Transcription of the Arabic script
The transcription of the Arabic script is used to convert Arabic characters into other writing systems , especially Latin (English romanization ).
General
Purposes
The purposes of the transcription can be in the philological, library, administrative, general journalistic or commercial area.
While different transcription variants may be desired in the philological field depending on the context (e.g. either in pausal form or with Iʿrāb ), there is an increased need for uniformity in the context of library or documentary retrieval systems. In civil status, registration or passport systems, where personal names are concerned, existing documents from the home country are decisive, but personal use and the personal rights of the person concerned must also be observed. In the general journalistic area (press, encyclopedia), where not only people but also the names of countries and organizations are involved, traditional usage plays a major role; In most cases, preference is given to a term that is established in the target language over the romanization.
Three main variations
There are numerous transcription systems, but three main variants can be distinguished:
- real transliteration (according to ISO stringent conversion , strict transfer). Only that, but also everything, is reproduced that is in the source font, each character of the source font by exactly one character of the target font (e.g.كلمة→ klmẗ , butكَلِمَةٌ→ kalimaẗú , 'word'). The strict transfer is therefore reversible. A standard for this is ISO 233: 1984.
- Target language-independent standardized transcription ( simplified conversion , simplified transmission). Compared to transliteration, this transcription is simplified insofar as it basically dispenses with the implementation of certain characters such as Sukun or Hamza lager. However, it is more complex to use than real transliteration, as it requires more precise knowledge of the source language.
- Target language-specific standardized transcription ( popular conversion , popular transmission). It differs from the target language-independent transcription in that only characters from the relevant target language alphabet are used, if possible; to diacritics and special characters will be largely dispensed with, especially in the field of consonants. Examples in the German-speaking area are Duden and Wikipedia transcription, an example in the Russian area would be the instruction for the transfer of geographical names of Arab countries on maps.
In connection with the last two variants mentioned, standardization means that, regardless of the specific typeface, certain linguistic phenomena are generally taken into account or remain unconsidered and are standardized within the same transcription system. An example of extensive standardization is the implementation of the Arabic article al- .
The standardized transcription is basically vocalized; Hans Wehr's dictionary can be used for the Arabic language . With regard to the vowel endings and the nunation ( Iʿrāb ) there are two sub- variants : the complete implementation or the omission to an extent determined by the transcription system. Systems that are more philologically oriented, such as the DMG inscription or the ISO / R 233: 1961 standard, allow both. The more library-oriented system from DIN 31635 : 2011, for example, uses the pausal form ( i.e. without Iʿrāb ) for Arabic nouns and adjectives with the exception of the accusative ending -an , but requires verbs, personal pronouns and suffixes as well as prepositions (again with the exception of the combination of two Prepositions) the setting of the end vowels.
Different languages
Transcription systems for different languages with Arabic script:
| languages |
PI ; DMG |
DIN | ISO | ALA-LC | UNGROUPED | BGN / PCGN |
EI ; EIr ; İA |
Duden ; Wikipedia |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| * Arabic | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
| Iranian : | ||||||||
| * Persian | + | + | + | + | + | + + | + | + |
| * Balochish | + | |||||||
| * Kurdish | + | + | + | |||||
| * Pashtun | + | + | + + | |||||
| Indian : | ||||||||
| * Urdu | + | + | + | + | + | |||
| * Kashmiri | + | |||||||
| * Sindhi | + | |||||||
| Turkic languages : | ||||||||
| * Ottoman | + | (+) | + | + | + | |||
| * Azerbaijani | (+) | (+) | + | |||||
| * Kazakh | + | |||||||
| * Uighur | + | + | ||||||
| * Uzbek | + | |||||||
| Malayo Polynesian : | ||||||||
| * Malay ( Jawi ) * Javanese ( Pegon ) |
+ | + | ||||||
| Dravidian : | ||||||||
| * Moplah Malayalam | + | |||||||
Arabic language
The alphabet of the Arabic language consists of 28 letters that represent consonants ( consonant writing ); there are also other diacritical characters ( Tashkil ).
Consonant sign
| Arabic character |
ISO 233 (1984) |
PI ( 1899 / 1908 ) |
DMG ( 1935 ) |
ISO / R 233 (1961) |
DIN 31635 (1982/2011) |
ISO 233-2 (1993) |
ALA-LC (1991/ 2012 ) |
Duden (1964) |
Wikipedia (2004 ff.) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ا (اـ ـاـ ـا) | ʾ | - 1 | - 1 | ||||||
| ب (بـ ـبـ ـب) | b | b | b | ||||||
| ت | t | t | t | ||||||
| ث | ṯ | ṯ | th | th | |||||
| ج (جـ ـجـ ـج) | ǧ | G | ǧ | j | dsch | ||||
| ح | H | H | H | ||||||
| خ | H | H | H | H | H | kh | ch | ||
| د (دـ ـدـ ـد) | d | d | d | ||||||
| ذ | ḏ | ḏ | ie | ie | |||||
| ر (رـ ـرـ ـر) | r | r | r | ||||||
| ز | z | z | s | z | |||||
| س (سـ ـسـ ـس) | s | s | s | ||||||
| ش | š | š | sh | sch | |||||
| ص (صـ ـصـ ـص) | ṣ | ṣ | s | ||||||
| ض | ḍ | ḍ | d | ||||||
| ط (طـ ـطـ ـط) | ṭ | ṭ | t | ||||||
| ظ | ẓ | ẓ | s | z | |||||
| ع (عـ ـعـ ـع) | ʿ | ʿ | ' | - | ʿ | ||||
| غ | G | G | G | G | gh | gh | |||
| ف (فـ ـفـ ـف) | f | f | f | ||||||
| ق | q | q | k | q | |||||
| ك (كـ ـكـ ـك) | k | k | k | ||||||
| ل (لـ ـلـ ـل) | l | l 2 | l | l 2 | |||||
| م (مـ ـمـ ـم) | m | m | m | ||||||
| ن (نـ ـنـ ـن) | n | n | n | ||||||
| ه (هـ ـهـ ـه) | H | H | H | ||||||
| و (وـ ـوـ ـو) | w | w 1 | w 1 | ||||||
| ي (يـ ـيـ ـي) | y | j 1 | y 1 | j 1 | y 1 | ||||
- not applicable
- 1not applicable as a hamza carrier; for combination with vowels see below
- 2Assimilation of the article consonant l to the sun letters
Additional characters
| Arabic character |
ISO 233 (1984) |
PI ( 1899 / 1908 ) |
DMG ( 1935 ) |
ISO / R 233 (1961) |
DIN 31635 (1982/2011) |
ISO 233-2 (1993) |
ALA-LC (1991/ 2012 ) |
Duden (1964) |
Wikipedia (2004 ff.) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
ـٔ ء |
ʹ 1 ˌ 2 |
ʾ / - | ʼ / - | - | ' / - | ||||
| ٱ | ʾ̄ 3 | vocalic? | ' / - | Vowel + ◌̆ | ' / vowel | vocalic | vocalic? | ||
| ة (ـة) | ẗ | - / t | - / h / t | ʰ / ᵗ | - / h / t | ẗ | h / t | - / t | |
| ـّ | ◌̄ 4 | Consonant doubling; for combination with vowels see below | |||||||
/ depending on the context - not applicable
- 1ISO 233: 1984 No. 2 grade 1a (هَمْزَة ham ° zaẗ with carrier ): ISO 5426: 1983 characters 2/8 or Unicode 02B9 modifier letter prime ; Alternative: 02C8 modifier letter vertical line ; below Hamza (ٕ 0655 /إ 0625) is obviously not differentiated
- 3ISO 233: 1984 No. 35 (هَمْزَةُ ٱلْوَصْلِ ham ° zaẗu ʾ̄ l ° waṣ ° li ): ISO 5426: 1983 characters 3/1 & 4/5 or Unicode 02BE modifier letter right half ring & 0304 combining macron are difficult to represent together; Alternative: ʾ̵ 02BE & 0335 combining short stroke overlay
Vowel signs and vocalization
| Arabic character |
ISO 233 (1984) |
PI ( 1899 / 1908 ) |
DMG ( 1935 ) |
ISO / R 233 (1961) |
DIN 31635 (1982/2011) |
ISO 233-2 (1993) |
ALA-LC (1991/ 2012 ) |
Duden (1964) |
Wikipedia (2004 ff.) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ـَ | a | a | a / (ᵃ) | a | a | ||||
|
َا ـٰ |
aʾ ā |
- | ā â |
- | a | - | |||
|
َى ىٰ |
aỳ āỳ |
- | ā (ạ̄ / ǟ) | ā (à) | - | á | a | - | |
| آ | ʾÂ | ā / ʾā | ā / ʼā | a | ā / 'ā | ||||
| ـُ | u | u | u / (ᵘ) | u | u | ||||
| ُو | etc. | ū / uw | u / uw | ū / uw | |||||
| ُوّ | etc. | uww | ūw (uww) | uww / (ū) | ūw (uww) | uww | ūw | uww | ūw (uww) |
| ـِ | i | i | i / (ⁱ / ü) | i / (ⁱ) | i | i | |||
| ِي | iy | ī / iy | i / iy | ī / iy | |||||
| ِيّ | iȳ | ijj | īy / ī (iyy) | iyy / (ī) | īy / ī (iyy) | iyy | īy / ī | ijj | īy / ī (iyy) |
| َو | aw | ouch | aw | ouch | aw | ouch | au (aw) | ||
| َوّ | aw̄ | ouch ? | auw (aww) | aww | auw (aww) | aww | ouch | auw (aww) | |
| َي | ay | ai | ay | ai | ay | ai | ai (ay) | ||
| َيّ | aȳ | aij ? | aiy (ayy) | ayy | aiy (ayy) | ayy | aij | aiy (ayy) | |
|
ـً ـًا ًى |
á áʾ áỳ |
- | (an / ᵃⁿ / aⁿ) (ạn / ạⁿ) |
(ᵃⁿ / aⁿ) (àⁿ) |
on | ā á |
- / on | - | |
| ـٌ | ú | - | (un / ᵘⁿ) | (ᵘⁿ) | - | - / un | - | ||
| ـٍ | í | - | (in / ⁱⁿ / iⁿ) | (ⁱⁿ / iⁿ) | - | - / in | - | ||
| ـْ | ° | - | - | ||||||
/ depending on the context () optional - not applicable
If the length or shortness of a vowel does not match the plene or defective spelling, DMG and DIN follow the sound, ISO and ALA-LC follow the spelling.
Text examples
Text examples are given here
- the Basmala (vocalized)
system Original / transcription / translation Notice Arabic بِسْمِ ٱللَّهِ ٱلرَّحْمَـٰنِ ٱلرَّحِيمِ [1] Wasla , special case Allaah , translated Alif ISO 233 to ° mi ʾ̵ ll̄ahi ʾ̵ lr̄aḥ ° māni ʾ̵ lr̄aḥiymi (Character 30a with ـَـٰـ probably not unique) DMG bi-smi 'l-lahi' r-raḥmāni 'r-raḥīmⁱ III.3 (hyphen), III.4 (apostrophe),
III.2 (assimilation), III.1 (Iʿrāb)ISO / R 233 bi-smⁱ ăl-lahⁱ ăr-raḥmānⁱ ăr-raḥīmⁱ
bi-sm al-lah ar-raḥmān ar-raḥīmnotes 5 (hyphen), 9/11 (Wasla),
4 (assimilation), 7/10, 12 (endings)DIN 31635 bi-sm Allaah ar-raḥmān ar-raḥīm 3k (hyphen), 2 (article / Allāh),
3i ( noun ending )ALA-LC bismillāh al-raḥmān al-raḥīm rules 20 (hyphen), 17 (article),
23 (Allāh), 14 (noun ending)German In the name of the merciful (and)
gracious GodParet : attributive
- the beginning of verse 64 from sura 10 of the Koran (unvocalized)
system Original / transcription / translation Notice Arabic لهم البشرى في الحياة الدنيا وفي الآخرة Alif maqsura , Ta marbuta , Madda ISO 233 lhm ʾlbšrỳ fy ʾlḥyʾẗ ʾldnyʾ wfy ʾlʾâẖrẗ 2.1 b: only those characters appearing in
the text are transliteratedDMG la-humu 'l-bušrạ̄ fī' l-ḥayāti 'd-dunyā wa-fī' l-āḫiratⁱ II.1 (Alif maqsura), III.5 (Ta marbuta),
I.1 (Hamza)ISO / R 233 la-humᵘ ăl-bušrà fī ăl-ḥayāᵗⁱ ăd-dunyā wa-fī ăl-āẖiraᵗⁱ
la-hum al-bušrà fī ăl-ḥayāᵗ ad-dunyā wa-fī ăl-āẖiraʰNo. 30 (Alif maqsura), notes 8/13 (Ta
marbuta), No. 2a (Madda)DIN 31635 la-hum al-bušrā fi 'l-ḥayāt ad-dunyā wa-fi' l-āḫira 3g (Alif maqsura), 3l (Ta marbuta),
3f (Madda)ALA-LC la-hum al-bushrá fī al-ḥayāt al-dunyā wa-fī al-ākhirah rules 6 (Alif maqsura), 7 (Ta marbuta),
10 (Madda)German Literally: For them (is) the good news in the life of
the world and in the hereafter.Bobzin : Good news is meant for you
in life here on earth and in the hereafter.
Persian language
The alphabet of the Persian language consists of 32 letters ( consonant writing ).
Consonant sign
| Arabic character |
PI ( 1899 / 1908 ) |
DMG ( 1935 ) |
DIN 31635 (1982/2011) |
ISO 233-3 ( 1999 ) |
ALA-LC (1991/ 2012 ) |
Duden (1964) |
Wikipedia (2004 ff.) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ا (اـ ـاـ ـا) | - | - | |||||
| ب (بـ ـبـ ـب) | b | b | |||||
| پ | p | p | |||||
| ت | t | t | |||||
| ث | ṯ | s̱ | ṯ | s̱ | s | ||
| ج (جـ ـجـ ـج) | G | ǧ | j | dsch | |||
| چ | č | ch | ch | ||||
| ح | H | H | |||||
| خ | H | ḵ | kh | ch | |||
| د (دـ ـدـ ـد) | d | d (ḏ) |
d | d | |||
| ذ | ḏ | ẕ / ḏ | ḏ | ẕ | s | z | |
| ر (رـ ـرـ ـر) | r | r | |||||
| ز | z | s | z | ||||
| ژ | ž | zh | sch | ž | |||
| س (سـ ـسـ ـس) | s | s | |||||
| ش | š | sh | sch | ||||
| ص (صـ ـصـ ـص) | ṣ | s (ṣ) | ṣ | s | |||
| ض | ḍ | ż / ḍ | ḍ | ż | z̤ | d | z |
| ط (طـ ـطـ ـط) | ṭ | t (ṭ) | ṭ | t | |||
| ظ | ẓ | s | z | ||||
| ع (عـ ـعـ ـع) | ʿ | ' | - | ʿ | |||
| غ | G | gh | gh | ||||
| ف (فـ ـفـ ـف) | f | f | |||||
| ق | q | gh | gh q |
||||
| ک (كـ ـكـ ـك) | k | k | |||||
| گ | G | G | |||||
| ل (لـ ـلـ ـل) | l | l | |||||
| م (مـ ـمـ ـم) | m | m | |||||
| ن (نـ ـنـ ـن) | n | n | |||||
| و (وـ ـوـ ـو) | w | v / ᵛ / ᵥ | w | v | w / - | ||
| ه (هـ ـهـ ـه) | h / - | H | h / - | ||||
| ی (یـ ـیـ ـی) | j | y | j | y | |||
/ depending on the context () optional - not applicable
Additional characters
| Arabic character |
PI ( 1899 / 1908 ) |
DMG ( 1935 ) |
DIN 31635 (1982/2011) |
ISO 233-3 ( 1999 ) |
ALA-LC (1991/ 2012 ) |
Duden (1964) |
Wikipedia (2004 ff.) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hamza | - / ʾ | - / ʼ / ʼi | - | - / ' | |||
| Ezafe | ? | -e / -ye -i / -ī |
-i | ? | -i / -ʼi / -yi | e | -e -i / -yi |
| ZWNJ | ? | (-) | ? | ʹ | ? | ||
/ depending on the context () optional - not applicable
Vowel signs and vocalization
| Arabic character |
PI ( 1899 / 1908 ) |
DMG ( 1935 ) |
DIN 31635 (1982/2011) |
ISO 233-3 ( 1999 ) |
ALA-LC (1991/ 2012 ) |
Duden (1964) |
Wikipedia (2004 ff.) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ـَ | a |
a / ä a |
a | a | a / e / o | ||
|
َا ـٰ |
- | â | - | a | - | ||
|
َى ىٰ |
- | ā (ạ̄) | - | â | á | a | - |
| آ | ā / ʾā | â | ā / ʼā | a | ā / 'ā | ||
| ـُ | u |
u / o u |
u | O | u | O |
u / o u |
| ُو | ū / uw | ū / uv / ov ū / ō / uv |
ū / uw | ov ? | ū / uv | u / ow | u / uw / ow ū / uw |
| ُوّ | uww | uvv | uww [8.2 5] | ov̲v̲ ? | ūv | uww | uww |
| ـِ | i |
i / e i |
i | e | i | e | i |
| ِي | ī / iy | ī / iy / ey ī / ē / iy |
ī / iy | ey ? | ī / iy | i / ej | i / iy ī / iy |
| ِيّ | ijj | iyy | īy / ī [8.2 6] | ey̲y̲ ? | īy | ijj | iyy |
| َو | ouch |
ou au |
ouch | av | aw [2c] | ouch |
ou au |
| َوّ | aww ? ouch | aww | aww [8.2 5] | av̲v̲ | avv [2c] | ouch | aww |
| َي | ai | ai ai |
ai | ay | ai | ey ay |
|
| َيّ | ajj ? aij | ayy | aiy [8.2 6] | ay̲y̲ | ayy | aij | ayy |
|
ـً ـًا ًى |
- | (an / ᵃⁿ / aⁿ) (ạn / ạⁿ) |
on | ʺ | - / on | - | |
| ـٌ | - | (un / ᵘⁿ) | - | - / un | - | ||
| ـٍ | - | (in / ⁱⁿ / iⁿ) | - | - / in | - | ||
/ depending on the context () optional - not applicable
Text example
| system | Original / transcription / translation | Notice |
|---|---|---|
| Persian | سمت یافت که در گزارش سابقا شبی که واقعه هایله شاه جنتمکان روی نمود سلطان حیدر میرزا [...] بسخن زنان [...] عمل نموده اعوان و انصار بیرون گذاشته خود در اندرون دولتخانه توقف نمود | ـاً, Ezafe , endingه, Compound words / ZWNJ , diphthongs, prepositionبـ, Labialization خو |
| DMG | Sābeq an allem -e goẕāreš yāft ke dar šäbī ke vāqeʿä -ye hāʾelä-ye 1 šā h -e ǧännä t-m akān rūy namūd. Solṭān Ḥ äi dar Mīrzā [...] be soḫan-e zänān [...] ʿamal namūdä aʿvān vä anṣār bīrūn goẕāštä ḫo᷿ d 2 dar ändarūn-e d ou lä t-ḫ ānä tavaqquf namūd. | III.3 (Ezafe, compound words, preposition), I. Note 9 (خو) |
| DIN | Sābiqan and -i guḏāriš yāft ki dar šabī ki vāqiʿa -i hāyila-i šā h -i ǧanna t-m akān rūy namūd Sulṭān Ḥ ai dar Mīrzā [...] bi- suḫan-i zanūn [...] ʿamal namān [...] anṣār bīrūn guḏāšta ḫwu d dar andarūn-i d au latḫāna tavaqquf namūd | 8.2 No. 4 (Ezafe), 15/16 (ه), 21 (compound words), 20 (بـ), 11 (خو) |
| ALA-LC | Sābiqan including -i guẕārish yāft ki h dar shabī kih vāqiʻah -ʼi hāyilah-ʼi shāh-i janna tʹm akān rūy namūd Sulṭān Ḥ ay dar Mīrzā [...] bi sukhan-i zanān [...] ʻa analṣ namhan-i zanān vah bīrūn guẕāshtah khvu d dar andarūn-i d aw latkhāna tavaqquf namūd | rules 8 (Ezafe), 10 (compounds), 9a (بـ), 2a (خو) |
| English | As I have previously stated, on the night of Shah Tahmasp's death Sultan Ḥeydar Mīrzā [...] on the advice of [...] women [...] dismissed his supporters and retainers and sent them outside the palace, while he himself remained within. |
- 1 For هائلهٔ; actually probably hāyelä-ye
- 2here as a makeshift Unicode 1DFF ( combining right arrowhead and down arrowhead below ); also possible 1ABF ( combining latin small letter w below ); actually combining latin small letter v below , cf. JTC1 / SC2 / WG2 N2160 (2000)
Individual evidence
- ↑ see about DMG - memorandum or ISO / R 233: 1961
- ↑ see e.g. DIN 31635 : 2011, for personal names supplemented by RAK-WB , Annex 20.1 (RAK-ISL) , or ALA-LC romanization
- ↑ on civil status no. A 4.2 PStG-VwV : priority of public documents of the home country, alternatively ISO, alternatively phonetic transcription; from the case law ECLI : EU: C : 1993: 115 (Konstantinidis instead of Konstadinidis or Kónstantinidés; Greek Κωνσταντινίδης )
- ↑ ISO 233: 1984, 0.3 (p. 2); ISO 233-2: 1993, 3.1 (p. 2)
- ↑ from January 25, 1964, printed a. a. in Duden: Sentence and Correction Instructions , 4th edition 1980, p. 186
- ↑ Центральный научно-исследовательский институт геодезии, аэросъёмки и картографии (ЦНИИГАиК) : Инструкция по передаче на картах географических названий арабских стран (1966)
- ↑ ISO / R 233: 1961, notes 4, 5 (p. 6); DIN 31635: 2011, 6.1.2 (p. 5); ISO 233-2: 1993, 4.1.4 (p. 3); ALA-LC romanization Arabic , rule 17
- ↑ Hans Wehr: Arabic dictionary for the written language of the present - Internet Archive
- ↑ DMG memorandum III.1. (P. 13); ISO 233: 1961, notes 7–9 on transliteration with iʿrāb (p. 7), notes 10–15 on transliteration without iʿrāb (p. 8)
- ↑ DIN 31635: 2011, individual comments 6.1.3 i) and j) (p. 6); see also ALA-LC romanization Arabic , rules 13-16
- ↑ PI 1908, Ex. 7 (p. 112)
- ↑ DMG memorandum II.3. (P. 12); DIN 31635: 2011, 6.1.1 (p. 5)
- ↑ ISO / R 233: 1961, table 2, characters 30-32 (p. 5); ISO 233-2: 1993 Table 2, characters 30-32 (p. 4) and preliminary note 4.1.6 (p. 3); ALA-LC romanization Arabic , table and examples in rule 15
- ↑ Rudi Paret: The Koran: Commentary and Concordance , p. 11
- ↑ اسکندر بیگ ترکمان (منشی): تاریخ عالم آرای عباسی, Vol. 1 (1971), p. 208
- ↑ DMG memorandum , text sample II.2. (P. 17)
- ^ Roger M. Savory (transl.): Eskandar Beg Monshi, History of Shah ʻAbbas the Great , Vol. 1 (1978), p. 283