Architecture in Kaliningrad
Architecture in Kaliningrad describes the architectural history of today's Russian city Kaliningrad from 1945. Between 1945 and 1970 there were various attempts to rebuild the old city center in Kaliningrad. The first buildings on Prospekt Mira were built in the Stalinist confectioner style. This was followed by the so-called Khrushchev classicism. One example is the Königsberg trading center . Under Brezhnev , historic buildings were blown up in 1965 and the center was redesigned with the House of Councils , Hotel Kaliningrad and the House of Communication . After the decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR on November 6, 1968, Kaliningrad experienced an "urban development boost".
history
On July 4th, 1946, the old Teutonic Order town of Königsberg was renamed Kaliningrad in honor of Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin , the head of state of the USSR who had recently died.
Memorial at the Deutschordensring
On May 8, 1945, the commanding general of the Königsberg garrison and chairman of the military council, Kusma Nikitowitsch Galizki , demanded the erection of a memorial over the mass grave of 1200 soldiers of the 11th Guard Army who died in the fighting. The war memorial, inaugurated on September 30, 1945, was the “first new Soviet building” in Königsberg. The monument is located on a bastion of the old city fortifications near the North Station and consists of a semicircular square that was laid out on the former bastion. In the middle of the memorial is a 15 m high granite obelisk . The sculpture groups Sturm and Sieg are located on the platforms at the entrance to the memorial . The designs were provided by the architects Meltschakow ( Russian И. Д. Мельчаков ) and Nanuschjan ( Russian С. С. Нанушьян ), the reliefs were created under the direction of the Lithuanian sculptor Juozas Mikenas ( Russian Юозас Микенас ).
- Memorial at the Deutschordensring
Obelisk for the 1200 guardsmen
Sculpture group victory
Sculpture group Sturm
monument
monument
monument
Reconstruction plans
- Reconstruction in Königsberg
Reconstruction plan for the old town of Königsberg, draft by Nawalichin Maksimow in 1949
The new city center developed at the Nordbahnhof, on Ploshchad Pobedy Square of Victory
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P. Vladimir Timochin ( Russian П. Владими́р Тимохин ), from 1946 chief architect of the regional communal economy , wanted to declare the old town an open-air museum. Similar to the ruins of the Dresden Frauenkirche , the Königsberg City Palace and the buildings on Gesecusplatz should be preserved as a memorial.
In the immediate post-war period, the intention was to deliberately leave the old city center fallow. The old city center comprised the city center within the fortifications of the 19th century. According to Timochin, the new city center should be rebuilt on the site of the burned down East Fair. Dimitri Tjan ( Russian Дмитрий Тьян ) was until 1947-1948 to create the office of chief architect of the city of Kaliningrad, the main person responsible for the reconstruction. In an analysis of the architecture of East Prussia and Kaliningrad, he described the “German-Teutonic style” of the city of Königsberg. In November 1947, Dimitri Tjan saw the creation of new general plans for the cities of the Kaliningrad region as one of the most important tasks of the reconstruction.
Maksimov was the city's first Russian chief architect. Together with Nawachilin , the city's first reconstruction plan was drawn up in 1949, which included the reconstruction of the historic buildings. Nawachilin came to Kaliningrad in 1947 and was chief architect of the city of Kaliningrad in 1948 until 1955. From 1955 to 1957 he was head of the regional administration.
The condition from 1948 was documented in Nawalichin's damage plan for the inner city. There were three categories: ablated district , actually worn district and preserved and buildings worth preserving . The following were registered as worth preserving : the building of the Deutsche Bank (formerly Norddeutsche Kreditanstalt) from 1910 and Dresdner Bank (formerly Ostbank), the post and telegraph office on Gesekusplatz, the university building on Paradeplatz, the Otto-Braun-Haus, the government building Königsstraße, the building trade school, the Park Hotel, the town hall and the stock exchange. All pre-war buildings such as the north train station, the regional and labor court, the commercial court, the police headquarters and the state tax office were still standing on Hansaplatz. The Hansaplatz was called in 1946 as a counterpart to the "Castle of the Three Kings" and "The Square of the Three Marshals" and there was a plaque in honor of P. Janowski ( Russian П. Г. Яновского ), AE Fedorko ( Russian А. Е. Федорко ) and WM Schpitalnikow ( Russian В. М. Шпитальника ) attached.
The Königsberg Castle, like all churches, is in fact demolished. The castle was burned out during the air raids, the bell tower had survived the air raids unscathed, but it was badly damaged when Königsberg was captured. In 1953 the belfry of the castle church, which was in danger of collapsing, was blown up. The ruins of the castle church were still stable due to the struts on both sides and the two round towers from the Renaissance period and remained together with the ruins of the castle-like post and telegraph office and the Kneiphöfischen cathedral. The castle church ruins were blown up in 1965, the post office was blown up in 1960.
Architectural history
Under Nawalichin the following buildings were built in socialist neoclassicism:
Stalinist confectioner style until 1953
Northwest Kaliningrad: Prospect Mira and side streets
The north-west of Kaliningrad shows the architecture of socialist neoclassicism , also known as the “(Stalinist) confectioner style ”, “Stalingotic” or “Stalin Empire ”. The examples of architecture in socialist neoclassicism appear in their order starting with the wagon factory via the Prospect Mira (Stalingrad Prospect) and its side streets to the Sovetsky Prospect .
In 1949 Nawachilin submitted his designs for the Stalingrad Prospect to the Administration for Architecture in Moscow. Nawachilin wanted to transform the former Hansaring into an urban demonstration site. The part of the Stalingrad prospectus adjoining the square to the west was to be rebuilt. The old building substance with its neoclassical and Wilhelmine buildings corresponded to the Soviet conception of socialist classicism. The center was to be the theater, the reconstruction of which in the neoclassical style was decided in 1947 by the RSFSR Council of Ministers. At a meeting in Moscow on December 3, 1949, Navachilin's drafts were approved.
- Waggonbauerstraße / ul. Wagonostroitelnaja
The buildings in the north of the wagon factory at Waggonbauerstraße / ul. Wagonostroitelnaja ( Russian ул. Вагоностроительная ), corner of Radishchev Street / ul. Radishchev ( Russian ул. Радищев ) are adorned with columns, pilasters and strong stucco elements.
Waggonbauerstrasse and Radishchev Strasse were Wiebestrasse and Arndtstrasse in the pre-war period. The current building on Waggonbauerstraße / corner Radishchev-Straße is the preserved Scheffnerschule in Ratshof , which was rebuilt in the style of socialist neoclassicism and is again in full operation.
- Friedensallee / Prospekt Mira (formerly Hufenallee)
The Prospect Mira was to emerge as a homogeneous, Stalinist parade street. The city architect Nawalichin elevated this splendid boulevard to the city's top priority. The Stalingradski Prospect, today Prospekt Mira, was the actual main street of Kaliningrad in the years of late Stalinism. It emerged from the merging of the Königsberger Hansaring from the district and regional court to the Neues Schauspielhaus with Hufenallee and Hammerweg.
The above-average wide street is a splendid boulevard, each lined with large apartment blocks with up to 5 floors. In many places the facades show quotations from ancient individual forms such as Doric or Ionic columns, ornamental gables with architraves or friezes .
- Soviet Prospectus / Soviet Ski Prospectus
A long row of buildings on Sovetsky Prospect was built in the style of socialist classicism, has five floors and shows a classic tower with a colonnade at number 82.
- Karl-Marx-Strasse / ul. Karla Marksa
A long row of buildings at Karl-Marx-Straße No. 57-63 ( Russian ул. Карла Маркса ) was built in the style of socialist classicism.
- Municipal street / ul. Kommunalnaja
A long row of buildings at Kommunalen Strasse 25 ( Russian ул. Коммунальная ) was built in the style of socialist classicism with a corner tower, pilasters and gables.
- Tchaikovsky Street / ul. Tchaikovskogo
A long row of buildings on Tchaikovsky Street 2 ( Russian ул. Чайковского ) was built in the style of socialist classicism. The building is decorated with festoons , garlands , cornices and pilasters . The windows are crowned with segmental arches and triangular gables .
- Georgi Dimitrov Street / ul. Georgija Dimitrova
A long row of buildings on Georgi-Dimitrov-Straße 5-19 ( Russian ул. Георгия Димитрова ) was built in the style of socialist classicism. Four colossal pilasters carry a triangular pediment. The consoles of the balconies are richly decorated.
South Kaliningrad: Baltic Rayon and side streets
The second, smaller city center of the new Kaliningrad (next to the former Hansaring in the northwest of the former Königsberg) was the former Ponarth , which was renamed Dimitrowo .
- Kiev Street / ul. Kievskaya
The rows of buildings at Kiewer Straße 125–130 and 131–135 ( Russian ул. Киевская ) were built in the style of socialist classicism. The windows on Kiewer Straße were equipped with window crowns with segmental arches and triangular gables .
- Eisenbahner Strasse / ul. Zheleznodorozhnaya
The rows of buildings at Eisenbahner Straße 49-56 ( Russian ул. Железнодорожная ) were built in the style of socialist classicism. The building complex was built opposite the Kaliningrad Brandenburg Gate . There are townhouses in the style of socialist classicism that frame the city exit towards Brandenburg (at the Frischen Haff) like a gate . The parapets decorated balustrades. The windows were equipped with window crowns with segmental arches and triangular gables .
- Bolshevik Alley / ul. Bolshevikskaya
The former Haberberger parish hall at Bolschewistengasse 2-6 ( Russian ул. Большевистская ), which Vladimir Voronov converted into a kindergarten Jantar (Bernstein), was built in the style of socialist classicism.
- Baltic Rajon / Baltijski rajon
In the Baltic Rajon a cultural palace with large was portico , a market hall and the cinema home . These are located on the street section east of the train station of Dimitri ( Russian Дмитрий (Калинингра́д) ).
- Leninsky Prospect
The rows of buildings on Leninsky Prospect No. 29-37 were built in the style of socialist classicism.
Theater building
The Neue Schauspielhaus shows the whole love of splendor of the "Stalinist era". In the 1950s Moscow was dominated by the “love of the Stalinist era [and] a neoclassical architecture”. Since it was a public building, the designs were made by the Giprotheater project planning office in Moscow, just as the designs for government buildings and schools in Berlin were developed in Prussian times. The architect was Atanov from Moscow. The model was the Moscow Bolshoi Theater . The portico is therefore “one of those gems from Moscow”.
- Stalinist confectioner style in Koenigsberg
Movie theater Zarya , Prospekt Mira
Playhouse, central building
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Khrushchev classicism from 1953
The reign of Khrushchev "presented itself to the architecture of Kaliningrad as an architectural period" which was characterized by a type of construction and a fundamental reorientation of the architecture. In Kaliningrad, Khrushchev made the transition from the semi-industrially manufactured, late Stalinist house to the unadorned type house made of large concrete blocks, the so-called "Chruščevka". An example of this industrial mass construction under Khrushchev is the microrayon No. 1 in the center of Kaliningrad, built on the model of the Moscow settlement of Novye Ceremuski .
The facades of public buildings around 1960 showed a “classical tendency”. The "architecture of Khrushchev classicism" was a style that "interwoven classicist motifs with modern ones". The house of the trade unions and the Königsberg trading center were built in this style . The commercial courtyard was given an emphasis on the vertical through plastered pilaster strips , similar to the "temple motif".
- Khrushchev classicism in Koenigsberg
Formerly Handelshof , today town hall
Formerly Albertina , today Kant University .
Brezhnev: "Acropolis of Modernity" from 1964
In the first construction phase, the remains of the German past were restored. The following buildings were rebuilt:
- New Exchange (Kaliningrad)
- Amber Manufactory Building
- Building of the former police headquarters
- Reich Railway Directorate Building
- East Prussian General Landscape Directorate
- District and district court building
- Building of the former Hindenburg secondary school
- Handelstrasse 5 building, central building
- Reconstructed in the first construction phase
New exchange
Courthouse, baroque portal
East Prussian General
Landscape Directorate, central building.
Oberpostdirektion, Mittelbau.
Handelstrasse 5 building, central building.
formerly Hindenburg-Oberrealschule
However, when the first stage of the reconstruction was completed in the early 1960s, the remaining remains began to be torn down. Therefore all church ruins were removed.
In 1964 a conference on the development of the city center took place, which resulted in a second stage in the development of Kaliningrad. The planning institute "Kaliningrad Regional Planning Office" for the Kaliningrad Oblast was created (OBL project, Kaliningradskaja oblastnaja proektnaja kontora). From this later the “Kaliningrad Project Planning Institute for Civil Construction and the Planning and Construction of Cities and Settlements” (Kaliningradgrashdan Project) was developed. From 1964 to 1967 Soskin was the chief architect of the Kaliningradgrashdan project . The sympathy for the Königsberg Castle in Kaliningrad and the resulting conflict over its ruins was ended in 1965 by Leonid Brezhnev when he ordered the ruins to be demolished immediately. After the castle was blown up, the historic city center around Schlossplatz and Gesecusplatz was redesigned. The skyline of Königsberg was once shaped by three striking towers, which took their inspiration from the architecture of the crusaders: the castle tower of Stüler , the tower of the telegraph office of Heitmann on Gesekusplatz and the steeple of the old town church of Schinkel . These buildings corresponded with each other, so the post and telegraph office with its high corner tower was the "architectural answer to the castle".
- Historic towers that shape the cityscape
Main post and telegraph office
Old town church
Castle tower (right), Old Town Church (center) and telegraph office (left)
The Kaliningradgrashdan project developed the urban plan for the Central Square and the House of Councils. Today, three other buildings define the city skyline on the former palace area: The House of Communication Telecom, instead of the Telegraph Office, the Hotel Kaliningrad, instead of the Old Town Church, and the House of Councilors, instead of the Reichsbank.
Markus Podehl compares today's building complex with the Athens Acropolis: “The central square in Kaliningrad. The House of Connections, the Hotel Kaliningrad and the House of Councilors form an ' acropolis of modernity' on the plateau of the former palace area above Pregelinsel .
- Acropolis of Modernity (Quote: Markus Podehl)
House of Councils
Hotel Kaliningrad
House of Communication
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The heart of the city , a building planning project, aims to regenerate the historic city center around the former Königsberg castle and house of the Soviets .
House of Councils
The House of Councilors , Dom Sovietov ; (German also House of the Soviets ) is a 16-story high-rise in the style of Le Corbusier, begun in 1970 . It was built in place of the classicist Reichsbank in the east of the Unfriedtbau . The architect Julian Lwowitsch Schwarzbrim provided the designs . To the west of the structure is the undeveloped area where the castle ruins, which were blown up in 1965, were. Due to the concentration of state expenditure on the sports buildings in Moscow for the 1980 Summer Olympics , a five-year construction freeze was imposed on public buildings, which is why further construction came to a standstill in 1985. The building was 72% completed in 1985. For the anniversary of the city of Kaliningrad in 2005, the building was completed and restored under Putin .
Hotel Kaliningrad
The Hotel Kaliningrad ( Russian “отель Калинингра́д”, Калинингра́д ) was built according to designs by the Kaliningrad chief and city architect Eugene Alexejewitsch Popow (Russian Евгений Алексеевич) Попопопоп. The building resembled the horizontal disc hotel Hotel Leningrad in Saint Petersburg , which was built on the banks of the Neva in 1964/67 according to a design by Sergei Speransky . The decoration on the facade of the Hotel Kaliningrad was made up of large letters with the name of the house, as it was at the October cinema . In the meantime, the facade has been heavily modified and revised.
The hotel is located between Junkerstrasse and Schloßstrasse and runs between Gesekusplatz and Münzplatz. In its time it was the “most modern hotel” in Kaliningrad.
House of Communication
The House of Communication ( Russian "Дом связи", Калинингра́д ) is located on the west side of the Central Square and was built after 1975. The facade, made of panels with a special relief, is vertically structured by narrow pilaster strips. Warped pyramid shapes emerge from a pattern of hyperbolic cutting lines and show sharp-edged and pointed shadows. The facade decoration of the house today is made up of large letters with the name of Telekom .
Architecture of the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s
The most important project that the Kaliningradgrashdan project worked on in 1979 was the project for the development of the center of Kaliningrad. A wide parking zone was created by the lower pond, stretching north from the House of Councilors to Cernyakhovsk Street, where a number of public buildings were built in concrete.
Café Olsztyn
The Olsztyn ( Russian: Кафе Ольштын, Калинингра́д ), named after the city of Olsztyn and built in 1976/1979, was located near Kalinin Square at the southern end of Leninsky Prospect. The plans for the building were under the direction of the Kaliningradgrashdan project Architects and Kaliningrad chief and city architect (1980–1987) Eugene Alexejewitsch Popow ( Russian Евгений Алексеевич Попов ) created. The entire structure consisted of exposed concrete. The floor plan was almost triangular and three stories high. The building was on a flat base a few steps above the level of the sidewalk and was surrounded by green spaces and flower beds . The top floor made of concrete was reminiscent of historical roofscapes. It was structured by elongated, vertical elements that were reminiscent of dormers . This top floor cantilevered over the lower part of the building. The architecture of the lower part of the building was reduced to a few vertical and horizontal concrete slabs. The structure was stretched between two monolithic-looking, rounded staircase towers. On Leninsky Prospect, the building showed a large mural with a stylized moose and other mythical creatures, which was intended to establish a reference to the medieval Allenstein. The murals inside showed historical cityscapes. As with the entrance zone of the House of Councilors, the entrance zone of the café was formed around a two-story foyer with a high concrete column in the middle. Galleries with seats were located on the upper floor. The café was on the former Oberhaberberg between Ober- and Unterhaberberg.
Cinema October
In the 1970s, the October cinema ( Russian “Кинотеатр Октябрь”, Калинингра́д ) was built in place of the Haberberg Trinity Church . The building had a facade that was structured by vertical elements. The plaster on the facade, made of white cement, glue, pigments, glass splinters and stones, sparkled in the sunshine. The sparkle was created by the incorporated pieces of glass that reflected the sunlight. The whole complex is now called Gargarin Park .
New house for the unions
The House of the Trade Unions ( Russian “Дом Профсоюзов” ) was built by Mikhail Posochin in the late 1977s, based on the model of the Comecon building in Moscow . The building corners swinging outwards were taken over. The building rested on pillars that stood on a slightly raised platform. The facades of the upper floors were built as broad bands that curved outwards at their ends. The pillars on which the building stood were clad with natural stone. Inside, the wall cladding was made of travertine, which came from Armenia, and of shell limestone. The floors in the foyer were made of marble from Murmansk and the Urals .
The chief architect was Yeremyev .
Palace of the Pioneers
The Palace of Pioneers ( Russian «Дворец пионеров" Калининград ), also Palace of Children and Youth ( Russian «Дворец творчества детей и юношества" Калининград ), was in 1984, according to the architect Aleksandr Nevezin completed. It has a size of 21 × 30 m and a height of 11 m. A special feature is the minaret- shaped large dome of the observatory and a swimming pool with a length of 12 m as well as the glass paintings in the foyer. One of the stained glass shows the abstract firebird by Ivan Jakowlewitsch Bilibin .
Registry office
The registry office ( Russian: "Дворец бракосочетаний", Калининград ) shows a series of colonnades and a portico with semi-barrel vaults above. There is also a large relief depicting the family. It was designed according to plans by the Kaliningrad chief architect Eugene Alexejewitsch Popow (Russian Евгений Алексеевич Попов).
Sports Palace
The Yunost Sports Palace ( Russian "Дворец Юность", Калининград ), (German: Sports Palace Youth) was built in 1974/1975 based on a design by the architect Lev Alexandrovich Soskin . In front of it there is a monument: two fins, a symbol of the fishermen.
More buildings
The Immanuel Kant University building is a new building made of exposed concrete. Part of the building houses the old Albertina . In front of the building is a large figure of Francis Skarin . Newer buildings are the Port Authority Building, the Ocean Museum and the Airport.
- Immanuel Kant University, Port Authority, Ocean Museum and Airport
Figure of Francysk Skaryna in front of the Immanuel Kant University
Ocean Museum, Kaliningrad
Airport, Kaliningrad.
Baltic Marine Institute
Churches and chapels
The Cathedral of Christ the Savior was built in 1996/2006 in the traditional Russian-Byzantine style based on a design by the architect Oleg Vadimowitsch Kopilow ( Russian Олег Вадимович Копылов ). The Evangelical Lutheran Church of the Resurrection on Prospect Mira 101 was built in 1996/1999 based on designs by Pawel Gorbatsch. The Armenian Apostolic St. Stephen's Church was inaugurated in 2006. There is also the chapel of Saints Peter and Fewronija from Murom on Victory Square and the St. George's Chapel on the memorial at the Deutschordensring.
- Churches in Koenigsberg
Stephanskirche
Cathedral of Christ the Savior on Ploshchad Pobedy
Church of the Resurrection
Chapel of St. Peter and Fewronija from Murom on Ploshchad Pobedy
St. George's Chapel on the memorial at the Deutschordensring.
Neotraditionalism
On previous Weidendamm in Königsberg, today street of October ( Russian Октябрьской улицы ), until the honey bridge arose style building "neotraditionalism", including the fishing village ( Russian Рыбная биржа ) and the Hotel Kaiserhof ( Russian Отель Кайзерхоф ) to the reconstructed Jubilee Bridge ( Russian Мост Юбилейный ), formerly Kaiserbrücke.
- Neotraditionalism in Königsberg
Reconstruction of the historic Kneiphof
Reconstruction of the Speicherstadt
Königsbrücke, today Jubilee Bridge , reconstructed
Monument protection
The monument to Suvorov in front of the castle was erected in 1956. For this, the Bismarck statue was exchanged for the Suworow bust and this was placed on the old base of the Bismarck statue in front of the castle. Suworow lived with his father, the then Governor General of East Prussia, in the Unfriedtbau when Königsberg belonged to Russia from 1758 to 1762. In May 1950, Kaliningradskaja Pravda declared that Königsberg's membership in Russia from 1758 to 1762 was a preliminary to the later capture of Königsberg in 1945. More than 180 years after Suvorov, Russia has now returned and brought "the ancient Slavic earth back home for ever". When the castle was blown up in 1965, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz with the Suworow monument was also removed.
Before 1956, the monuments in Kaliningrad included only the Stalin and Lenin memorials and the large memorial for the 1200 fallen Red Army soldiers. After 1956, significantly more monuments were admitted and there was a "radical change" in the assessment of the ruins. Listed statues were now the busts for Suworow and Kutuzov , but also the ruins of the Old Stock Exchange, several churches, even the city gates were now under monument protection. At the end of 1957, even 100,000 rubles were approved for the restoration of the cathedral. The order castles in Tapiau , Labiau , Balga , Insterburg , Ragnit and Pillau were also placed under monument protection. “This new attitude towards the German monuments reflects the re-evaluation of the prewar history of Königsberg […] The climax, but at the same time also turning point, of the re-evaluation of the German monuments and art monuments of the city is the discussion about the preservation or demolition of the ruins of the former royal Castle in Kaliningrad This argument shows that the dispute about the old walls was actually a conflict about the assessment of the German history of the area and thus of the entire self-image of the region ”.
In 1965 the Ministry of Culture assessed the castle ruins as follows: “[…] although the ruins are not on the official list of monuments, at least partial preservation is justified, since the building is not only related to the history of the German people, but also to important events in life of the Russian state. In addition to the embassy of Grand Duke Vasily III. , after whom the Moskovitersal in the north wing was named, also held up the young Peter I , the general Suvorov and the later leader of the last great peasant revolt of 1773, Jemeljan Pugachev . The castle was the scene of the handover of the keys to the city of Koenigsberg after their capture by the Russian troops in the Seven Years' War and here the trial of the German Social Democrats took place, who helped to transport the newspaper of the Russian Social Democrats ISKRA to Russia ”.
On November 22nd, 1965, the Ministry of Culture informed the area executive committee that "the castle had now been added to the list of monuments preserved by the state".
The new plans by the city architect Chodakowski from 1961 and 1962 show the city center of Kaliningrad, with the west wing of the palace and the cathedral on the Kneiphof. Chodakowski saw these two buildings as historical identifiers of the city.
In 1989/90 a list of historical monuments was drawn up by Nawachilin as part of the Kaliningradgrazhdanproekt . Numerous historical buildings have been restored.
- Restored objects
City gate
Pictures of the rectors of the Königsberg University at the Brandenburg Gate
Friedrichstor
Friedrichstor
Brandenburg Gate
Brandenburg Gate
Friedland Gate
King's Gate
King's Gate
Rossgarten Gate
Sackheim Gate
former main station, Halle (today "Südbahnhof")
Functionaries (city architects, etc.)
Responsible for the architecture of the city are Kaliningrad chief architect ( Russian главный архитектор Калининграда / главным архитектором Калининграда , scientific. Transliteration glavnogo arhitektora Kaliningrada ) and chief architect of the regional utilities:
- 1944-1945: Maximow . From June 1945 Maximow was responsible for taking stock of the destroyed city of Königsberg and planning its reconstruction. Maximov's plans and designs influenced later urban planners in Kaliningrad , such as Dmitri Konstantinowitsch Nawalichin in 1949, Michael Naumov in 1954 and Vladimir Chodakovskij in 1960. Maximov lived in Kaliningrad until 1968.
- 1946: P. Vladimir Timochin ( Russian П. Владими́р Тимохин ), chief architect of the regional communal economy . Timochin wanted to declare the old town an open-air museum.
- 1947–1948: Dimitri Tjan ( Russian Дмитрий Тьян ), who was mainly responsible for the reconstruction, described the “German-Teutonic style” of the city of Königsberg: “The predominant styles are Gothic , modernized Gothic and Gothic in Constructivism ... the predominant style of Königsberg was a simplified Gothic or a correct Gothic disguise ”.
- 1948–1955: Dmitri Konstantinowitsch Nawalichin, chief architect. From 1955 to 1957 he was head of the area administration. His reconstruction plan from 1949 called for the rebuilding of the Königsberg Palace. However, GIPROGOR - the State Institute for Urban Planning ( Russian: " Гипрогор " - Государственный институт проектирования городов ) refused the reconstruction.
- 1957–1958: K. Yes. Khrustalev ( Russian Константи́нович Ярослав Хрусталев , scientific transliteration K. Ja. Chrustalev ), city architect. He lamented the rule of the regional builders who did not want to build the city center with buildings in the style of socialist classicism. The builders were the shipyard, the pulp mill, and the wagon construction factory, which built buildings for their workers near the workplaces but not in the historic center. In his article "Zastroim central'nye magistrali goroda" he described the deplorable state of the historic city center. The article appeared in Kaliningradskaya Pravda on October 2, 1957. Khrustalev stated that “all cities have a historically grown center with tall, beautiful houses from which all parts of the city are easily accessible. Königsberg had all these characteristics, but Kaliningrad currently has no center at all ”.
- 1958–1959: Natalja Alexandrovna Sehlenkova ( Russian: Наталья Александровна Зеленкова , scientific transliteration Natalya Aleksandrovna Zelenkova ), city architect. She suggested rebuilding the neo-Gothic post office and accommodating the main post office in it. On May 15, 1959, Sehlenkova mentioned in an article for Kaliningradskaya Pravda not to grind the city palace. After Sehlenkowa resigned from office, the neo-Gothic post office was blown up in 1960.
- 1959–1961: Leonid Ilyuchin ( Russian Леони́д Илью́хин , scientific transliteration L. Ilyuchin ), city architect of Kaliningrad. In 1960 he said in Kaliningradskaja Pravda that ruins “can be rebuilt, reconstructed in their original state”.
- 1961–1965: Wladimir Wassiljewitsch Chodakowski, city architect of Kaliningrad. He wanted to rebuild the Königsberg Castle as a people's house or house of peace. Leonid Brezhnev himself advocated the demolition, then Chodakowski resigned.
- 1965–1967: Juri Pokrowski ( Russian Юрий Покровский , scientific transliteration Jurij Pokrovskij ) city architect of Kaliningrad. In 1967 Pokrowski decided to build a central mass grave instead of the cathedral ruins. Cygankov declared the Kant grave to be “one of the cornerstones of the Marxist-Leninist doctrine.” As a result, work on the demolition was stopped.
- 1980–1987: Eugene Alexejewitsch Popow ( Russian Евгений Алексеевич Попов ), (* 1939; † 1996) chief architect of Kaliningrad. Was director of the Kaliningradgrazhdanproekt Institute and designed the Café Olsztyn and the Hotel Kaliningrad, the registry office and the chapel at the memorial on the Deutschordensring.
- 1990–1992: Sergej Benjaminowitsch Lebedichin ( Russian Сергей Вениаминович Лебедихин ; * 1944 in Sverdlovsk ) chief architect of Kaliningrad. Was director of the "Kaliningradgrazhdanproekt" institute (1987–1990).
- 1992–1998: Wassili Britan ( Russian Василий Британ ), city architect of Kaliningrad.
- 1998–2002: Pawel Michailowitsch Gorbatsch ( Russian: Павел Михайлович Горбач ), city architect of Kaliningrad. Gorbatsch restored the Church of the Holy Family.
- 2002–2006: Tatiana Lasarewna Kondakowa ( Russian Татьяна Лазаревна Кондакова ), Kaliningrad's city architect.
- 2006–2008: Alexander Bashin ( Russian Александр Башин , scientific transliteration Aleksandr Bašin ), city architect of Kaliningrad. Bashin developed a new project. He wanted to reconstruct the old Königsberg, including the old castle. Under Bashin, historical buildings were restored and reconstructed for the city's anniversary celebration.
- from 2008: Igor Alexandrowitsch Li ( Russian Игорь Александрович Ли ) (* 1955 in Tashkent ), chief architect of Kaliningrad.
- from 2011: Oleg Kuperdyaev ( Russian Олег Купердяев ), chief architect of Kaliningrad.
- from 2013: Vyacheslav Genne ( Russian Вячеслав Генне ), chief architect of Kaliningrad.
- Andrei Anizimov (Андрей Анисимов) has been the chief architect of Kaliningrad since 2018.
literature
- Baldur Köster: Königsberg: Architecture from German times. In the appendix: The Kneiphof . Booklet VII. The architectural and art monuments in Königsberg . Husum Druck- und Verlagsgesellschaft, Husum 2000, OCLC 237377396 .
- Markus Podehl: Architektura Kaliningrada: how Königsberg became Kaliningrad. (= Materials on the art, culture and history of East Central Europe . Volume 1 ). Herder Institute, Marburg 2012, ISBN 978-3-87969-375-7 .
- Bert Hoppe: On the ruins of Königsberg. Kaliningrad 1946-1970 , Munich 2000.
- Willi Scharloff: Königsberg - then and now: Pictures from a forbidden city. Rautenberg, Leer 1982.
- Dimitri Konstantinowitsch Navalichin = Дмитрий Константинович Навалихин: K voprosu re Konstrukcii goroda Kaliningrada [On the question of the reconstruction of the city of Kaliningrad] = К вопроцу реконст . Moscow 1954.
- Dimitri Konstantinowitsch Navalichin = Дмитрий Константинович Навалихин: K voprosu re Konstrukcii centra goroda Kaliningrada [On the question of the reconstruction of the city of Kaliningrad] = Кикоцру реконсту цикоцрд . Moscow 1958.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Köster, No. 50, p. 118 f.
- ↑ Podehl, p. 381.
- ↑ cf. Hoppe, p. 11.
- ↑ Hoppe, p. 13.
- ↑ Podehl, p. 85.
- ↑ cf. Hoppe, p. 112.
- ↑ Hoppe, p. 55: "[...] the former city center should be left as it is [...] as it is now in order to preserve it as a monument to the victory in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 over German fascism."
- ↑ Hoppe, p. 50.
- ↑ Hoppe, p. 48: “The predominant styles are the Gothic [( brick Gothic )], the modernized Gothic [( Neo-Gothic )] and the Gothic in constructivism [( Expressionism )]. ... the predominant style of Königsberg was a simplified Gothic or, more correctly, a Gothic cladding ”.
- ↑ cf. Podehl, p. 84.
- ↑ Арсений Владимирович Максимов (1912; Петроград), архитектор Russian
- ↑ cf. Podehl, p. 93.
- ↑ cf. Podehl, p. 100.
- ↑ Unless otherwise stated, the section Urban Architect Nawalichin (1947-1955) and Reconstruction of the Old Town follows the work of Podehl, from p. 100: Planning for Kaliningrad under the city architect Nachilin .
- ↑ Navichilin, p. 9.
- ↑ Hoppe, p. 76.
- ↑ Hoppe, p. 76, note in footnote 3: This refers to the place of victory, which in 1946 was briefly called "Place of the three marshals".
- ↑ cf. Podehl, p. 88.
- ↑ Unless otherwise indicated, the section The Northwest of Kaliningrad follows the work of Podehl, p. 128f: The West of Kaliningrad .
- ↑ Hoppe, p. 60.
- ↑ Podehl, p. 129ff.
- ↑ Scharloff, pp. 148, 149
- ↑ Unless otherwise stated, the section Stalingrader Prospect follows the work of Podehl, pp. 138–165: Am Stalingrader Prospect .
- ↑ Podehl, p. 163, fig. 181.
- ↑ Podehl, p. 164, fig. 182.
- ↑ Podehl, p. 136, figs. 138 and 139.
- ↑ Podehl, p. 136.
- ↑ Podehl, p. 163.
- ↑ Podehl, p. 166, fig. 184, fig. 185, fig. 186.
- ↑ Podehl, p. 170, fig. 189, fig. 193.
- ↑ Podehl, p. 170, fig. 191.
- ↑ Podehl, p. 168, fig. 187, fig. 188.
- ↑ Podehl, p. 168, fig. 190.
- ↑ Köster, No. 50, pp. 118f.
- ↑ Köster, p. 14.
- ↑ Köster, p. 14.
- ↑ Podehl, p. 381.
- ↑ Podehl, p. 381.
- ↑ cf. Podehl, p. 382.
- ↑ Podehl, p. 382.
- ↑ Podehl, p. 212.
- ↑ Podehl, p. 214.
- ↑ Podehl, p. 214
- ↑ cf. Köster, p. 16.
- ^ Podehl, p. 385.
- ^ Podehl, p. 385.
- ↑ Hoppe, p. 138.
- ↑ "Kaliningradski projektny institute graschdanskowo stroitelstwa, planirowki i sastroiki gorodow i posselkow; Russian Калининградский проектный институт гражданского строительства, планировки и застройки горовосев горопов икел подов ; German: Kaliningrad Project Planning Institute for Civil Construction and the Planning and Construction of Cities and Settlements "
- ↑ cf. Podehl, p. 382.
- ↑ Podehl, p. 52.
- ↑ Podehl, p. 318.
- ↑ Podehl, pp. 266-267.
- ↑ cf. Podehl, p. 296.
- ↑ cf. Podehl, p. 296.
- ↑ Podehl, pp. 316-319
- ↑ Image of the Hotel Kaliningrad on Kaliningrad.go2all.ru
- ↑ Hotel Kaliningrad on forum.kenig.org
- ↑ Scharloff, p. 82.
- ↑ Podehl, pp. 318-319
- ↑ House of Communication (Дом связи) in Kaliningrad
- ↑ House of Communication on forum.kenig.org
- ↑ Podehl, p. 312
- ↑ Podehl, p. 314
- ↑ Picture of the Café Olsztyn ( Memento of the original from December 9th, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. on selcdn.com
- ↑ Scharloff, p. 43.
- ↑ Podehl, p. 316
- ↑ Bild Kino Oktober ( Memento of the original from December 8th, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. on venividi.ru
- ↑ Scharloff, p. 22.
- ↑ Podehl, pp. 322–328
- ↑ Podehl, p. 322.
- ↑ Podehl, pp. 328–329
- ↑ Podehl, pp. 330–333
- ↑ Podehl, pp. 329-330
- ↑ Scharloff, p. 71.
- ↑ Biography of Oleg Wadimovitsch Kopilow
- ↑ Podehl, p. 372
- ↑ cf. Hoppe, p. 120.
- ↑ Photography - comparison of the Bismarck statue in front of the castle and Suworow bust on the base of the former Bismarck statue in front of the castle on fotki.yandex.ru
- ↑ Exchange of German statues by Soviet figures on fotki.yandex.ru
- ↑ Hoppe, p. 125.
- ↑ Hoppe, p. 119.
- ↑ Exchange of German still images with Soviet busts on ru-monument.livejournal.com
- ↑ Hoppe, pp. 127-128.
- ↑ Hoppe, pp. 136-137.
- ↑ Hoppe, p. 142.
- ↑ cf. Podehl, p. 230: Figure 252: “Sketch for the new planning of the city center by the city architect Chodakovskij from 1961”.
- ↑ cf. Podehl, p. 231: Figure 253: “Sketch for the new planning of the city center by the city architect Chodakovskij from 1962”.
- ↑ cf. Podehl, p. 253.
- ↑ cf. Hoppe, p. 127ff.
- ↑ cf. Podehl, p. 363
- ↑ Hoppe, p. 50.
- ↑ Hoppe, p. 48.
- ↑ К. Я. Хрусталев: который в то время занимал должность главного архитектора города. Translation: The project manager became KY Khrustalev, who at the time was the city's chief architect.
- ↑ Hoppe, pp. 81, 98.
- ↑ a b Hoppe, p. 103, note in footnote 117.
- ↑ Hoppe, p. 128.
- ↑ Hoppe, p. 102: L. Iljuchin: Protiv besplanovosti v zastrojke Kaliningrada . In: Kaliningradskaja Pravda, February 2, 1960. [Против Бесплановости разработке Калининграда = against the haphazard development of Kaliningrad]
- ↑ Hoppe, p. 130.
- ↑ Podehl, p. 263.
- ↑ Hoppe, pp. 145ff.
- ↑ Hoppe, p. 146.
- ↑ Eugene A. Popow on gako2006.narod.ru
- ↑ Sergej Benjaminowitsch Lebedichin on gako2006.narod.ru
- ↑ cf. Köster, p. 9.
- ↑ Архитектор Василий Британ, в 1992-1998 годах являвшийся главным архитектором Калининграюда, раснинграюда, раснинграков.eu, раскрелц пков.eu
- ↑ cf. Köster, p. 9.
- ↑ Горбач Павел Михайлович (1942; Киевская обл ... мэрии Калининграда, главный архитектор Калининграда.) (1998-2002) Pavel Mikhailovich Gorbatsch on gako2006.narod.ru
- ↑ Tatiana Lasarewna Kondakowa on gako2006.narod.ru
- ↑ Podehl, p. 368.
- ↑ Podehl, p. 310.
- ↑ Bashin Александр Башин покинул пост главного архитектора… с 2005 по 2008 годы, он работал главаром Карлина
- ↑ Podehl, p. 375f.
- ↑ Igor Alexandrovich Li on gako2006.narod.ru
- ↑ Heliopark, 31 Марта 2011, 09:05 - REGNUM Главным архитектором Калининграда стал Олег Купердяев, выигравший накануне муниципальный конкурс на замещение этой вакантной должности .
- ↑ В 2013 году Вячеслав Генне стал главным архитектором Калининграда
- ↑ Главным архитектором Калининграда стал Вячеслав Генне
- ↑ kaliningrad.kp.ru
- ↑ Podehl, p. 390.
- ↑ Podehl, p. 390.
