. Endecott and other senior officials felt it was best to simply ignore the allegations, so they did not send a delegation to London to argue against the allegations. Others, however, raised private funds and sent their own delegation to London, led by Simon Bradstreet and John Norton , to represent the interests of New England.

The mission was successful, and Charles II announced that the colony would renew its colonial status if the colony agreed to allow the Church of England to practice there. The administration around Endecott remained inactive in this regard for several months, after which the king sent a commission under the direction of Samuel Maverick , who was one of the best-known critics of colonial policy, to Boston to investigate the details of the delays. Endecott had been warned of Maverick's arrival and was making appropriate preparations. So the king insisted that all religious prisoners should be released, which Endecott fulfilled by having them deported from the colony. With the arrival of the commission, the colonial administration passed a law allowing anyone with an "Orthodox religion" to practice their beliefs in the colony. They defined “orthodox” as those views that would be accepted by local pastors. However, this de facto negated the law, as there was not a single pastor in the colony who allowed the Anglicans to fulfill his idea of ​​an Orthodox religion.

The last few years

In 1655 a law was passed in Massachusetts, according to which the governor of the state had to live in the immediate vicinity of Boston. Most likely, this ruling was motivated by Endecott's sixth re-election in a row. Endecott then bought a property in Boston, and although he traveled to Salem regularly, Boston became his home for the rest of his life. He died in Boston on March 15, 1664/1665, and although some early sources claim he was buried in King's Chapel Burying Ground , later research revealed that his resting place was grave number 189 on the Granary Burying Ground is located.

family

William Crowninshield Endicott is one of the descendants of John Endecott.

Before Endecott came to the colonies in 1628, he was married to Anne Gower, who was a cousin of Governor Matthew Craddock . After her death in New England, in 1630 he married a woman whose last name was Gibson, and in 1640 he was married to Elizabeth, daughter of Philobert Cogan of Somersetshire and sister-in-law of Roger Ludlow . It is not certain whether the two were different women or the same, whose name was Elizabeth (Cogan) Gibson. Due to the uncertainties with regard to his wives, it is also not clear who the mother of his two sons John Endecott and Dr. Rubabble Endecott was. The deposit of funds and instructions on how to use them in 1635 suggest that he fathered a third child named John Endecott.

Aside from his high position, Endecott was never particularly wealthy. According to his will, large portions of his land holdings, including land in Salem and a quarter of Block Island, were divided among his sons and wife, while some of his books were sold to pay off debts. In particular, the claim to ownership of the Orchard Estate in Salem was not clearly understandable, so that his descendants were faced with corresponding conflicts several generations later.

Endecott's better-known descendants include Massachusetts Governor Endicott Peabody and United States Secretary of War William Crowninshield Endicott . The family's records date back to colonial times and have been donated to the Massachusetts Historical Society .

Reminiscences

In 1930, Massachusetts celebrated 300 years of existence with the issuance of a medal designed by Laura Gardin Fraser , embossed with Endecott's portrait. The Endicott College in Beverly (a part of Salem earlier) has been named after him.

literature

• Charles Knowles Bolton: The founders . Portraits of persons born abroad who came to the colonies in North America before the year 1701. The Boston Athenaeum, Boston 1919, OCLC 2550053 ( limited preview in Google Book Search).

Remarks

1. ↑ ^{a b c} In the Julian calendar , which was in use in England at the time, the year begins on March 25th. To avoid confusion with the Gregorian calendar , which was already in use in other parts of Europe, dates between January and March were often noted with both years. Dates in this article are always Julian unless otherwise noted.

literature

• Endicott, John . In: The American Cyclopædia ( Wikisource )
• Endicott, John . In: James Grant Wilson, John Fiske (Eds.): Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography . tape 2 : Crane - Grimshaw . D. Appleton and Company, New York 1887, p. 355 (English, full text [ Wikisource ]).
• Endecott, John . In: The New International Encyclopædia ( Wikisource )
• Endecott, John . In: Encyclopædia Britannica . 11th edition. tape 9 : Edwardes - Evangelical Association . London 1910, p. 382 (English, full text [ Wikisource ]).
• Endicott, John . In: The New Student's Reference Work ( Wikisource )
• Endicott, John . In: The Encyclopedia Americana ( Wikisource )
• Endicott, John . In: Collier's New Encyclopedia ( Wikisource )

Web links

Commons : John Endecott  - Collection of Images, Videos and Audio Files

• Biography of John Endecott ( October 26, 2004 memento in the Internet Archive )
• Literature by and about John Endecott in the WorldCat bibliographic database

Individual evidence

1. ^ ^{A b c d} Charles Moses Endicott: Memoir of John Endecott, first governor of the colony of Massachusetts Bay . Printed at the Observer Office, Salem 1847, OCLC 1337993 ( limited preview in Google Book Search).
2. ^ ^{A b c d} Robert Charles Anderson: The great migration begins: immigrants to New England, 1620–1633 . Ed .: New England Historic Genealogical Society. New England Historic Genealogical Society, Boston 1995, ISBN 0-88082-042-X .
3. ^ Chagford - Devon Online . Devon Online. Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. Retrieved January 5, 2011.
4. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag} Lawrence Shaw Mayo: John Endecott . Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass. 1936, OCLC 1601746 .
5. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} Francis J. Bremer: John Winthrop . America's forgotten founding father. Oxford University Press, New York 2003, ISBN 0-19-514913-0 .
6. ^ Richard Frothingham: The History of Charlestown, Massachusetts . Charles C. Little & James Brown. Boston, 1845. pp. 11 f.
7. ^ Jacob Bailey Moore: Lives of the governors of New Plymouth, and Massachusetts Bay . from the landing of the Pilgrims at Plymouth in 1620, to the union of the two colonies in 1692. CD Strong, Boston 1851, OCLC 11362972 ( limited preview in Google Book Search).
8. ^ Nathaniel Hawthornhe: Endicott and the Red Cross . Retrieved February 12, 2012.
9. ^ Sarah Bird Wright: Critical Companion to Nathaniel Hawthorne . a literary reference to his life and work. Facts On File, New York 2007, ISBN 978-1-4381-0853-7 .
10. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h} Alfred A. Cave: The Pequot War . University of Massachusetts Press, Amherst 1996, ISBN 0-585-08324-X .
11. ^ Bernard Schwartz: The great rights of mankind . a history of the American Bill of Rights. Madison House, Madison, Wis. 1992, ISBN 0-945612-27-3 .
12. ^ John Endecott - British colonial governor . In: Encyclopædia Britannica . tape 9 . Self-published, Chicago 1911 (English, britannica.com or Wikisource ).
13. ↑ Topsfield Historical Society (Ed.): The Historical collections of the Topsfield Historical Society . tape 1-4 . Topsfield, MA 1895, OCLC 5046920 , p. 17 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
14. ↑ ^{a b} James Truslow Adams: The founding of New England . Atlantic Monthly Press, Boston 1921, OCLC 1068441 ( limited preview in Google Book Search).
15. ↑ American Antiquarian Society (Ed.): Transactions and Collections . tape 3 . American Antiquarian Society, Worcester, etc. 1857, OCLC 66269423 , p. 295–301 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
16. ^ New Hampshire Division of Parks and Recreation: Endicott Rock . New Hampshire Division of Parks and Recreation. Archived from the original on June 12, 2010. Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved January 4, 2011. 
17. ^ John Greenleaf Whittier: The poetical works of John Greenleaf Whittier . James R. Osgood, Boston 1876, OCLC 20041738 ( online in Google Book Search).
18. ^ Henry Wadsworth Longfellow: The New England tragedies . Ticknor and Fields, Boston 1868, OCLC 1017988 , The Drama "John Endicott" ( readbookonline.net ( memento November 13, 2011 on the Internet Archive ) [accessed July 9, 2012]).
19. ^ Samuel A. Harrison: Wenlock Christison, and the early Friends in Talbot County, Maryland . a paper read before the Maryland Historical Society, March 9th, 1874. Printed by John Murphy, Baltimore 1878, OCLC 2311508 ( openlibrary.org [accessed July 9, 2012]).
20. ↑ Jonathan Chu: Nursing a Poisonous Tree . Litigation and Property Law in Seventeenth Century Essex County, Massachusetts: The Case of Bishop's Farm. In: Temple University School of Law, American Society for Legal History (Ed.): The American journal of legal history . tape 31 , no. 3 . Temple University School of Law, July 1987, ISSN  0002-9319 , OCLC 1480152 .
21. ^ Endicott Family Papers. 1612-1958. Retrieved July 11, 2012 . 
22. ^ College History. (No longer available online.) Endicott College, archived from the original on June 5, 2011 ; accessed on July 11, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.