Avian flu H5N8

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Avian influenza H5N8 is a viral disease of birds and a form of avian influenza caused by the influenza A virus H5N8 (also abbreviated to A / H5N8 ), i.e. by a subtype of the influenza virus that occurs particularly in chickens . It can be transmitted to farmed poultry by wild birds.

According to the Friedrich Loeffler Institute, the infection in the winter of 2016/17 was "the most severe outbreak ever registered in Germany" of avian influenza.

Risks to people

Human infections were first diagnosed in February 2021. In southern Russia, seven workers in a poultry fattening operation contracted infected animals. The risk of infections in humans is nevertheless considered to be very low, since human-to-human transmission could not be observed.

Nevertheless, the European Center for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) recommends as a precaution that employees who have had direct contact with infected animals should watch out for symptoms that may be due to contact with influenza viruses for ten days. The background to this recommendation is, among other things, that there were deaths after infection with the closely related subtype A / H5N6 .

Like all other by influenza poultry diseases caused viruses in Germany avian influenza in captive birds is a notifiable animal disease and in wild birds a notifiable animal disease.

Evidence of A / H5N8 in animals

1983

The first scientifically documented outbreak of A / H5N8 occurred in November 1983 in a poultry farm in Ireland . At that time, 8,000 turkeys and 28,000 chicken chicks were killed, as well as 270,000 ducks, which was 97 percent of the duck population kept commercially in Ireland at the time.

1998 to 2013

From 1998 there were repeated individual detections in wild birds and outbreaks in poultry holdings in the USA . From 2010, the viruses were also continuously detected in Asian wild birds and in animal populations in Asia - especially in South Korea , Taiwan and the People's Republic of China .

2014

A particularly aggressive (HPAI) variant of the subtype A / H5N8 was detected in early 2014 in South Korea, where several million chickens and ducks were killed; Also Baikal Teal and other migratory birds were infected and died. Evidence was later provided that this variant had already occurred in the People's Republic of China at the end of 2013; the pathogens finally reached the USA via the Behringstrasse through migratory birds. In December 2014, the virus was detected in a wild wigeon that had been shot down in the Russian republic of Yakutia .

In December 2014, it became known from the United States that a privately held gyrfalcon had contracted A / H5N8 while hunting free-flying wild birds in Whatcom County , Washington . Shortly thereafter, in the same county, it was found that some genes of this virus variant (A / gyrfalcon / WA / 41088/2014 H5N8) were reassorted to A / H5N1 . Further virus detection became known in early 2015 from the US states of California , Idaho and Nevada as well as from Canada .

The highly pathogenic variant first appeared in Germany at the beginning of November 2014, in the Osterhuber Agrar fattening turkey farm in Heinrichswalde ( Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania ).

In mid-November 2014, this subtype appeared in a laying hen farm in Oudewater , Hekendorp, in the Netherlands ; the 150,000 animals on the farm were killed as a precaution. A little later, the virus was in a Peking ducks of backlog in Nafferton in East Yorkshire ( England discovered). The farm was operated by Cherry Valley Foods , the UK's largest duck breeding company, which also has locations in China and Germany.

Infections were later diagnosed again in the Netherlands ( Ter Aar , Kamperveen near Kampen ).

On the Baltic island of Rügen in Ummanz / H5N8 was in November 2014 for the first time in Europe in a wild bird, a part of the A wild bird monitoring shot teal found.

Since there were no trade relations and no animal transports between the poultry fattening farms in Germany, the Netherlands and England, transmission of the virus by wild birds is considered to be the most likely.

In mid-December 2014, the virus was detected on a poultry farm in the district of Cloppenburg in Lower Saxony and in Porto Viro ( Italy ).

2015

At the beginning of January 2015, three white storks died in the Rostock Zoo (Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania) as a result of an infection with A / H5N8; as a result, nine more storks were killed, in which the subtype was subsequently also detected. A little later, the examination of all 500 kept birds was ordered and other infected birds were killed, including ten ibises and eight herons . At the same time, in the district of Nordhausen ( Thuringia ), in the area of ​​the Aulebener ponds, a mallard was shot in which A / H5N8 was detected, and shortly afterwards the subtype reappeared in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, in the domestic fowl of a hobby keeper in Anklam .

In February 2015, more than 21,000 poultry were killed in Füzesgyarmat ( Hungary ) after the subtype was detected in a herd. In February 2015 there was also evidence of a mute swan in Sweden .

2016

At the beginning of November 2016 there was a new outbreak in Schleswig-Holstein in the area of ​​the Plöner See , which initially mainly affected tufted ducks . According to the European Center for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), the viruses were introduced - as in the previous year - by migratory birds. The pathogen was detected in the Lake Constance area on November 8, 2016 . As of November 11, 2016, the pathogen was confirmed in an animal from an Austrian turkey farm in Hard ( Vorarlberg ). As a result, 1,100 turkeys from the affected farm were culled . On November 12, 2016, the pathogen was detected in a poultry farm in the village of Grumby ( Twedt municipality ) on the Schlei ; 30,000 animals were killed. Since the virus has also been detected in some wild birds, some districts or federal states have issued a stable requirement . On November 24, 2016, the pathogen was detected in a poultry farm in Barßel in the Cloppenburg district . The stock of 16,000 turkey roosters was culled. The killing of a further 92,000 animals in the surrounding stables of the affected farm was ordered. Outbreaks occurred over Christmas in the communities of Garrel (also in the district of Cloppenburg) and Dötlingen (in the neighboring district of Oldenburg ).

The virus has also been detected in wild birds or poultry populations in other European countries. In November 2016, after Germany and Austria, Switzerland , the Netherlands , Denmark , Croatia and Poland also reported virus detection, as well as India and Israel , South Korea , Taiwan and Russia as well as Romania , Egypt , France , Japan , Iran, Sweden , Finland and various other countries . In Japan, a total of more than 315,000 animals were killed in late November 2016 following two outbreaks in animal holdings - Aomori and Niigata - and nearly 30 million chickens were killed in South Korea in December 2016.

The detected first in Europe and later on other continents as of autumn 2016 version of A / H5N8 proved to wild and farmed poultry as lethal as compared with the variant from the year 2014. Thus, for example, were wigeon 2014 not from the effects of H5N8- Infection died, but probably in 2016. In addition, experts expressed their surprise that migratory birds were able to spread this HPAI variant as widely as observed without even dying from it during the bird migration.

In the winter of 2016/17 there were at least 17 confirmed deaths of sea ​​eagles in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Schleswig-Holstein, Lower Saxony and Hamburg as a result of an infection with the variant H5N8 2.3.4.4b.

2017

On January 10, 2017, due to the increased risk of avian influenza in Austria, all poultry farmers were made compulsory.

On January 27, 2017, A / H5N8 was detected in some of around 40,000 turkeys in the Knops Putenmast KG poultry farm in Deyelsdorf ( Vorpommern-Rügen district ). At this point in time, A / H5N8 had been detected in 23 European countries, according to the Friedrich Loeffler Institute . In a laying hen farm in Schwanheide near Boizenburg ( Ludwigslust-Parchim district ), 106,000 animals were killed after the virus was found, in southwest France around 800,000 ducks and geese from open-air holdings were killed in January 2017, and in the southwest French department Landes at the end of February 2017 The central government ordered a further 600,000 animals - the entire remaining duck population in the area - to be killed after the virus was detected in 306 farms there.

On March 6, 2017, a Dalmatian pelican infected with A / H5N8 was euthanized in Schönbrunn Zoo . The remaining 19 animals were then examined and an infection was also found in these. These animals were euthanized on March 10, 2017.

On March 20, 2017, the Friedrich Loeffler Institute (FLI) made it clear that there was “no doubt about the finding that the virus came to Europe with migratory birds from Asia”. In doing so, the FLI distanced itself from speculation that H5N8 originated in intensive poultry farming in Europe and was only then transferred to wild birds.

2018

After several outbreaks in animal husbandry in South Africa since 2016, veterinarians detected the virus in free-living African penguins - a species classified as "endangered" - as well as in dead common terns , capers and peregrine falcons in February 2018 . As a result, the South African Ministry of the Environment banned any research work in the area of ​​the affected bird colonies in March 2018 in order to prevent researchers from unwillingly spreading the virus. In reports to the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), numerous other infected wild birds of different species were reported. An outbreak in Bulgaria resulted in the death of 44,000 animals in a poultry farm in autumn 2018.

2019

In February 2019 it was announced that the virus was also detected in Namibia - on Halifax Island - in a colony of around 7,000 African penguins; more than 200 animals died.

2020

In early January it was announced that there had been multiple H5N8 outbreaks in Poland as of December 30, 2019 . The virus was detected on January 3 on a farm with 13,000 guinea fowl ; by then, over 40,000 turkeys and chickens had to be culled . Since then, the virus has spread rapidly in Eastern Europe. It was also found in Hungary, Slovakia and Romania in mid-January. Also in January, the first case of the season in Germany occurred in a white-fronted goose in the Spree-Neisse district near the border with Poland.

In March 2020, 10,000 turkeys were killed in a farm in Dornum (Lower Saxony) because of the occurrence of A / H5N8. The veterinary office set up a restricted area with a radius of three kilometers and an observation area with a radius of ten kilometers around the farm. Shortly afterwards, a dead buzzard A / H5N8 was detected in Frohburg (Saxony) and 20,000 turkey fattening animals were killed in Bülstringen ( Börde district , Saxony-Anhalt).

After cases of bird flu had occurred in the Netherlands at the end of October 2020, the virus types H5N8 and H5N5 were detected in several wild birds in northern Germany (in Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania and various wild birds in Schleswig-Holstein) in the same month.

2021

In March 2021, the virus type H5N8 was detected in a poultry farm in Delbrück (Paderborn district, North Rhine-Westphalia) that specializes in rearing pullets. Through the sale of undetected, already infected pullets in mobile trade ( sales vehicles ), the disease was able to spread rapidly across almost all of Germany. Baden-Württemberg is particularly affected. Preventive measures have been in place in neighboring Switzerland since April 10th.

See also

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ First outbreak of avian influenza A (H5N8) confirmed in poultry in Europe. On: euro.who.in from November 21, 2014
  2. ↑ The Global Consortium for H5N8 and Related Influenza Viruses: Role for migratory wild birds in the global spread of avian influenza H5N8. In: Science. Volume 354, No. 6309, 2016, pp. 213-217, doi: 10.1126 / science.aaf8852
  3. ^ Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut: Most severe bird flu outbreak ever registered in Germany. Report of the Neue Osnabrücker Zeitung from January 31, 2017 (on presseportal.de )
  4. ↑ Russia: People infected with the H5N8 bird flu virus for the first time. In: DER SPIEGEL. Retrieved February 20, 2021 .
  5. ↑ a b c d Outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N8) in Europe. On: ecdc.europa.eu of November 18, 2016
  6. ↑ WHO: Assessment of risk associated with influenza A (H5N8) virus. On: who.int of November 17, 2016
  7. ↑ Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture
  8. ^ Influenza Strain Details for A / turkey / Ireland /? / 1983 (H5N8). On: fludb.org - Influenza Research Database, accessed November 6, 2014.
  9. ↑ Dennis J. Alexander et al .: Highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks in Europe, Asia, and Africa since 1959, excluding the Asian H5N1 virus outbreaks. In: David E. Swayne (Ed.): Avian Influenza. Blackwell Publishing, 2008, p. 223, ISBN 978-0-8138-2047-7 .
  10. ↑ List of H5N8 evidence on: fludb.org - Influenza Research Database, accessed on November 6, 2014.
  11. ^ New Avian Flu Virus Ravages Poultry in Korea. On: Sciencemag.org of February 6, 2014.
  12. ↑ OIE: Highly pathogenic avian influenza, Korea (Rep. Of). Information received on 18/01/2014 from Dr TaeYung Kim, Director General, Livestock Policy Bureau, Ministry for Food, Agriculture, Forestry & Fisheries, Sejong-Si, Korea (Rep. Of).
  13. ^ J. Jeong, HM Kang, EK Lee et al .: Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N8) in domestic poultry and its relationship with migratory birds in South Korea during 2014. In: Veterinary microbiology. Volume 173, No. 3-4, 2014, pp. 249-57, PMID 25192767 .
  14. ↑ Dong-Hun Lee et al .: Intercontinental Spread of Asian-origin H5N8 to North America through Beringia by Migratory Birds. In: Journal of Virology. Volume 89, No. 12, 2015, pp. 6521-6524, doi: 10.1128 / JVI.00728-15
  15. ↑ OIE 16826, Report Date: 25/12/2014, Country: Russia. Immediate notification report of the World Organization for Animal Health from December 25, 2014 (PDF)
  16. ↑ Report reference: REF OIE 16771, Report Date: 16/12/2014, Country: United States of America. On: oie.int , December 16, 2014
  17. ↑ World Health Organization: Immediate notification report. dated January 20, 2015, REF OIE 17014, Report Date: 20/01/2015, Country: United States of America
  18. ↑ Follow-up report No. 6. of February 3, 2015 "from Dr John Clifford, Deputy Administrator, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture" to the OIE.
  19. ↑ Report reference: CAN-2015-NAI-003 REF OIE 17577 On: oie.int from May 1, 2015
  20. ↑ Hon S. Ip et al .: Novel Eurasian Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A H5 Viruses in Wild Birds, Washington, USA, 2014. In: Emerging Infectious Diseases. Volume 21, No. 5, May 2015, doi: 10.3201 / eid2105.142020 , full text (PDF)
  21. ↑ Immediate notification report: Report reference: 14-015-00003 REF OIE 16474. (PDF) Report from the German authorities to the World Organization for Animal Health from November 6, 2014
  22. ↑ Avian influenza should not be the end: turkey fattener wants to start again , November 10, 2014
  23. ↑ World Organization for Animal Health , November 16, 2014: Information received on 16/11/2014 from Dr Christianne Bruschke, Chief Veterinary Officer, Ministry of Economic Affairs, Ministry of Economic Affairs, The Hague, Netherlands.
  24. ^ Bird flu: Culling to begin at Nafferton farm. On: bbc.com , November 18, 2014
  25. ↑ Bird flu outbreak: cull begins at East Yorkshire duck farm , The Telegraph, 19 November 2014
  26. ↑ Vogelgriep Kamperveen blijkt variant H5N8. , November 22, 2014
  27. ↑ H5N8 virus: bird flu for the first time in Europe in wild birds. On: spiegel.de from November 22, 2014.
  28. ↑ OIE: Follow-up report No.1 / Report reference: 14-015-00003, Reference OIE: 16576, Report Date: 25/11/2014, Country: Germany. On: oie.int of November 25, 2014 (PDF).
  29. ↑ Cornelia Adlhoch et al .: Comparing introduction to Europe of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses A (H5N8) in 2014 and A (H5N1) in 2005. In: Eurosurveillance. Volume 19, No. 50, December 18, 2014, full text
  30. ^ Pathogen H5N8: Dangerous bird flu virus in Lower Saxony. On: spiegel.de from December 16, 2014
  31. ↑ Report reference: REF OIE 16768, Report Date: 16/12/2014, Country: Italy On: oie.int , December 16, 2014
  32. ↑ H5N8 virus in white storks in the Rostock zoo. ( Memento from January 9, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) On: ndr.de from January 9, 2015
  33. ↑ Bird flu in the Rostock Zoo: Another 18 animals had to be killed On: Spiegel Online from January 10, 2015
  34. ↑ Avian flu in the Rostock Zoo: 60 birds killed. ( Memento from January 12, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) On: ndr.de from January 12, 2015
  35. ↑ H5N8 in the Nordhausen district. On: nnz-online.de from January 12, 2015
  36. ↑ Schwerin: H5N8 pathogen detected in chickens. On: spiegel.de from January 21, 2015.
  37. ↑ OIE: Immediate notification of February 25, 2015 of the Ministry of Agriculture, Budapest, Hungary.
  38. ↑ Report reference: OIE 17393, Report Date: 20/03/2015, Country: Sweden. Immediate notification report on: oie.int , March 20, 2015.
  39. ↑ Avian influenza: Aggressive avian influenza reaches Germany. In: The time of November 8, 2016
  40. ↑ Bird flu virus detected in the Lake Constance area. In: Die Presse on November 8, 2016
  41. ↑ Bird flu: Second suspected case in Vorarlberg confirmed. On: kleinezeitung.at of November 11, 2016
  42. ↑ Avian influenza: Thousands of chickens are slaughtered. On: ndr.de from November 13, 2016
  43. ↑ tagesschau.de: The fear of bird flu is back. In: tagesschau.de. Retrieved November 15, 2016 .
  44. ↑ Disaster : H5N8 confirmed in Cloppenburg; ZDG demands stable stalls . In: top agrar online . ( topagrar.com [accessed November 24, 2016]).
  45. ↑ Another 92,000 animals have to die because of avian influenza outbreak in Lower Saxony - Wirtschaft - Deutschland Today. In: www.dtoday.de. Retrieved November 24, 2016 .
  46. ↑ Avian influenza in the northwest: Avian influenza is spreading. Article in the Nordwest-Zeitung on December 25, 2016. Accessed December 26, 2016.
  47. ↑ OIE: Immediate notification report. REF OIE 21709, Report Date: 29/11/2016, Country: Romania.
  48. ↑ OIE: Immediate notification report. REF OIE 21730, Report Date: 30/11/2016, Country: Egypt.
  49. ↑ OIE: Immediate notification report. REF OIE 21693, Report Date: 28/11/2016, Country: France.
  50. ↑ OIE: Immediate notification report. REF OIE 21608, Report Date: 21/11/2016, Country: Japan.
  51. ↑ OIE: Immediate notification report. REF OIE 21618, Report Date: 21/11/2016, Country: Iran.
  52. ↑ OIE: Immediate notification report. EF OIE 21653, Report Date: 23/11/2016, Country: Sweden.
  53. ↑ OIE: Immediate notification report. REF OIE 21669, Report Date: 25/11/2016, Country: Finland.
  54. ↑ OIE: Immediate notification report. REF OIE 21714, Report Date: 29/11/2016, Country: Japan.
  55. ↑ Bird flu in South Korea: 26 million chickens already killed. On: onvista.de from December 26, 2016
  56. ↑ Kai Kupferschmidt: New bird flu strain brings death and questions. In: Science. Volume 354, No. 6318, 2016, pp. 1363–1364, doi: 10.1126 / science.354.6318.1363 .
  57. ↑ Oliver Krone, Anja Globig, Reiner Ulrich et al .: White-Tailed Sea Eagle (Haliaeetus Albicilla) Die-Off due to Infection with Highly Pathogenic Influenza Virus, Subtype H5N8, in Germany. In: Viruses. Volume 10, No. 9, 2018, No. 478, doi: 10.3390 / v10090478
    Scientists prove fatal bird flu infection in white -tailed eagles for the first time. On: idw-online.de from October 4, 2018
  58. ↑ Bird flu: compulsory stable throughout Austria On: derstandard.at of January 10, 2016.
  59. ↑ Suspicion confirmed - avian influenza virus H5N8 in turkey fattening farm. Nordkurier , January 27, 2017, accessed on January 29, 2017 .
  60. ^ Friedrich Loeffler Institute: Classical Avian Influence. Risk assessment, 01/24/2017. ( Memento from January 30, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) On: fli.de from January 24, 2017.
  61. ↑ Avian influenza near Boizenburg - 106,000 laying hens affected. On: nordkurier.de from January 31, 2017.
  62. ↑ Avian flu in France: 800,000 ducks and geese are killed. On: agrarheute.com from January 5, 2017.
  63. ↑ South of France: Another 600,000 ducks killed because of bird flu. On: stuttgarter-zeitung.de from February 21, 2017.
  64. ↑ Avian flu: all pelicans in the zoo euthanized. wien.ORF.at, accessed on March 10, 2017 .
  65. ↑ FLI: Avian influenza is clearly transmitted by wild birds . In: agrarheute.com . March 21, 2017 ( agrarheute.com [accessed March 30, 2017]).
  66. ↑ Risk assessment of the occurrence of HPAIV in Germany. Phylogenetic analyzes. (PDF) Friedrich Loeffler Institute , February 13, 2017.
  67. ↑ Nearly 200,000 ducks killed in bird flu cull. On: newshub.co.nz of November 27, 2016.
  68. ↑ Update on avian influenza H5N8 outbreak in SA. Press release of the South African Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of July 11, 2017.
  69. ^ Avian flu freezes coastal bird research in South Africa. On: nature.com from March 28, 2018.
  70. ↑ Measures in place to address bird flu. On: citizen.co.za of March 26, 2018.
  71. ↑ Follow-up report No.19: HPAI H5N8 2017 wild. Reference OIE: 26136, Report Date: 09/03/2018, Country: South Africa. On: oie.int of March 9, 2018.
  72. ↑ Immediate notification report: REF OIE 28130, Report Date: 30/09/2018, Country: Bulgaria. On: oie.int of September 30, 2018
  73. ↑ Immediate notification report. REF OIE 29510, Report Date: 12/02/2019, Country: Namibia. On: oie.int of February 12, 2019
  74. ↑ OIE: Immediate notification of January 2, 2020 regarding the H5N8 outbreak in eastern Poland
  75. ↑ Bird flu in Poland - more than 40,000 animals have already been killed. In: srf.ch . January 3, 2020, accessed January 3, 2020 .
  76. ↑ H5N8 virus: First new case of bird flu in Germany. On: spiegel.de from January 20, 2020.
  77. ^ OIE: Immediate notification regarding outbreak in Dornum, Aurich, Lower Saxony. On: oie.int of March 21, 2020.
    agrarheute Anke Fritz: H5N8 bird flu in Aurich: 10,000 turkeys killed. March 23, 2020, accessed March 23, 2020 .
  78. ↑ OIE: Immediate notification regarding Mäuseburrad in Frohburg, Leipzig, Saxony of March 23, 2020.
  79. ↑ Immediate notification regarding the outbreak in Bülstringen, Börde, Saxony-Anhalt. On: oie.int of March 31, 2020.
    Avian influenza in a fattening facility in the Börde district. On: volksstimme.de of March 30, 2020.
  80. ↑ Several cases of avian influenza detected in Northern Germany. In: Der Spiegel. October 31, 2020, accessed October 31, 2020 .
  81. ↑ https://www.sueddeutsche.de/wirtschaft/agrar-delbrueck-gefluegelpest-im-kreis-paderborn-30-000-masthaehnchen-getoetet-dpa.urn-newsml-dpa-com-20090101-210403-99-71396
  82. ↑ Avian flu cases in domestic poultry in Germany - increased vigilance is also important in Switzerland. In: admin.ch . Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office , April 1, 2021, accessed on April 1, 2021 .
  83. ↑ Avian flu cases in domestic poultry in Germany - preventive measures in Switzerland. In: admin.ch. Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office, April 9, 2021, accessed on April 9, 2021 .