Arnald of Villanova

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Arnaldus de Villanova, Speculum medicinae in the manuscript Rome, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Vaticanus Palatinus lat. 1818, fol. 1r (written in 1440)

Arnald von Villanova , Latin Arnaldus de Villanova (Latin also Arnoldus de Villa Nova, German also Arnold von Villanova, Catalan Arnau de Vilanova , French Arnaoult de Ville-Neuve or Arnaud de Villeneuve; * around 1235 near Valencia ; † September 6, 1311 , probably on the Ligurian Sea ) was a Catalan doctor and pharmacist and lay theologian. He also served the kings of Aragon as a diplomat and attempted a church reformer, but was viewed as a heretic in the field.

Life

Arnald von Villanova went to a Dominican school and studied at the University of Montpellier around 1260 . Studying in Naples is a later legend. He was highly regarded as a doctor and became the personal physician of the kings of Aragon ( Peter III , Alfons III , James II ). He also served the kings of Aragon as a diplomat in Paris, Rome and Avignon (the seat of the Pope at the time). From 1291 he taught medicine at the University of Montpellier. In addition to medicine and pharmacy, he also dealt with theology, philosophy and mysticism and from 1299 came into conflict with the theological faculty in Paris. His theological views were considered heretical by the Inquisition. He was personal physician for various Popes in Rome and Avignon ( Boniface VIII , Benedict XI , Clement V ), and his efforts to obtain papal support were only successful in 1305. In 1309 he lost the favor of the kings of Aragon and became the personal physician of Frederick II of Sicily, brother of Alfonso III. and King of Sicily. In his service he died on a sea voyage in a shipwreck. According to some authors, he was a doctor on the way to Pope Clement V in Avignon and died off the coast of Genoa.

plant

Opera

His main work is the Breviarium practicae medicinae, a handbook of medicine. However, this work is now considered a pseudo-epigraph . Arnald von Villanova, who also spoke Greek, translated Avicenna (his treatise on medicines for the heart ) and Galen from Arabic, came to the conclusion that Avicenna had only read Galen's Greek work superficially, and wrote a handbook for military doctors ( Regimen castra sequentium ).

He introduced wine spirit (alcohol, which he called Aqua Vini and Aqua Vitae), created from the distillation of wine, into Western medicine. In its use, however, he had forerunners (e.g. Taddeo Alderotti ). The name water of life already indicates that he viewed it as a kind of universal medicine. He also obtained alcoholic extracts from medicinal herbs for medical purposes, e.g. B. Rubs. The successful technique of extracting active ingredients from plants, called maceration , is still used today for medicinal purposes as well as for extracting flavorings such as B. for certain liqueurs or bitters .

In the pharmacology of the "School of Montpellier" at that time , he introduced his intensity calculation, which was defined by the thermal pair of opposites hot-cold. Like Wilhelm von Brescia , Arnald was one of the exponents of a quantifying and complex pharmacy as revealed by the highly rationalized pharmacology of the Montpelliers school in the 13th century.

According to a later legend, he also invented Vin Doux Naturel , namely that the fermentation of the grape must could be stopped by adding alcohol. In this way, the wine was preserved, did not go into vinegar , and at the same time retained some of its natural sugar. With the method of "mutage" (letting go of silence; stopping the fermentation of wine by adding alcohol or sulfur dioxide ), he brought the naturally sweet wines in the Middle Ages and long afterwards considerable success. Based on this development u. a. also port wine and Madeira , but not sherry (see there).

As with Albertus Magnus , who also describes (advanced) techniques of alcohol distillation, and Ramon Llull it is not entirely clear whether Arnald's texts on alcohol distillation are not later allegations. At least the production of brandy requires advanced distillation techniques that only emerged in the later Middle Ages.

He is also said to have been the first to discover and use litmus as an indicator for acids and bases .

Arnald von Villanova achieved spectacular healing successes in his therapy against kidney stones and also wrote an ophthalmological work around 1308 .

Alchemy

Arnaldus de Villanova rejected alchemy (he described alchemists as ignorant and insane). Like Ramon Llull , later authors from the 14th century onwards foisted alchemical works on him in order to give them more authority. They also found their way into collections such as the Theatrum Chemicum (from 1602). However, his alcohol distillation was of influence in alchemy, for example with an influence on Johannes von Rupescissa .

Dream explorer

In the history of dream research before Sigmund Freud , Arnaldus de Villanova also plays an important role. He mentioned the diagnostic utility of some dreams. He compared the dreams with a magnifying glass, through which one could recognize symptoms of illness, long before they were perceptible in waking consciousness. For example, he told of a sick person who dreamed that his ear was struck with a stone. Shortly afterwards, this man developed a severe ear infection.

Fonts (selection)

Thesoro de los pobres (1584).

medicine

  • Breviarium practicae medicinae (pseudoepigraph)
  • Libellus de signis leprosorum.
  • Libellus Regiminis de confortatione visus secundum sex res non naturales. Montpellier around 1308.
  • Regimen sanitatis ad regem Aragonum. The text was mainly used in Spanish and Italian translations, fragmentarily contained in German in a Rule of Health from the 14th century.
  • Regimen sanitatis cum expositione magistri Arnaldi de Villanova Cathellano noviter impressus. Bernardinus Venetus de Vitalibus , Venice 1480.
  • De conservanda bona valetudine: opusculum scholae Salernitanae; ad Regem Angliae . Antverpiae: Withag, 1562, urn : nbn: de: hbz: 061: 2-148624 Digitized edition of the University and State Library Düsseldorf
    • Schola Salernitana sive De conservanda valetudine praecepta metrica. Autore Joh. De Mediolano cum Arnoldo de Villanova […] ex recensione Zachariae Sylvii, Medici Roterodamensis. Cum ejusdem praefatio. Nova editio, Augsburg (Johann Jacob Lotter) 1753.

German translations

  • Paul Diepgen (ed. And translator): The master Arnald von Villanova parables of the healing art. Scientific Book Society, Darmstadt 1968.

Wine theme

  • Liber de vinis (originated in Africa around 1310). The text was translated into Hebrew in 1358 and was then also published in German.
    • German edition: The wine treatise of Arnoldus de Villa Nova. (Vienna, with Johann Singriener 1532). Reprint, ed. and provided with a foreword by Lothar Hempe. Metzger, Stuttgart 1956.
    • German edition: Liber de vinis (In German translation by Wilhelm von Hirnkofen). 15th century (incunabula printed in the University Library of Würzburg, signature: Itp CCLX), going back to Arnald von Villanova as well as other sources (Gottfried von Franken: Pelzbuch ).
    • The earliest printed book on wine by Arnold of Villanova, 1235-1311, now for the first time rendered into English and with an historical essay, with facsimile of the original edition 1478. Ed. By Henry E. Sigerist , New York 1943.

Incorrect attributions

Some medical works are only superseded, such as Epistula de virtute quercus, Regimen sanitatis Salernitanum .

In alchemy he was u. a. put under:

  • Thesaurus Thesaurorum o Rosarius Philosophorum
  • Novum lumen
  • Flos Florum
  • Epistula de Sanguine

Collections of his works were published in Lyon in 1504, 1505 and 1532 , with a biography by Symphorianus Campegius , in 1585 as Opera omnia with Konrad Waldkirch in Basel , in 1603 in Frankfurt am Main and again in Lyon in 1686.

The Opera Medica Omnia Arnalds have been published by the University of Barcelona since 1975 (editors including Michael R. McVaugh and Luis Garcia-Ballester)

On-line

literature

  • Antoine Calvet: Les Œuvres alchimiques attribuées à Arnaud de Villeneuve. Grand œuvre, médecine et prophétie au Moyen-Âge. Préface de Sebastià Giralt. Paris / Milan 2011.
  • Willem Frans Daems: A Middle Lower Franconian fragment of the 'Liber de vinis' by Arnaldus de Villanova. In: Janus. 47: 87-100 (1958).
  • Juanita A. Daly: Arnald of Vilanova: Physician and Prophet. In: Illinois Medieval Association: Essays in Medieval Studies. Volume 4, 1997 (English).
  • Paul Diepgen : Studies on Arnald von Villanova. In: Archive for the History of Medicine (Sudhoffs Archive). Volume 5, Issue 1/2 (June 1911), pp. 88-120, JSTOR 20772939 .
  • Manfred Gerwing : From the end of time. The treatise of Arnald von Villanova on the arrival of the Antichrist, in the academic debate at the beginning of the 14th century. Aschendorff, Münster 1996, ISBN 3-402-03996-6 .
  • Gundolf Keil : Arnald von Villanova. In: Author's Lexicon . 2nd Edition. Volume 1, Col. 455-458.
  • Gundolf Keil: Arnald von Villanova. In: Werner E. Gerabek u. a. (Ed.): Encyclopedia of medical history. De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2005, ISBN 3-11-015714-4 , p. 100.
  • Manfred Peter Koch, Gundolf Keil: The late medieval health teaching of "Mr. Arnoldus von Mumpelier". In: Sudhoff's archive . Volume 50, 1966, pp. 361-374.
  • Emmanuel Lalande: Arnaud de Villeneuve, sa vie et ses oeuvres. Chamuel, Paris 1896.
  • Juan Antonio Paniagua: El maestro Arnau de Vilanova, médico (= Cuadernos Valencianos de historia de la medicina y de la ciencia. 8. Series A: Monographs). Cátedra e Instituto de Historia de la Medicina, Valencia 1969, OCLC 4191641 .
  • R. Manselli, JA Paniagua: Villanova. In: Lexicon of the Middle Ages .
  • Rudolf Schmitz : Arnald von Villanova (around 1240 to 1311). In: René Dumesnil: The famous doctors. 2nd German edition. Ed. And essential exp. and supplemented by Hans Schadewaldt . Aulis-Verlag Deubner, Cologne 1960, pp. 46–49 (original title: Les médecins célèbres ).
  • Jaume Mensa i Valls: Arnau de Vilanova (= Episodis de la Història. 313). Editorial Rafael Dalmau, Barcelona 1997, ISBN 84-232-0514-2 .
  • Michael McVaugh: Arnald of Villanova . In: Charles Coulston Gillispie (Ed.): Dictionary of Scientific Biography . tape 1 : Pierre Abailard - LS Berg . Charles Scribner's Sons, New York 1970, p. 289-291 .
  • René Verrier: Études sur Arnaud de Villeneuve. Leiden 1947; and Études sur Arnaud de Villeneuve: 1240 (?) - 1311. Leiden 1949; as well as: Henry E. Sigerist in: Bulletin of the History of Medicine. Volume 22, 1948, p. 719 f., And Volume 26, 1952, p. 97 f.
  • Joseph Ziegler: Medicine and religion, c. 1300. The case of Arnau de Vilanova (= Oxford historical monographs ). Clarendon Press, Oxford 1998, ISBN 0-19-820726-3 ( limited preview in Google Book Search).

See also

Web links

Remarks

  1. ↑ So z. B. Pötsch u. a .: Arnaldus from Villanova. In: Lexicon of important chemists . Harri Deutsch, Frankfurt am Main / Thun 1989, ISBN 3-8171-1055-3 , p. 438.
  2. ↑ a b c Christoph Gradmann : Arnaldus von Villanova. In: Wolfgang U. Eckart and Christoph Gradmann (eds.): Ärztelexikon. From antiquity to the 20th century. 1st edition. C. H. Beck, Munich 1995, p. 22 b ; Medical glossary. From antiquity to the present. 2nd Edition. 2001, p. 11 b ; 3. Edition. Springer Verlag, Heidelberg, Berlin / New York 2006, ISBN 3-540-29585-2 , p. 12 a . Medical glossary 2006 , doi: 10.1007 / 978-3-540-29585-3 .
  3. ^ Gotthard Strohmaier : Avicenna. Beck, Munich 1999, ISBN 3-406-41946-1 , p. 152.
  4. ↑ Distillation of alcohol from wine is already mentioned by Aristotle in his Meteorologica . See Lawrence Principe : Alcohol. In: Claus Priesner , Karin Figala (Ed.): Alchemie. Lexicon of a Hermetic Science. Beck, Munich 1998, ISBN 3-406-44106-8 , p. 43.
  5. ^ Gundolf Keil: Arnald von Villanova. In: Claus Priesner, Karin Figala (Ed.): Alchemie. Lexicon of a Hermetic Science. Beck, Munich 1998, ISBN 3-406-44106-8 , p. 62.
  6. ↑ Gundolf Keil: Medical Education and Alternative Medicine. In: Winfried Böhm , Martin Lindauer (ed.): “Not much knowledge saturates the soul”. Knowledge, recognition, education, training today. Third symposium of the University of Würzburg (= Würzburg Symposia ). Ernst Klett, Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-12-984580-1 , pp. 245-271, here: pp. 247 f.
  7. ^ André Dominé : The art of the aperitif. Recipes, drinks, philosophy. Kunstverlag Weingarten, Weingarten 1989, ISBN 3-8170-0013-8 , p. 21.
  8. ↑ Lawrence Principe: Alcohol. In: Claus Priesner, Karin Figala (Ed.): Alchemie. Lexicon of a Hermetic Science. Beck, Munich 1998, ISBN 3-406-44106-8 , p. 43.
  9. ↑ Pötsch u. a .: Arnaldus from Villanova. In: Lexicon of important chemists . Harri Deutsch, Frankfurt am Main / Thun 1989, ISBN 3-8171-1055-3 , p. 438.
  10. ↑ Gundolf Keil: "blutken - bloedekijn". Notes on the etiology of the hyposphagma genesis in the 'Pommersfeld Silesian Eye Booklet' (1st third of the 15th century). With an overview of the ophthalmological texts of the German Middle Ages. In: Specialized prose research - Crossing borders. Volume 8/9, 2012/2013, ISSN  1863-6780 , pp. 7-175, here: pp. 139-141.
  11. ^ A b Gundolf Keil: Arnald von Villanova. In: Claus Priesner, Karin Figala (Ed.): Alchemie. Lexicon of a Hermetic Science. Beck, Munich 1998, ISBN 3-406-44106-8 , pp. 62-63.
  12. ^ Paul Diepgen: Studies on Arnald von Villanova, III: Arnald and the alchemy. In: Archive for the History of Medicine (Sudhoffs Archive). Volume 3, Issue 6 (March 1910), pp. 369-396, JSTOR 20772887 .
  13. ↑ Medard Boss : The dream and its interpretation (= mind and psyche ). Kindler, Munich 1974, ISBN 3-463-18137-1 , p. 183.
  14. ↑ George Sarton : Introduction to the history of science (= Carnegie Institution of Washington. Publication. 376, 1-3, ISSN  0099-4936 ). Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore MD 1927-1948, Vol. II, 2, p. 895.
  15. ↑ regimes sanitatis ad regem Aragonum. In: Alcuin. Scholastic Information Center. Rolf Schönberger , accessed on October 28, 2019.
  16. ↑ Thomas Gloning : The wine treatise of Arnald of Villanova and the German editing by William of Hirnkofen (1478). New observations on the history of the text. In: Würzburg medical history reports. Volume 13, 1995, ISSN  0177-5227 , pp. 199-208.
  17. ^ Opera Arnaldi de Villa nova. Lyon 1504.


personal data
SURNAME Arnald of Villanova
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Arnau de Vilanova; Arnaldus de Villanova; Arnold from Villanova
BRIEF DESCRIPTION scholastic doctor
DATE OF BIRTH around 1235
PLACE OF BIRTH Valencia , Spain
DATE OF DEATH September 6, 1311
Place of death at sea (shipwreck)