Gwardeisk
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Gwardeisk
Gvardesk
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Gwardeisk ( Russian Гвардейск ( ), translatable roughly with “ Guard City ”; German Tapiau ; Lithuanian Tepliuva , Tepliava ; Polish Tapiewo ) is a city in the Russian Oblast Kaliningrad with 13,899 inhabitants (as of October 14, 2010). The city is the administrative center of the Gwardeisk district and the administrative seat of the municipal self-government unit of the Gwardeisk district .
Geographical location
The city is located in the historic East Prussia region on a mountainous hill on the Pregel River , about 35 kilometers east of Königsberg ( Kaliningrad ).
The Deime branches off from the Pregel here .
history
The place name, which was official until September 7, 1946, developed from Tapiow (1255) via Castrum Tapiow, quod Prutheni nominant Surgurbi (Dusburg, 1326) to the final German name Tapiau, which has been documented since 1684. This name is derived from the Prussian words "tape, teplu, toplu, tapis" = warm, "tape" = warmth, temperature and "sur garbis" = around the mountain.
West of Tapiau there is evidence of a Prussian fortification. Just like the Prussian castle between Deime and Pregel , it was once supposed to protect the Samland from the Vikings , who could easily penetrate the lagoon through a breakthrough in the spit near Sarkau . Instead of this wooden castle, the Teutonic Order built Tapiau Castle in 1351 . In 1385, the son of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Kęstutis , Vytautas (Witold), was baptized here, who later established and ruled the Polish-Lithuanian Union with his cousin Jagiello . After the relocation of the order's headquarters, Tapiau took over the order library and the archive.
Tapiau received city rights in 1722.
In 1755 the last wild bison was shot by a poacher in the Tapiau Forest.
In 1895 the city included a second-class post office, telegraph, goods depot of the Reichsbank, gardening school with fruit wine factory, provincial reformatory and rural poor institution , biscuit and sugar factory, steam cutting and grinding mills, breweries, shipping, trade in wood, stones, grain, butter and Cheese. In the reformatory, blankets, coarse cloth (want), cotton cloth (nettle), straw mats and fishing nets were made. At the beginning of the 20th century, Tapiau had a Protestant church, a Catholic chapel, a synagogue , a district court and a forest ranger's office. At the beginning of the 20th century, parts of the rural poor became the provincial sanatorium and nursing home Tapiau .
In the early 1930s, the mayor Wilhelm Neuland organized an exhibition in the town hall with paintings by Lovis Corinth, the great painter who was born in Tapiau.
From 1818 to 1945 the town of Tapiau belonged to the district of Wehlau in the administrative district of Königsberg in the province of East Prussia .
On January 25, 1945, Tapiau was captured by the Red Army . As one of the few cities in Northeast Prussia, Tapiau survived the Second World War without major damage and is still relatively well preserved today. After the end of the war, Tapiau came under Soviet administration.
Population development
- until 1945
| year | Residents | Remarks |
|---|---|---|
| 1782 | over 1,200 | |
| 1802 | 1,637 | |
| 1810 | 1,462 | |
| 1816 | 1,628 | 1,613 Protestants, ten Catholics and five Jews |
| 1821 | 1.923 | |
| 1828 | 2,987 | including prisoners in prison |
| 1831 | 2,574 | |
| 1858 | 2,729 | including 2,662 Evangelicals, 30 Catholics and 37 Jews |
| 1875 | 2,679 | |
| 1880 | 3.116 | |
| 1890 | 3,763 | 97 Catholics and 73 Jews |
| 1895 | 4,061 | including 81 Catholics and 53 Israelites |
| 1905 | 5.118 | including 228 Catholics and 48 Jews |
| 1910 | 5,986 | |
| 1933 | 7,683 | |
| 1939 | 9,326 |
- since 1945
| year | Residents | Remarks |
|---|---|---|
| 1959 | 7,560 | |
| 1970 | 10,544 | |
| 1979 | 10,819 | |
| 1989 | 11,904 | |
| 2002 | 14,572 | |
| 2010 | 13,899 |
Churches
Church building
See the main article: John the Baptist (Gwardeisk) At today's Ploschtschad Pobedy (former market square) is the former Protestant town church Tapiaus, which is now the church of John the Baptist, built in 1502 . Destroyed several times by fire, the church was restored in 1767/68. In the sacristy was the triptych made by Lovis Corinth with images of Jesus on the cross and the apostle Paul and the evangelist Matthew . The church was used as a warehouse and office building in 1945 and is now - after thorough restoration - used by the Russian Orthodox Church for worship purposes.
Parishes
Evangelical
From the Reformation to 1945, there was a Protestant parish in Tapiau with two pastorships at the town church and one preacher position in the asylum community of the sanatorium. A large parish with more than 20 places belonged to it. In 1925, a census in Tapiau counted 9,000 associated church members. Tapiau belonged to the church district Wehlau (today Russian Snamensk ) within the church province of East Prussia of the Church of the Old Prussian Union . With the end of the Second World War , the evangelical church life in Tapiau collapsed due to the flight and displacement of the local population.
In 1997, a German-Russian congregation was founded in Gwardeisk within the Kaliningrad provost as part of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of European Russia . It is a subsidiary of the Church of the Resurrection in Kaliningrad (Königsberg) .
Catholic
Until 1945 there was a Roman Catholic parish in Tapiau , which was founded in 1904 and whose parish church was St. Joseph Church. The community belonged to the diocese of Warmia . Today there is a Catholic parish again , which has its seat in the house Sankt Josef in the uliza Telmana (Thälmannstraße) and is currently (as of 2019) looked after by Steyler missionaries .
Orthodox
The former Protestant town church on the market square has been used by a parish of the Russian Orthodox Church since 1998 , which has been incorporated into the diocese of Kaliningrad and Baltijsk since 2009 .
traffic
The city lies on the main road A229 , the former Reichsstrasse 1 , and on the Kaliningrad – Nesterow railway line , the main railway line from Kaliningrad towards the Russian heartland, the former end of the Prussian Eastern Railway to Eydtkuhnen (today Chernyshevskoye).
There is a bus connection to Kaliningrad city several times a day . The bus starts from the market square.
economy
In addition to an internet café , a bank branch with an ATM, and various retail and grocery stores, numerous kiosks , in which mainly alcoholic beverages are sold, characterize the cityscape. Since 2004, various agricultural and medium-sized businesses have established themselves around the city . a. for the manufacture of household appliances , relocated. Gwardeisk also has a car wash at the entrance to the village, a cell phone shop and various bars . On the weekends, private individuals often offer agricultural products for sale by the roadside.
Infrastructure
In Gwardeisk there is a Russian Orthodox cemetery , a high school, a state social counseling center with an attached general medical service, a state veterinary food control center and a public sports field .
The German-Russian House in Kaliningrad in Gwardeisk, in cooperation with GIZ and the Foreign Office, offers training in the commercial and technical field.
The apartment blocks in Telmana and on the arterial road to Kaliningrad from the Soviet era are heated exclusively with individually non-controllable district heating in winter. Since its construction in the 1960s and 1970s they largely estate today are owned contained apartment blocks on the outer facades and many remained unchanged even in the interior.
In Gwardeisk, household waste is collected in landfill sites not far from the city, where it is incinerated from time to time, which has a negative impact on the quality of the air and drinking water .
chronology
| Period | Reason for change Historical event |
Administration of Gwardeisk | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| circle | Administrative district | province | country | ||
| 1260-1525 | Commandery Koenigsberg | Order of Prussia | State of the Teutonic Order | ||
| 1525-1657 | reformation | Duchy of Prussia | Fief from the Kingdom of Poland | ||
| 1657-1701 | Treaty of Wehlau | Electorate of Brandenburg | |||
| 1701-1818 | Kingdom of Prussia | ||||
| 1818-1824 | Administrative division of Prussia | Wehlau district | Koenigsberg administrative district |
Province of Prussia (only eastern part) |
|
| 1824-1866 | Administrative reform | Province of Prussia | |||
| 1866-1871 | German war | Kingdom of Prussia North German Confederation |
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| 1871-1877 | Foundation of the German Empire |
German Empire Federal State of Prussia |
|||
| 1877-1918 | Administrative reform | East Prussia Province | |||
| 1919-1933 | Weimar Republic | ||||
| 1933-1945 | German Empire 1933 to 1945 | ||||
| 1945-1946 | Entry of the Red Army | Koenigsberg Oblast |
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) |
||
| 1946-1991 | Administrative reform and renaming | Gwardeisk district | Kaliningrad Oblast | ||
| 1991– | Collapse of the Soviet Union |
Northwestern Federal District Russian Federation |
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Personalities
Sorted by year of birth
- Albrecht I of Brandenburg-Ansbach (* 1490; † March 20, 1568 in Tapiau), first Duke of Prussia
- Johann Ernst von Wallenrodt (born January 3, 1615 in Tapiau; † 1697), administrative officer in the Duchy of Prussia, expanded the Wallenrodt library .
- Lovis Corinth (born July 21, 1858 in Tapiau; † 1925), German painter; created the altar painting "Golgotha" for the city's Protestant parish church
- Bernhard Ankermann (February 14, 1859 in Tapiau; † 1943), ethnologist and Africa researcher
- Karl Schröder-Tapiau (born October 25, 1870 in Tapiau; † 1945), German painter
- Ernst Mollenhauer (born August 27, 1892 in Tapiau; † 1963), landscape painter
- Siegfried Schindelmeiser, 1929–1938 lawyer and notary in Tapiau
- Berthold Mikat (* 1912 in Tapiau; † 1990), epidemiologist
- Hans-Heinrich Vangerow (born April 4, 1924 in Tapiau; † 2019), German forester and historian
- Edgar Hofschen (born May 9, 1941 in Tapiau; † 2016), German painter
- Alexander Dorofejew (born July 4, 1946 in Tapiau), Russian major general
Partnerships
- since 1970 to the Lower Saxon town of Bassum
literature
- August Eduard Preuss : Prussian country and folklore or description of Prussia. A manual for primary school teachers in the province of Prussia, as well as for all friends of the fatherland . Bornträger Brothers, Königsberg 1835, pp. 478–479, no. 93.
- Max Toeppen : About Prussian Lischken, towns and cities. A contribution to the history of the municipal constitutions in Prussia . In: Old Prussian Monthly Journal , Volume 4, Königsberg 1867, pp. 511–536, especially pp. 528–536 ( full text )
- Johann Friedrich Goldbeck : Complete topography of the Kingdom of Prussia . Part I: Topography of East Prussia . Marienwerder 1785, p. 13 ( online ).
- Daniel Heinrich Arnoldt : Brief messages from all preachers who have admitted to the Lutheran churches in East Prussia since the Reformation . Königsberg 1777, pp. 38-41 .
Web links
- Official website of the city of Gwardeisk
- ( Page no longer available , search in web archives: Gwardeisk to Tapiau (Russian) )
- ( Page no longer available , search in web archives: Tapiau on Wehlau district )
- Tapiau (GenWiki)
- Tapiau (YouTube)
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Itogi Vserossijskoj perepisi naselenija 2010 goda. Kaliningradskaya oblastʹ. (Results of the 2010 all-Russian census. Kaliningrad Oblast.) Volume 1 , Table 4 (Download from the website of the Kaliningrad Oblast Territorial Organ of the Federal Service for State Statistics of the Russian Federation)
- ↑ a b Meyer's Large Conversation Lexicon . 6th edition, Volume 19, Leipzig and Vienna 1909, p. 319.
- ↑ Boris Böhm, Hagen Markwardt, Ulrich Rottleb: "Will be transferred to a state sanatorium and nursing home in Saxony today" - the murder of East Prussian patients in the National Socialist killing center in Pirna-Sonnenstein in 1941 . Ed .: Leipziger Universitätsverlag. 2015, ISBN 978-3-86583-976-3 , pp. 31 ff .
- ^ Johann Friedrich Goldbeck : Complete topography of the Kingdom of Prussia . Part I: Topography of East Prussia . Marienwerder 1785, p. 13.
- ↑ a b c d Alexander August Mützell and Leopold Krug : New topographical-statistical-geographical dictionary of the Prussian state . Volume 5: T – Z , Halle 1823, pp. 394–395, item 726.
- ↑ Geographical Institute: New General Geographical and Statistical Ephemeris . Volume 30, Weimar 1830, p. 24.
- ^ August Eduard Preuss : Prussian country and folklore or description of Prussia. A manual for primary school teachers in the province of Prussia, as well as for all friends of the fatherland . Bornträger Brothers, Königsberg 1835, pp. 478–479, no. 93.
- ↑ Adolf Schlott: Topographical-statistical overview of the government district of Königsberg, based on official sources . Hartung, Königsberg 1861, pp. 232-233, paragraph 361.
- ↑ a b c d e Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. wehlau.html # ew33wehltapiau. (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).
- ^ Evangelical Lutheran Provosty of Kaliningrad ( Memento of August 29, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
- ^ German-Russian House Kaliningrad ( Memento of May 13, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Siegfried Schindelmeiser (VfcG)
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