Wool market

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Wollmarkt
ante valvam beati Andree (1282)
Marketstrate (1395) in
 front of the Neustadttore (1780)
Braunschweig Löwe.svg
Place in Braunschweig
Wool market
Andreas Church , Old Scales
Basic data
place Braunschweig
District Neustadt
Created 12./13. century
Newly designed after 1945
Confluent streets Okerstraße , Neuer Weg , Beckenwerkerstraße , Kaiserstraße , Weberstraße , An der Andreaskirche , Kröppelstraße , Alte Waage
Buildings Andrew's Church , Old Scales , Neustadtmühle , water scales
use
User groups Pedestrian traffic , bicycle traffic , car traffic
Technical specifications
Square area 4340 m² (around 1900)
Map of the wool market
The Wollmarkt today (looking north) as seen from the south tower of St. Andrew's Church: junction of Beckenwerkerstraße (left), Kaiserstraße (right); in the background the confluence with Neuer Weg on the left, Neustadtmühle on the right, Okerstraße on the left opposite. The straight water scales are clearly visible .
“Before the Neu Stadt Thor [sic!]”, Excerpt from Albrecht Heinrich Carl Conradi's plan of the city from around 1755
"Butt Andreas Kirchhofe" and "Vor dem Neu-Stadt-Thor" from Andreas Carl Haackes district map "F" from 1764/66
“The pig [sic!] Market” from Friedrich Wilhelm Culemann's plan of the city from 1798

The wool market in Braunschweig is an elongated, narrow, extending from southeast to northwest place in the precincts of Neustadt , although it is already created in the 12th and early 13th century, officially called "wool market" only since 1828.

history

The place names for today's wool market sometimes changed very frequently between the 13th and early 19th centuries, with the names either being based on the Andreas Church , built there in the 12th century , on the Neustadtmühle or on the Neustadttor . Some of the terms were obviously used in parallel.

In 1282 the place name was initially ante valvam beati Andree , 1311 before sunte Andreases dore , the following year before Nigenstat dore , in 1326 followed by versus valvam sancti Andree and from 1355 before deme nyenstaddore . In 1364 the place was named by sunte Andrease tigen der beckenwerchtenstrate , in 1361 and 1380 as tigen sunte Andreases torne , in 1399 followed by achter sante Andreas torne and 1431 tigen sunte Andreas kerkhove . In 1395 the term Marketstrate appears for the first time, which up to 1600 was often shortened to Market . In 1471 the area is known as dorstrate and was used mainly between 1532 and 1571. The Neustadttor, mentioned here several times, was no longer used from 1693, but was finally demolished in 1791. The name in front of the Neustadttore was therefore used until 1780 . Since 1758 the goat market was also common , followed by the pig market . Then the current name Wollmarkt seems to have emerged, but it was not officially used until 1828.

The square, which is more like a long, bulbous street that tapers at both ends, may not have been used as a marketplace or market in the actual sense of the term or, at least in Braunschweig, had little meaning. Rather, it is suspected that it may be an old storage place for wool from the Braunschweig wholesalers. However, this is contradicted by the fact that before 1828 the square was known as the “pig market” and before that as the “goat market” and as early as 1395 as the “market rate”.

It is also assumed that the new town's landing site was on the site, because the Oker was still navigable in the town at that time . Others contradict this opinion and locate the port further east, in the direction of Reichsstraße. In any case, there is evidence of an early port facility near the Nickelnkulk , which was only a few hundred meters away from the wool market.

Urban environment

The development on both sides of the wool market consisted, as in other parts of the New Town, which was laid out from the 12th century, largely of half-timbered houses , in which mostly craftsmen and family businesses were settled. There were only a few stone buildings in this area, mainly on the east side. The southern end of the wool market dominated the Alte Waage, built in 1534, for over 400 years until it was destroyed in 1944 . The St. Andrew's Church , built in the 12th century, is only a few meters away . Another remarkable building was the colossal half-timbered corner house Wollmarkt 1 on the corner of Weberstrasse, built around 1275 and last modified in 1524.

Since the wool market was much longer than it was wide, houses were (and still are today), if you ignore the Alte Waage at the south end, which was rebuilt in 1994, only on the east or west side. Mainly craftsmen, small tradesmen and the like were based there. Various restaurants - called " Ausspann " - were among them.

In 1837, Christian Ludewig Theodor Winkelmann founded the first piano manufacturing company in Braunschweig . The company's headquarters were at Wollmarkt 3, where Winkelmann and four to five employees initially only made table pianos , but later also grand pianos . In 1851 the company was renamed Zeitter & Winkelmann . After expansion, the company moved to a large new building in Hildesheimer Strasse in 1888 .

Theodor Litolff , stepson of the English musician and publisher Henry Litolff , continued to run his stepfather's Brunswick company from 1860 onwards and helped the music publisher and the Litolff Collection, which was published by him, gain international recognition. When the old publishing house became too small for the expanding company, they moved into new business premises in House Wollmarkt 13 in 1875. This house was also completely destroyed in the Second World War.

Barward Tafelmaker, a Brunswick master builder of the 16th century, who among other things built the towers of St. Andrew's Church for decades and was responsible for the water supply in the city, lived just a few meters from the church, on the corner of Wollmarkt / Weberstraße and the “Alte Libra “13/14.

In the immediate urban area of ​​the wool market there are old streets from the founding phase of the new town, e.g. For example : Küchenstrasse , Kupfertwete , Lange Strasse , Opfertwete and Reichsstrasse . Significant, but z. Some of the no longer existing buildings in the wider area of ​​the Wollmarkt include the Achtermannsche Haus in Reichsstraße, the Liberei from the early 15th century , the Neustadtmühle from the 19th century, which was almost completely destroyed in the war in the early 1970s rebuilt Neustadtrathaus , the Ghellerburg and the Packhof , both of which did not survive the war.

Old town renovation

In the late 19th century, industrialization also attracted more and more people to Braunschweig, most of whom came from the countryside and looked for work in the city. Many of these new residents belonged to poorer sections of the population who lived in Neustadt, west of the wool market between Weberstrasse and Beckenwerkerstrasse. The living quarters there were characterized by very old buildings. Most of the half-timbered houses were several hundred years old, were very cramped, had low floor heights and only small windows. The inner courtyards had been built more and more with housing options, which not only dramatically deteriorated the overall living situation, but especially the hygienic and sanitary conditions. Many had to share a common toilet in the courtyard and 90% of the kitchens had no windows. These circumstances led to impoverishment and thus to social and political tensions, since many residents were socialists or communists .

Against this background, the structural engineering department of the city of Braunschweig under the voluntary management of Herman Flesche began planning in the 1920s for a large-scale renovation of the Braunschweig old town (not to be confused with the Braunschweig Weichbild old town ). With the emergence of National Socialism , this project was driven forward with vigor for ideological reasons, as the project fit into the concept of Nazi propaganda of national community and race . From 1932 onwards, Flesche designed a modernization and gutting concept that was to be implemented in the area west of the wool market as an example. In December 1933, extensive demolition work began to reduce the building fabric, especially in the built-in courtyards. In June 1939, the renovation in this area was declared complete, at the same time the Alte Waage was converted into a home for the Hitler Youth . Due to the war, the further renovation of the old town was stopped at the end of 1939.

destruction

The burning downtown Braunschweig in the early morning hours of October 15, 1944

The entire original half-timbered development, including the building fabric that had just been renovated on both sides and in the large area around the Wollmarkt, was completely destroyed during the Second World War , especially during the devastating bombing of October 15, 1944. During the reconstruction from the beginning of the 1950s, only stone buildings were built. The old weighing machine from 1534, now in its original location at the southern end of the wool market, is a reconstruction from 1991–1994.

Reconstruction and redesign

Reference to the reconstruction in the Neustadt / Wollmarkt area in 1953/54 by the BBG
This Gothic columned window is almost the only thing apart from the St. Andrew's Church that remained from the original wool market after October 15, 1944 .

For the rubble clearance, which officially began in Braunschweig on June 17, 1945, a rubble railway was set up. Sometimes it also ran across the wool market, with one of its train stations being on the former site of the Alte Waage, the ruins of which had been removed. In November 1946, had the Chamber of Commerce Braunschweig an architectural competition for the reconstruction or the redesign of places "Alte Waage" and "wool market" advertised . The awarding of the prizes by the jury chaired by the Braunschweiger Stadtbaurat and head of the reconstruction of the city, Johannes Göderitz , took place at the beginning of 1948, whereby in particular the first prize was awarded to Friedrich Wilhelm Kraemer , like Göderitz himself, representative of the so called Braunschweiger Schule , as well as the 2nd prize to Gustav Walter, "violent feuds" triggered within both the Braunschweig population and the professional world. Both award winners were known for rejecting "the revival of historical building forms and any traditional ties in general, even when it comes to building projects within the old towns". These jury decisions were rejected by the population, the press and large parts of the professional world because they negated the old-town character of the wool market, whereby "factual and unobjective motifs seem to have been closely linked". Kraemer's design was shaped by modern post-war design. Its perimeter development consisted exclusively of four-story stone buildings with flat sloping roofs. The wool market, which had changed only slowly and slightly over the centuries, was almost completely destroyed in a single night in 1944. Kraemer's vision did not take up any of the historical legacy of this part of Braunschweig's urban and architectural history, but represented a complete break with history. The most striking building next to St. Andrew's Church, which at the same time formed the southern end of the wool market for 410 years and was destroyed in 1944 , the “old scales”, did not appear at all in Kraemer's reconstruction plans. He had planned a parking lot at their location, which was also implemented.

After several years of delay due to a lack of funding, lack of building materials, delays in clearing the rubble and unclear administrative responsibilities within the British zone of occupation , to which Braunschweig belonged, the reconstruction of the wool market began in 1953. Primarily, housing had to be created for the local population as well as for refugees and displaced persons , so that standardized and standardized and thus uniform housing units were created. “There was simply no time to think about it, so one compromise followed another.” The ruins or remains of the original buildings were almost completely removed and removed. Only a few spoils were incorporated into the new structure, including a three-part Gothic columned window that was located in the ruins of the wall of a bower that belonged to the building complex Wollmarkt 1 / corner of Weberstrasse and which had only been exposed again during the war. Today it is located opposite in the outer wall of the new Wollmarkt 5 building. Since then, the southwest of the Wollmarkt development has been occupied by the Otto Bennemann School. Today, as then, cobblestones have been laid on the square and street .

After long, controversial discussions about the "reconstruction" or "reconstruction" of the "Old Scales" destroyed in 1944, the implementation of the project began in the early 1990s. In 1994 the work was completed. Against this background, another architecture competition followed in 1992. One of his goals was to create the spatial unity of the “Alte Waage” and “Wollmarkt” squares after the reconstruction of the Alte Waage. The first prize went to two architects from Hanover, whose essential element in their design concept was the “ water balance ”. This is a dead straight gully made of yellow-gray granite with a slight gradient from southeast to northwest over both squares , the origin of which is at the southern end. Originally it was planned to insert a brass rod inside the stone channel, which in the southern part should first run under the water level in the channel and then come to the surface at the level of the north gable of the old scales. The architects wanted to point out the historical function of the "old scales" as a weighing station. At the same time, the "water scales" should also refer to the numerous small watercourses and ditches that ran through the Braunschweig city center until the 19th century. For cost reasons, however, the “water balance” was not fully implemented: the brass rod was omitted. The jury of the “Wasser-Waage” judged the fact that both the gully and the (later not made brass) balance beam would be difficult for pedestrians to cross without on-site aids for vehicles.

Impressions

  • Around 1850: Engraving by Ludwig Tacke : Part of the wool market seen from Beckenwerkerstraße

  • Around 1850: "The wool market with the Andreas Church in Braunschweig as seen from the Neustadtmühle bridge"

  • 1892: The wool market seen from the Neustadtmühle. The bridge in the foreground leads over the Neustadtmühlengraben.

  • 2011: St. Andrew's Church with old scales at the south end of the market

  • 2012: Looking north, on the right the westwork of the Andreas Church

  • 2010: Alte Waage and Andreaskirche. The wool market can be seen in the background on the left.

  • The old scales from the south

  • The “water scales”, a modern fountain that runs along the longitudinal axis of the market

  • The Liberei in the nearby Kröppelstrasse

literature

  • Johannes Angel: wool market. In: Braunschweiger Stadtlexikon. published on behalf of the city of Braunschweig by Luitgard Camerer, Manfred RW Garzmann and Wolf-Dieter Schuegraf with special assistance from Norman-Mathias Pingel, Braunschweig 1992, ISBN 3-926701-14-5 , p. 251.
  • Manfred RW Garzman (ed.): The old scales in the Braunschweiger Neustadt. Excavation findings, history of the Neustadt area, reconstruction and design of the square. In: Braunschweiger workpieces. Volume 87, Braunschweig 1993, ISBN 3-87884-041-1 .
  • Jürgen Hodemacher : Braunschweig's streets - their names and their stories. Volume 1: Inner City. Cremlingen 1995, ISBN 3-927060-11-9 .
  • Wolfgang Kimpflinger: Monument topography Federal Republic of Germany . Architectural monuments in Lower Saxony. Volume 1.1 .: City of Braunschweig. Part 1, Verlag CW Niemeyer, Hameln 1993, ISBN 3-87585-252-4 .
  • Heinrich Meier : The street names of the city of Braunschweig. In: Sources and research on Brunswick history. Volume 1, Wolfenbüttel 1904.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Rudolf Blasius (Ed.): Braunschweig in the year MDCCCXCVII. Festschrift for the participants in the LXIX meeting of German natural scientists and doctors. Meyer, Braunschweig 1897, ( digitized version ), p. 189.
  2. ^ A b c d Heinrich Meier: The street names of the city of Braunschweig. In: Sources and research on Braunschweigische Geschichte , p. 111.
  3. ^ Degeding book of Neustadt from 1424, quoted from FN 12 in: Hermann Dürre : Geschichte der Stadt Braunschweig im Mittelalter , Braunschweig 1861, p. 711.
  4. ^ Philip Christian Ribbentrop : Description of the city of Braunschweig. 1. Volume, Volume 1, Johann Christoph Meyer, Braunschweig 1789, p. 138.
  5. ↑ Wolfgang Kimpflinger: Monument topography Federal Republic of Germany . Architectural monuments in Lower Saxony. Volume 1.1 .: City of Braunschweig. Part 1, p. 175.
  6. ↑ Johannes Angel: wool market. In: Braunschweiger Stadtlexikon, p. 251.
  7. ↑ Werner Spieß : History of the city of Braunschweig in the post-Middle Ages. From the end of the Middle Ages to the end of urban freedom 1491–1671. Volume 2, Braunschweig 1966, p. 515.
  8. ^ Manfred Garzmann : City lord and community in Braunschweig in the 13th and 14th centuries. In: Braunschweiger workpieces. Series A, Volume 53, Braunschweig 1976, ISBN 3-87884-003-2 , p. 63.
  9. ^ Theodor Müller : Shipping and rafting in the river area of ​​the Oker. In: Braunschweiger workpieces. Vol. 39. Braunschweig 1968, p. 39.
  10. ↑ a b Wolfgang Kimpflinger: Monument topography Federal Republic of Germany . Architectural monuments in Lower Saxony. Volume 1.1 .: City of Braunschweig. Part 1, p. 176.
  11. ^ Theodor Müller: Shipping and rafting in the river area of ​​the Oker. In: Braunschweiger workpieces. Vol. 39. Braunschweig 1968, p. 40.
  12. ^ A b Rudolf Fricke : The community center in Braunschweig. In: The German community center. Volume 20. Ernst Wasmuth, Tübingen 1975, ISBN 3-8030-0022-X , p. 169.
  13. ↑ Leuschner, Kaufhold, Märtl (ed.): The economic and social history of the Braunschweigisches Land from the Middle Ages to the present. Volume 3, p. 540.
  14. ↑ Camerer, Garzmann, Schuegraf, Pingel: Braunschweiger Stadtlexikon. Braunschweig 1992, p. 252.
  15. ↑ Ursula Wolff: The Duchy of Braunschweig. A highly industrialized country in the German Empire (1875–1918). In: Jörg Leuschner , Karl Heinrich Kaufhold , Claudia Märtl (Hrsg.): The economic and social history of the Braunschweigisches Land from the Middle Ages to the present. Volume 3: Modern Times , Georg Olms Verlag, Hildesheim 2008, ISBN 978-3-487-13599-1 , p. 203.
  16. ^ Willi Wöhler: Litolff Verlag and Collection. In: Braunschweiger Stadtlexikon, p. 146.
  17. ↑ Werner Spieß : History of the city of Braunschweig in the post-Middle Ages. From the end of the Middle Ages to the end of urban freedom 1491–1671. Volume 2, Braunschweig 1966, p. 682.
  18. ^ Evelin Haase: Barward Tafelmaker. In: Horst-Rüdiger Jarck, Dieter Lent et al. (Hrsg.): Braunschweigisches Biographisches Lexikon. 8th to 18th centuries. Appelhans, Braunschweig 2006, ISBN 3-937664-46-7 , p. 691.
  19. ^ A b Norman-Mathias Pingel: Old town renovation. In: Braunschweiger Stadtlexikon. P. 16.
  20. ↑ Redevelopment plans at vernetztes-gedaechtnis.de
  21. ↑ Information on old town renovation at vernetztes-gedaechtnis.de
  22. ↑ Manfred RW Garzmann (ed.): The old balance in the Braunschweiger Neustadt. Excavation findings, history of the Neustadt area, reconstruction and design of the square . Städtisches Museum, Braunschweig 1993 (= Braunschweiger Werkstücke, Series A , Vol. 87), ISBN 3-87884-041-1 .
  23. ^ Wolfgang Eilers, Dietmar Falk: Narrow-gauge steam in Braunschweig. The history of the rubble railway. In: Small series of publications by the Braunschweiger Verkehrsfreunde e. V. , No. 3, Braunschweig 1985, p. 66.
  24. ^ Wolfgang Eilers, Dietmar Falk: Narrow-gauge steam in Braunschweig. The history of the rubble railway. In: Small series of publications by the Braunschweiger Verkehrsfreunde e. V. , Heft 3, Braunschweig 1985, p. 51 (after Bollmann map from 1949)
  25. ^ Andreas Zunft: Wollmarkt / Alte Waage - Urban development and discussion after 1945. In: Manfred RW Garzman (Ed.): The old balance in Braunschweiger Neustadt. Excavation findings, history of the Neustadt area, reconstruction and design of the square. In: Braunschweiger Werkstücke , Volume 87, p. 194.
  26. ^ A b Raimund Schoener: Competition "Alte Waage" in Braunschweig. In: Baumeister , Volume 45, Issue 5–7, May – July 1948, p. 213.
  27. ^ Raimund Schoener: Competition "Alte Waage" in Braunschweig. In: Baumeister , Volume 45, Issue 5–7, May – July 1948, pp. 218f.
  28. ^ Klaus J. Beckmann: Urban development competition for the Wollmarkt / Alte Waage. In: Manfred RW Garzman (Hrsg.): The old scales in the Braunschweiger Neustadt. Excavation findings, history of the Neustadt area, reconstruction and design of the square. In: Braunschweiger Werkstücke , Volume 87, p. 141.
  29. ^ Andreas Zunft: Wollmarkt / Alte Waage - Urban development and discussion after 1945. In: Manfred RW Garzman (Ed.): The old balance in Braunschweiger Neustadt. Excavation findings, history of the Neustadt area, reconstruction and design of the square. In: Braunschweiger Werkstücke , Volume 87, p. 203.
  30. ^ Andreas Zunft: Wollmarkt / Alte Waage - Urban development and discussion after 1945. In: Manfred RW Garzman (Ed.): The old balance in Braunschweiger Neustadt. Excavation findings, history of the Neustadt area, reconstruction and design of the square. In: Braunschweiger Werkstücke , Volume 87, p. 200.
  31. ^ Andreas Zunft: Wollmarkt / Alte Waage - Urban development and discussion after 1945. In: Manfred RW Garzman (Ed.): The old balance in Braunschweiger Neustadt. Excavation findings, history of the Neustadt area, reconstruction and design of the square. In: Braunschweiger Werkstücke , Volume 87, p. 202.
  32. ^ Klaus J. Beckmann: Urban development competition for the Wollmarkt / Alte Waage. In: Manfred RW Garzman (Hrsg.): The old scales in the Braunschweiger Neustadt. Excavation findings, history of the Neustadt area, reconstruction and design of the square. In: Braunschweiger Werkstücke , Volume 87, p. 149.
  33. ^ Klaus J. Beckmann: Urban development competition for the Wollmarkt / Alte Waage. In: Manfred RW Garzman (Hrsg.): The old scales in the Braunschweiger Neustadt. Excavation findings, history of the Neustadt area, reconstruction and design of the square. In: Braunschweiger Werkstücke , Volume 87, p. 150.

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Coordinates: 52 ° 16 ′ 5 ″  N , 10 ° 31 ′ 10 ″  E