Old ritualists

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As Old Ritualists are called Christians, who from a liturgical reform refuse emerged liturgical order of their mother church in general or in their personal capacity. They refer primarily to church tradition , which they regard as disregarded or violated by the liturgical reform that has taken place. In addition, the preservation of the cultural heritage, the beauty of the rites and the mystical are argued. In contrast, the reformers refer to the "spirit of healthy tradition" ( sana traditio ), which, according to the " norm of the fathers ", required changes to the order encountered, and to the adaptation to the "conditions and needs of the present", which allows cautious innovations ( Sacrosanctum Concilium Art. 23).

Examples

The best-known historical examples of old ritualism are the Old Orthodox for the Russian Orthodox Church , the traditionalist followers of the Society of St. Pius X for the Roman Catholic Church and the Traditional Anglican Communion for the Anglican Community . In the latter cases, it becomes apparent that old ritualism is often combined with the rejection of further church and social reform processes. The turning away from the mother church can go beyond the failure to carry out liturgical renewal and take the form of a church split (“ schism ”), with the tendency towards ever further subdivision. To justify this step, which is usually referred to as an "emergency measure", in many cases the church is accused of treason of tradition, suspected or accused of heresy , the validity of the mass celebrations and other sacraments , especially the ordination of its priests and bishops, being questioned or disputed , as well as the legitimacy of the Pope in denial (see Sedisvakantisten ).

Usually, ancient ritualistic communities strive to have their own bishops in secure apostolic succession . Recently, the most important intermediaries were: from 1984 Michel Guérard des Lauriers (in the succession of Pierre Martin Ngô Đình Thục ), from 1988 Marcel Lefebvre and from 2015 Richard Williamson . The Vatican is endeavoring to restrict its further dissemination by reconciling irregularly ordained ancient ritualistic bishops (examples: Licínio Rangel , lifting of the excommunication of the bishops of the Society of St. Pius X. ).

Union attempts

Church historical experience shows that sooner or later the church leaders usually show themselves ready to allow ancient ritualists who are willing to agree, for pastoral or other reasons, to care for the older form of worship ( usus antiquior ) and to allow the corresponding liturgical books to be used. Both sides dutifully justify this process with the mandate to maintain or restore the unity of the Church of Christ. An essential prerequisite is always that the by an appropriate canonical instrument, z. B. a papal indult (grace), served or reconciled ancient ritualists do not or no longer question the orthodoxy and legitimacy of the mother church hierarchy , especially its top. This has happened in the Russian Orthodox Church since 1800 through the incorporation of part of the Old Orthodox , the Edinovercy ("believers"), to whom the Moscow Council of 1917/18 granted four vicar bishops. Since the publication of " Ecclesia Dei Adflicta " the same has happened in the Roman Catholic Church in various forms, for example with the Priestly Society of St. Peter and similar associations (see below) up to the establishment of an Apostolic (= Papal) personnel administration in the area of an existing and properly constituted diocese of the Roman Catholic Church, according to the Apostolic Personnel Administration St. John Maria Vianney . In addition, the Roman Catholic Church grants Anglicans full ecclesiastical fellowship while maintaining their liturgical traditions ( Pastoral Provision ; Anglicanorum coetibus ). On the part of the old ritualists, the union of certain groups with the mother church or the pope , most recently with Richard Williamson (ex-FSSPX), very often leads to a further split and, as a result, to a hardening or radicalization of the ununited group. Such re-unions also harbor certain risks for the mother church, especially with regard to the credibility of its will to renew and the correct understanding of Christian tradition.

The ancient ritualistic institutions that arose within the Catholic Church in the wake of " Ecclesia Dei Adflicta ", from small institutes to monasteries and staff parishes currently still look like a colorful patchwork quilt, but try to work together more and more. B. at the ancient ritualistic department of the Cologne World Youth Day , Juventutem . What they have in common is that they recognize the authority of the ecclesiastical hierarchy and the Second Vatican Council . In doing so, they do not question the legality of the liturgy reform in principle, but generally see the officially renewed liturgy as in need of change (“reform of the reform”), criticize the deficiencies of current worship practice and therefore encourage their groups to maintain the earlier forms of worship (" Usus antiquior "). This old ritualist, who was united with the Pope or to be reconciled, was brought up by Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI. through his Motu proprio Summorum Pontificum full home right in the Roman Catholic Church guaranteed. Until its dissolution on January 17, 2019, it was the responsibility of the Ecclesia Dei Pontifical Commission . Since then, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith has performed this task .

Quotes

“The root of this schismatic act [of Bishop Marcel Lefebvre ] is to be found in an incomplete and contradicting concept of tradition: incomplete because it does not take enough account of the living character of the tradition which, as the Second Vatican Council very clearly teaches, 'of narrated to the apostles, […] knows progress with the assistance of the Holy Spirit: the understanding of narrated things and words grows through the reflection and study of the believers who ponder them in their hearts, through inner insight that comes from spiritual experience as well as through the preaching of those who have received the sure charism of truth by following in the episcopate '. "

- Pope John Paul II : Apostolic Letter “Ecclesia Dei Adflicta”, Motu proprio; therein the condemnation of M. Lefebvre.

“There is no contradiction between one and the other edition of the Missale Romanum. In the history of the liturgy there is growth and progress, but no break. What was sacred to earlier generations remains sacred and great to us too; it cannot suddenly be completely prohibited or even harmful. It is good for us all to preserve the riches that have grown in the Church's faith and prayer and to give them their right place. "

- Pope Benedict XVI. : Letter accompanying the Motu proprio Summorum Pontificum , July 7, 2007.

List of Catholic old ritualistic communities

For comparison: the Catholic Church has a total of 1.08 billion members with 4,695 bishops, 405,450 priests, 31,524 permanent deacons, 54,828 men and women religious, 776,269 women religious (as of 2003) and 113,199 candidates for priesthood (2002).

Communities that are not in unity with the Roman Catholic Church

  • Fraternitas Sacerdotalis Sancti Pii X. ( Priestly Society of St. Pius X. ) (Abbreviation: FSSPX), founded in 1970, with currently three bishops worldwide (ordained in 1988 by Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre ), 569 priests (about a third of them French), 215 seminarians, 119 brothers, 185 sisters and 84 oblates use the liturgy of 1962 . Affiliated institutions:
    • Fraternité de la Transfiguration (“Brotherhood of the Transfiguration”), Mérigny (Indre, France), 9 priests, 5 brothers;
    • Benedictine monastery of Santa Cruz in Nova Friburgo, Brazil (founded in 1987 by Gérard Calvet ; separated from him in 1988; currently with Richard Williamson ); Subsidiary founded (1999/2000): Notre Dame von Bellaigue in Virlet (France), 4 priests (2006); Re-settlement (planned) of Reichenstein Monastery , Monschau (Germany).
    • Golgotha ​​monastery of the Transalpine Redemptorists , since June 16, 2008 mostly in communion with the Roman Pope.
  • Society of St. Pius V ( Society of St. Pius V. ), founded in 1983 (former SSPX), now divided into subgroups, five priories and a sister Convention rejects the liturgical reforms from 1956, is the Sedevacantism Act.
  • Istituto Mater Boni Consilii ( alias Sodalitium Pianum ), founded in late 1985 in Turin, Italy (ex-FSSPX), headquarters and seminary in Verrua Savoia (Torino); about 24 members, including 10 priests, rejects the liturgical reforms according to Pius X ; a bishop: Geert Jan Stuyver (born May 14, 1964, Gent), consecrated January 16, 2002 by Robert McKenna (in turn consecrated in 1986 by Michel Louis-Bertrand Guérard des Lauriers in the succession of Pierre Martin Ngô Đình Thục ), officiating in Sint -Gillis-bij-Dendermonde (Belgium), (“ Sedisvakantisten ”).
  • Congregation of Mary Immaculate Queen (Congregatio Mariae Reginae Immaculatae, CMRI), founded in 1967 by Francis Schuckart († 2006), 41 places of worship in the USA, Bishop: Mark Pivarunas , consecrated in 1991 by Moisés Carmona in the succession of Pierre Martin Ngô Đình Thục , (" Sedisvakantisten "), rejects the liturgical reforms from 1956 onwards.
  • For other such groups see Sedisvakantismus .
  • Église Sainte Marie , "Parish without borders" (alias: Église vieille-catholique romaine or Église apostolique de France ), based in Mont-Saint-Aignan (France), founded in 1964, allows married men to be ordained priests and divorced people to communion ; 14 clergy, including five bishops, including: Mario Cornejo (emer. Auxiliary bishop of the Diocese of Lima) and Maurice Cantor (ex-Diocese of Rouen).
  • Fraternité Sacerdotale Saint Jean l'Évangeliste (Fraternitas Sacerdotalis Sancti Johannis Evangelistae - Congregatio Autocephalis) based in Stoke (Canada), founded in 1987. Head and Bishop: Charles-Rafaël Payeur (* 1962), consecrated in 1990 by the Catholic Apostolic Church of Brazil , about 50 followers.
  • Priestly Brotherhood of St. Josaphat (Byzantine Rite), uniate Eastern Church of the FSSPX, demands that Church Slavonic be retained as the sole liturgical language and exercises of piety of the Latin type; founded in 2000 in Ukraine by seven priests; no bishop (ordination in the Roman rite by bishops of the FSSPX in Warsaw: two new priests in 2006, seven in 2007). Founder and leader: Wassil Kowpak (Васил Ковпак), whose excommunication by the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church was confirmed on November 21, 2007 by the Vatican Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith .
  • Eglise Catholique Gallicane de Paris ( also : "Église catholique apostolique universelle"), emerged from the Église Gallicane , celebrates "la mass catholique traditionnelle de Saint Pie V", Archbishop-Primate: Dominique-Hubert Philippe
  • Congregation des Pères Stévennistes of the Stevenists in Cameroon, Bishop Superior: Jean Ndjewel, two bishops, about six priests.
  • Oblats de Marie Reine, La Ferté-Gaucher

Communities in full communion with the Roman Catholic Church

In brackets, if given, the home community from which the (partial) union with Rome took place.

  • Fontgombault Abbey (France, Indre Department), Benedictine Abbey (FSSPX until 1984), bi-ritualistic , and subsidiary Abbeys Notre-Dame-de Randol , Notre-Dame-de-Triors , Clear Creek Abbey (Oklahoma, Abbey since 2010), Wisques Abbey (since 2013) and other bi-ritualistic, a total of about 80 priests (2006).
  • Fraternitas Sacerdotalis Sancti Petri ( Brotherhood of St. Peter ), Society of Apostolic Life under papal law, founded in 1988 (Ex-FSSPX), around 200 priests and 120 seminarians worldwide (according to own information).
  • Fraternité Saint-Vincent-Ferrier , Chéméré-le-Roi (Mayenne, Diocese of Laval, France), founded in 1979 by Louis-Marie de Blignières (ex-FSSPX), established as an institute for consecrated life under papal law in 1988, with a previous Dominican liturgy (1962 version; "Old Dominicans"), five priests (2006).
  • Abbaye Sainte-Madeleine, Le Barroux (France, Vaucluse department, Malaucène canton ) (FSSPX until 1988), autonomous Benedictine abbey with a female branch: Notre-Dame de l'Annonciation. Founding abbot : Gérard Calvet (1927–2008; resignation: 2003; † February 28, 2008); Abbot: Louis-Marie de Geyer d'Orth (since 2003), around 60 members, including 26 priests (2013). Admitted to the Benedictine Confederation on September 25, 2008 .
  • Institut du Christ Roi Souverain Prêtre (Institutum Christi Regis Summi Sacerdotis; Institut Christ the King and High Priest ), Society of Apostolic Life initially diocesan ( Archdiocese of Florence ), since 2008 papal law, founded in 1990, Prior General: Gilles Wach ; currently around 50 members (as of 2006). Female Branch: Sisters of Adoration of the Royal Heart of Jesus Christ , two branches, currently about 30 members.
  • Institut de la Sainte-Croix de Riaumont, Society of Apostolic Life under papal law, Benedictine Oblates of the Abbaye Notre-Dame de Fontgombault (see above), “Scout Order”, canonically established in 1991; Prior since 2000: Alain Hocquemiller (* 1964), five priests (2006).
  • Servi Jesu et Mariae ( Servants of Jesus and Mary ), Congregation under papal law , recognized July 21, 1994, founder: Andreas Hönisch † January 25, 2008 (ex-SJ, ex-Diocese of Augsburg), current superior general: Anton Bentlage , bi-ritualistic , uses for pastoral reasons also the renewed liturgy "so to speak restrictive in close resemblance to the old rite" (A. Hönisch), currently 28 priests, 3 deacons, 11 students, 4 novices and one brother (own information 2008).
  • Chanoines Réguliers de la Mère de Dieu (Canons Regular of the Mother of God), founded in 1968 in Gap (France) as Opus Mariae, raised to the status of an abbey under papal law in 1997, headquarters since 2004 Abbey of Sainte-Marie de Lagrasse (Diocese of Carcassonne, France), around 15 Priest (2006), Abbot: Emmanuel-Marie de Saint-Jean (since 2006). Female branch: Chanoinesses de la Mère de Dieu, Abbaye du Saint-Cœur Notre Dame, Gap. The non-ancient ritualistic Chanoines réguliers de Marie Mère du Rédempteur must be distinguished from this .
  • Apostolic Personnel Administration St. John Maria Vianney in the diocese of Campos dos Goytacazes (Brazil) (ex-autonomous in ordination fellowship with FSSPX); As of 2003: 1 bishop, 26 priests and 27,730 believers (compared to 854,000 in the actual diocese of Campos). Apostolic administrator has been Bishop Fernando Areas Rifan (ex-autonomous) since 2002 .
  • Canons Regular of the New Jerusalem , founded in 2002 in the Diocese of La Crosse, later, until August 10, 2007, settled in Chesterfield (Archdiocese of Saint Louis), currently without a permanent establishment. Three members (one priest, two seminarians), prior: Daniel Augustine Oppenheimer (ex-FSSP).
  • Institute St. Philipp Neri , Society of Apostolic Life under Papal Law, Berlin, established on May 26, 2004. Superior General: Provost Gerald Goesche , three members, several candidates
  • Institut du Bon Pasteur (ex-FSSPX), society of apostolic life under papal law with “Gregorian liturgy” as its own rite, established on September 8, 2006 in Bordeaux (France), chairman: Philippe Laguérie (ex-FSSPX); Members: 19 priests, 35 candidates for the priesthood (according to own information, 2008).
  • Canons Regular of Saint John Cantius (Canons Regular of St. John Cantius ), Association of the Faithful of diocesan right in the Archdiocese of Chicago, biritualistisch , emerged from the biritualistischen parish of St. John Cantius, Chicago, Illinois. Founder and superior: C. Frank Phillips, currently 24 members, including six priests (according to own information, 2007).
  • Slaves of the Immaculate Heart of Mary (Mancipia Immaculati Cordis Mariae), founded by Leonard Feeney , recognized in the Diocese of Worcester (United States). Members: about ten sisters and five brothers, ruler: Thomas Augustine (groups of the same name in other dioceses act autonomously).
  • Militia Templi ( Ordo Militiae Christi Templique Hierosolymitani ), “Scout Order”, private association of believers in diocesan law (CIC can. 298 f.) In the Archdiocese of Siena-Colle di Val d'Elsa-Montalcino (Italy), founded in 1979 in Poggibonsi by Alberto Cristofani, ecclesiastical approval of the constitutions in 1988, the rule in 1990. According to the company's own information, around 100 members worldwide, including around 30 members who have taken permanent private vows, as well as 70 "obedience knights" and ladies.
  • Filii Sanctissimi Redemptoris (F.SS.R), with Rome uniate Transalpine Redemptorists , headquarters on the island of Papa Stronsay (Scotland), 18 members, including three priests, founders and leaders: Michael Mary Sim F.SS.R (ex-FSSPX ). In full communion with the Roman Catholic Church since June 26, 2008; recognized on August 15, 2012 as an institute of diocesan law in the Diocese of Aberdeen.
  • Trappist Abbey Mariawald , near Heimbach in the Eifel, North Rhine-Westphalia (Germany), since 2008 de jure altritualistic, liturgically divided community. The abbey was closed on September 15, 2018 after the number of monks had dropped to below 10 and an upswing hoped for due to the ancient ritualistic orientation failed to materialize.
  • Franciscans of the Immaculate , bi-ritualistic , institute of papal law, around 400 religious with solemn profession, 120 postulants. About 350 sisters. Currently headed by an apostolic (papal) commissioner.
  • Benedictines of the Immakulata, OSB monastery "of strict observance" in Villatalla ( Liguria ), founded on July 2nd, 2008 with two monks from Le Barroux by Mario Oliveri , Bishop of Albenga-Imperia ; Constitutions approved on March 25, 2015. Two monks, one hermit, wafers.
  • Monastery of St. Benedict in Norcia , Benedictine priory "Maria Sedes Sapientiae" ( sui-juris ), biritualistic , founded in Rome in 1998, after the earthquake in 2016, a new monastery was built outside the city, 14 monks (2018).
  • Monastère Saint Benoît , English-speaking monastic community in Benedictine tradition, established in 2011 as a public association of believers in the diocese of Fréjus-Toulon (France), two monks next to the "founder-prior" Alcuin Reid, uses the Roman Missal from 1953.

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ On the current situation see: Met. Hilarion proposed as bishop for Moscow Patriarchate Old Believers. In: orthochristian.com, January 30, 2018, accessed June 27, 2019.
  2. ↑ CIRCA LA PONTIFICIA COMMISSIONE “ECCLESIA DEI”. Motu Proprio on the dissolution of the commission of January 17, 2019. In: vatican.va, accessed on December 18, 2019.
  3. ↑ As of 2019: Violaine Epitalon: Five traditionalist priests in Northern France remanded in custody. They are being investigated for a series of 'non-sexual' but violent acts against children at an institution run by the Institute of the Holy Cross. In: La Croix . January 17, 2019, accessed June 27, 2019.