Boubou Hama

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Boubou Hama ( 1906 Fonéko29 January 1982 Niamey ) was a Nigerien politician and intellectual .

Hama belonged to the Songhai ethnic group and was the son of an escaped slave. He first worked as a teacher for the French colonial administration in Niger. From 1946 he was politically involved in the Nigerian Progressive Party (PPN-RDA). In Niger, which became independent from France in 1960, he steered the fortunes of the state as party chairman and speaker of parliament alongside President Hamani Diori . After the one-party system was overthrown in a military coup in 1974, he spent three years in prison. Boubou Hama published numerous works of fiction , anthropology and essays . Among his best knownNovels counts Kotia-Nima (1968). In many of his works he dealt with an African way of thinking, in which he saw a contribution to global civilisation.

Life

Rise from the son of a slave to a teacher in the colonial service

Boubou Hama was born in the Songhai district of Fonéko , part of the city of Téra , which had been under French colonial rule since the early 20th century . His year of birth is given as 1906 in official documents, although he himself occasionally gave the year 1909. Hama came from a low social class in Songhai society. His father was captured at the end of the 19th century during the war between Téra and Yagha and had to spend a long time as a slave in the Sebba area until he managed to escape and return to his hometown of Fonéko. There he married Boubou Hamas' future mother, who, like him, came from a humble background.

Map of French West Africa (1936)

The village chief of Fonéko sent the young Boubou Hama to the "school of the whites" so that his own sons would not be bothered in this regard. After elementary school in Téra , Hama attended regional school in Dori from 1918 to 1924 . Then he went from 1924 to 1926 to the higher elementary school in Ouagadougou . Because of his outstanding academic achievements, he was sent to the École Normale William Ponty in Senegal in 1926 . This was the cadre hotbed for the native population of French West Africa , where many later influential politicians and scholars received their training. Hama graduated there in 1929. His graduating class included the later writers Abdoulaye Sadji and Ousmane Socé Diop .

He then worked in the colonial service as the first French teacher to come from Niger. For five years he taught at the primary school in Niamey , the capital of Niger, before moving to the primary school in Tillabéri . He was transferred back to Niamey in 1938 after being accused of inciting local farmers to revolt against injustices under colonial rule. In 1942 he met Jean Rouch , a French anthropologist and film director working in Niger , with whom he formed a lifelong friendship.

Boubou Hama was married and had several daughters and sons. In his marriage he saw the synthesis of Europe and Africa realized in an exemplary manner: as a bond between his European education and his wife's unaffected African origins.

Beginning of political activity under French rule

The Brazzaville Conference in 1944 heralded a process of change in the relationship between motherland France and its colonies, which gradually brought more autonomy, equality and political participation for the native population of the colonies. The economically insignificant colony of Niger was politically marginalized within the French colonial empire. In 1945, in order to increase the influence of the native population of Niger over political representatives from other parts of French West Africa, young, European-educated Nigeriens met secretly on an island in Niger . The group, which billed itself as the "Second Brazzaville Conference," chose Boubou Hama as its leader. She began to agitate against the colonial administration. Jean Toby , the French governor of Niger, had Boubou Hama removed from the capital Niamey in 1945 and sent him to Dori as a school director.

For this reason, Hama could not personally attend the founding meeting of the Niger Progressive Party (PPN-RDA), Niger's first political party, which took place on May 12, 1946 in Niamey. He founded a PPN-RDA section in Dori. The PPN-RDA was a member party of the African Democratic Gathering (RDA) to whose founding congress, held in Bamako in October 1946 , Hama attended as a member of the PPN delegation. When Niger was awarded a seat in the French National Assembly , it would have been obvious that the party leader, Issoufou Saïdou Djermakoye , would have stood for election for the PPN-RDA. However, Boubou Hama managed to get Hamani Diori , his former student at Niamey Elementary School, to run as a candidate within the party. Saïdou Djermakoye took part in the election, which was won by Diori, without list membership. The latter successfully lobbied René Barthes , the Governor-General of French West Africa, to have Boubou Hama transferred back to Niamey from Dori.

In the General Council elections on December 15, 1946 , Hama was elected to the Tillabéri constituency of the General Council, Niger's first parliament. This was followed on January 13, 1947 by his election as representative of Niger in the Assembly of the French Union in Paris - he held this position until 1952 - and in July 1948 his election as a PPN-RDA deputy in the Grand Council of French West Africa Dakar . The party faced strong opposition from the colonial administration. In 1948 Governor Toby initiated the founding of the Union of Independent Nigerians and Sympathizers (UNIS) party, which was loyal to him, and was joined by former PPN-RDA leader Saïdou Djermakoye. In January of the following year, Boubou Hama attended a meeting of the PPN-RDA parent party RDA in Treichville . Communists from metropolitan France also attended the meeting . It was characterized by an anti-imperialist mood. PPN-RDA leaders were divided on their positioning. A moderate wing around Boubou Hama and Hamani Diori wanted to give up the radical course of confrontation with the colonial administration. He was opposed by a group around Djibo Bakary , the party's general secretary, who wanted to continue as before.

During this politically tense time, Boubou Hama received a post that enabled him to deal intensively with African culture and science: in 1950 he became director of the Institut Français d'Afrique Noire du Niger , which later became the Niger National Museum . The museum is based on Hama's extensive archaeological , ethnographic , and paleontological collections. The PPN-RDA, of which Hama served as secretary for economic affairs from 1952 to 1956, suffered a series of setbacks. UNIS triumphed in the Territorial Assembly elections of March 30, 1952 . Hama attempted to take publicity countermeasures by founding the weekly newspaper Le Niger in favor of the PPN-RDA. But when he failed to be re-elected to the Assembly of the French Union despite the support of ex-UNIS politician Georges Condat , he suffered a personal defeat that came as a shock to the party. The internal disputes over direction finally led to the PPN-RDA Secretary General Djibo Bakary splitting off with his own party in 1954.

way to power

Hama took over the party chairmanship of the PPN-RDA from Daddy Gaoh in 1956, which he held until the party was dissolved in 1974. In the same year, he was re-elected to the Niger Parliament in the partial elections called after the death of a member of parliament. While UNIS had sunk into insignificance due to internal crises, the PPN-RDA in Djibo Bakary's Sawaba party was becoming a strong competitor for political power. As a result of the municipal elections in Niamey on November 18, 1956, Bakary became mayor of the capital , while Boubou Hama had to be content with the office of vice mayor. In the elections to the Territorial Assembly on March 31, 1957 , Hama was re-elected to the Niger Parliament in the Tillabéri constituency, but the majority of seats went to the Sawaba. When Niger was able to put together its first government as a result of the elections, it was a Sawaba government that dismissed Boubou Hama from his post as director of the Institut Français d'Afrique Noire du Niger in 1957 .

The constitutional referendum on September 28, 1958 brought about the decisive change . The Sawaba campaigned for a no and thus for Niger's immediate independence from France, while the PPN-RDA campaigned for a yes and thus for remaining within the Communauté française . The election's yes vote made the PPN-RDA the trusted party of the French administration, while the Sawaba faced repression. This ultimately led to a ban on Sawaba on October 12, 1959 and the establishment of a one-party system of the PPN-RDA. Meanwhile, the PPN-RDA ousted the Sawaba from power in the December 14, 1958 Territorial Assembly elections (and finally in the June 27, 1959 by-election). Boubou Hama was elected Speaker of Parliament , a post he held until 1974. On January 23, 1959, he retaliated for his electoral defeat by Djibo Bakary for the mayoral seat of Niamey: the municipal council was dissolved and Hama was appointed President of the Niamey City Special Delegation, with the rank and prerogatives of mayor.

He also held high offices in the short-lived political structures with which France tried to hold together the remains of its colonial empire. On April 29, 1959 he was appointed a representative of Niger in the Senate of the Franco-African Community. Hama was elected First Vice President of the Senate and served on the Commission on Treaties, International Agreements and Common Defense. He took part in the election of Charles de Gaulle as President of the Franco-African Community. He was also Vice-President and member of the Standing Commission of the first conference of the Eur-African Assembly. The PPN-RDA led the Republic of Niger to independence through a treaty with France dated August 1, 1960. On November 9, 1960, Parliament elected Hamani Diori as President.

As a leader in independent Niger

Hamani Diori (1968)

By the time Niger gained independence from France, Boubou Hama had cemented his position as his country's pre-eminent and influential political figure. The First Republic (1960–1974) was a civil authoritarian regime led by a “ duumvirate ” consisting of President Hamani Diori and party leader and Speaker of Parliament Boubou Hama. Hama acted politically more directly and uncompromisingly than Diori, who was ten years younger and more diplomatic. In the 1960s the regime was still relatively stable. The expansion of the country's infrastructure, which was hardly developed during the colonial period, for example in the field of education, was one of the priority tasks of the young republic. The state-influenced economy was able to build on growing export figures for peanuts. In terms of foreign policy, Niger leaned heavily on France.

Hamas's political power was manifested more in his leadership roles in various other state institutions and committees than in his role as Speaker of Parliament. The National Assembly had no real political decision-making power. A seat in parliament meant little more than recognition for deserving party officials, most notably traditional rulers. A function of the National Assembly was to provide a tribune for Boubou Hama. As President of the Board of Directors of the state development bank, Hama was able to set economic policy accents . The country's only state-controlled bank was an important tool in stimulating economic activity in particularly underdeveloped areas. This included the west, settled by Songhai and Zarma , and the north, inhabited by Arabs and Tuaregs . Hama was also a member of the advisory committees for agricultural production and for higher education. His extensive political network included a longstanding strategic connection with Jacques Foccart , the key player in French Africa policy. A lasting obstacle was his low social background. In 1963, preparations for a coup were crushed, the leader of which, an officer, would not take orders from a government run by a man of slave origin.

In addition to his political activities, Boubou Hama consolidated his role as the country's leading intellectual. Between 1966 and 1974 alone he wrote over thirty books. He was the driving force behind the creation of the vallée de la culture , the "Valley of Culture" in Niamey. This area includes the buildings of the Niger National Museum, the Institut de Recherche en Sciences Humanes (IRSH), the Center Culturel Franco-Nigérien and the Center d'Études Linguistiques et Historiques par la Tradition Orale (CELHTO). The seat of the West African research center CELHTO in Niamey - based on a 1968 agreement with UNESCO - builds on Hamas' previous diplomatic efforts. Boubou Hama is also considered a founding father of the international organization of Francophonie . As host of the National Assembly, he hosted an international Francophonie Congress in Niamey in 1970. The anniversary of the signing of the final act of the Congress, March 20th, has been celebrated as International Francophonie Day since 1988.

Boubou Hama, who often appears impulsively, was one of the regime's hardliners, along with Interior Minister Yansambou Maïga Diamballa , and one of the main enemy images of its opponents. The antagonisms between the new class of educated youth and the state leadership intensified in the 1970s. Boubou Hama was particularly unpopular with this youth. In 1970, he responded to strikes by schoolchildren in Zinder and Niamey for higher scholarships, shorter study periods and diplomatic recognition of the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China with an open letter in which he addressed them patronizingly as "my children" and reminded them that they enjoy privileges in the country. The increasingly fossilized and corrupt regime was helpless in the face of the onset catastrophe of the 1970s famine . At the same time, peanuts, the basis of the export economy, fell dramatically in market value. These developments prepared the ground for the end of the First Republic.

captivity and final years

A military coup on April 15, 1974 brought to power the Supreme Military Council led by officer Seyni Kountché . The country's previous political structures were dissolved and the country's entire political elite arrested. Boubou Hama was initially placed under house arrest in the villa of the Conseil de l'Entente in Niamey. He was charged with embezzling about $116,000 in state funds and $ 8,000 in tax evasion. On April 29, 1974, he was transferred to the Agadez military camp . The corpulent man lost thirty kilograms of body weight within four months due to the poor prison conditions. His situation improved when, on 3 August 1975, he was transferred to a villa in the Bagagi-Iya military camp in Niamey, on the orders of Seyni Kountché. He shared this privilege with Léopold Kazienté , Kountché's former teacher, who had been Minister of Defense before the military coup. Hama and Kazienté were regularly allowed to receive their families in their villa. On July 24, 1977, Boubou Hama was released and returned to his home in Niamey. The state-run daily Le Sahel gave the official reason for his release as humanitarian reasons, due to the prisoner's advanced age and his contribution to cultural development in Africa.

In his last years, Hama concentrated on his scientific work. He took part in a colloquium in 1977 and a seminar in 1981. In the weeks before his death he was busy writing research papers. Boubou Hama died in Niamey in 1982, where he was buried.

plant

overview

With his extensive published oeuvre, Boubou Hama is one of the most distinguished African authors of the 20th century. His works gained greater recognition primarily in Niger and in its French-speaking neighboring countries. They include fiction as well as scholarly and essayistic publications and are often based on Hamas research activities in the Sahel regions of West Africa . He dealt with topics of history, philosophy, sociology , ethnology , politics, linguistics and culture.

Among other things, Hama dealt scientifically with the ethnic groups living in Niger and their cultural heritage. With his relevant writings such as Recherche sur l'histoire de Touaregs sahariens et soudanais (1967), he strengthened his role as the leading party ideologue of the PPN-RDA. In extensive essays such as Essai d'analyse de l'éducation africaine (1968), for which he received the Prix ​​Léopold Sédar Senghor , he dealt with complex questions about Africa's role in the world. Much of his research on the traditional systems of knowledge transmission in Niger is only available in unpublished notebooks.

In fable - like tales such as Izé-Gani ( posthumously 1985), Hama often drew on Songhai mythology . Although he wrote most of his works in French, he is also considered a pioneer of written literature on Songhai-Zarma , with publications such as Manta mantaari (1969) . His autobiographically tinged novel Kotia-Nima (1968), in which he reflected on his childhood in colonial Niger, earned him the Grand Prix littéraire de l'Afrique noire in 1970 . He wrote several children's books with the French writer Andrée Clair , whom he had met in Paris in 1948 . The feature films Toula or The Spirit of the Water (1974) by directors Moustapha Alassane and Anna Soehring and Babatou - The Three Advices (1977) by director Jean Rouch are based on Hamas literary templates.

Boubou Hama was Grand Officer of the National Order of Niger . France honored him as Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour , Commander of the Palmes académiques and Officer of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres . He was also a bearer of the Grand Cross of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany with star and sash . The Nigerien government first awarded the Prix ​​Boubou Hama , a state prize for writers and scientists, in 1989. On the occasion of his 100th birthday in 2006, several events in Niger were dedicated to Hama. Nigerien intellectuals of the next generation like André Salifou and Diouldé Laya were shaped by his thoughts and actions as his young collaborators.

Thinking about Africa

Boubou Hama developed an independent philosophical view of Africa, which was reflected in his scientific and literary work. Convinced of the existence of a dynamic and creative African value system , he countered claims of inertia on the continent. Africa can keep its traditions alive and at the same time benefit from some aspects of the experience of colonialism and Islamization . Hamas' image of Africa, which he tried to construct through methodical synopsis, was shaped by the idea of ​​cultural diversity. He valued otherness and rejected a conception of identity based on stigmatizing idiosyncrasies . In doing so, he took the position that there is an African thought that is filtered through traditional narratives, riddles and proverbs.

In this African way of thinking, Hama sees the continent's potential contribution to global civilization. He recognizes existing cultural manifestations of this thinking in the literature of the Negritude , in Afro-American jazz and in the formative influences of African art on the art movements of Expressionism , Fauvism and Cubism . Hama contrasts universal Africa (French: Afrique cosmique ) with ancient India and the industrial west . Ancient India was based on absolute spiritualism and the industrial West, shaped by science and technology, on cold materialism . Both conceptions are opposed to each other. For Boubou Hama, universal Africa can create a harmonious synthesis between the spiritual and the material.

List of Publications

fiction

  • Kotia Nima. Rencontre avec l'Europe . 2 volumes. Presence Africaine, Paris 1968.
  • Kotia Nima. Dialogue with the Occident . Presence Africaine, Paris 1969.
  • Manta mantaari. Épopées songhay. Dialects of Soney de Teera . Center Nigerian de recherches en sciences humanes, Niamey 1969.
  • L'Adventure extraordinaire de Bi Kado, fils de noir . Presence Africaine, Paris 1971.
  • Contes et légendes du Niger . Volume 1. Presence Africaine, Paris 1972.
  • Contes et légendes du Niger . Volume 2. Présence Africaine, Paris 1972.
  • L'aventure d'Albarka . With Andree Clair. Juliard, Paris 1972.
  • La Savane enchantee . With Andree Clair. La Farandole, Paris 1972.
  • Bagouma et Tiegouma . 2 volumes. Presence Africaine, Paris 1973.
  • Contes et légendes du Niger . Volume 3. Presence Africaine, Paris 1973.
  • Contes et légendes du Niger . Volume 4. Presence Africaine, Paris 1973.
  • Hon si suba ben (= Aujourd'hui n'épuise pas demain ). Oswald, Paris 1973.
  • Le Baobab Merveilleux . With Andree Clair. La Farandole, Paris 1974.
  • Kangue ize . With Andree Clair. La Farandole, Paris 1974.
  • Founya-le-vaurien . With Andree Clair. Editions GP, Paris 1975.
  • Contes et légendes du Niger . Volume 5. Présence Africaine, Paris 1976, ISBN 2-7087-0329-3 .
  • Contes et légendes du Niger . Volume 6. Présence Africaine, Paris 1976, ISBN 2-7087-0330-7 .
  • Les fameuses histoires du village de Tibbo . With Andree Clair. La Farandole, Paris 1977.
  • Izé-Gani . Volume 1. Présence Africaine, Paris 1985, ISBN 2-7087-0451-6 .
  • Izé-Gani . Volume 2. Présence Africaine, Paris 1985, ISBN 2-7087-0452-4 .
  • Taabi Too. Contes et légendes du Niger . Nouvelles Ed. Africaines, Abidjan 1989, ISBN 2-7236-1472-7 .
  • Le petit lievre, l'éléphant et le chameau . With Andree Clair. Kaléidoscope, Paris 1992, ISBN 2-87767-073-2 .

science and essay writing

  • L'empire de Gao. History, Coutumes and Magic of Sonrai . With Jean Boulnois. With a foreword by Théodore Monod . Maisonneuve, Paris 1954.
  • L'histoire d'un people. Les Zarma . IFAN, Niamey 1954.
  • Le Niger. Unité et patrie. Ses bases historiques à travers l'unité de l'histoire humaine de notre pays . 2 volumes. Mimeo, Paris 1962.
  • History of Niger. L'Afrique et le Monde . With Marcel Guilhem. Ligel, Paris 1965.
  • Inquiry into the foundations and the genesis of the African unit . Presence Africaine, Paris 1966.
  • National Liberté and Internationale Solidarity . With a foreword by Hamani Diori. Imprimerie generale du Niger, Niamey 1966.
  • History of Gobir and Sokoto . Presence Africaine, Paris 1967.
  • L'histoire traditionnelle d'un people. Le Zarma-Songhay . Presence Africaine, Paris 1967.
  • Research on the history of the Touareg sahariens et soudanais . Presence Africaine, Paris 1967.
  • Essai d'analyse de l'education africaine . Presence Africaine, Paris 1968.
  • History of Songhay . Presence Africaine, Paris 1968.
  • Contribution à la connaissance de l'histoire des Peuls . Presence Africaine, Paris 1968.
  • fonéko. Histoire traditionnelle d'un village Songhay . Presence Africaine, Paris 1970.
  • Merveilleuse Afrique . Presence Africaine, Paris 1971.
  • Cet "autre" de l'homme . Presence Africaine, Paris 1972.
  • Le retard de l'Afrique. Essai philosophique . Presence Africaine, Paris 1972.
  • L'Afrique . With Claude Bourdet, Jean Suret-Canale and Andrée Clair. With a foreword by Léopold Sédar Senghor . Ed. du Burin, Paris 1973.
  • Le double d'here recontre demain . Union Generale d'Editions, Paris 1973.
  • Les problems brulants de l'Afrique. 1. Pour un dialogue avec nos jeunes . Oswald, Paris 1973.
  • Les problems brulants de l'Afrique. 2. Changer l'Afrique . Oswald, Paris 1973.
  • Les problems brulants de l'Afrique. 3. Prospective . Oswald, Paris 1973.
  • L'empire Songhay, ses ethnies, ses légendes et ses personnages historiques . Oswald, Paris 1974.
  • Les grands problems de l'Afrique des indépendances . Oswald, Paris 1974.
  • Nigeria . With Marcel Guilhem. Ligel, Paris 1977, ISBN 2-7064-0072-2 .
  • Askia Mohammed Aboubacar. L'élhadj et le Khalife, à travers la tradition et le "Fettach" . CELHTO, Niamey 1980.
  • The Place of History in African Society . In: J. Ki-Zerbo (ed.): General History of Africa. Vol. 1. Methodology and African Prehistory . Heinemann, London 1981, ISBN 0-435-94807-5 , pp. 43–53.
  • Ecrits sur le Soudan . CELHTO, Niamey 1983.
  • L'essence du verbe. Collection cultures africaines . CELHTO, Niamey 1988.
  • Niger. Recits historiques . Ligel/Edicef, Paris 1989, ISBN 2-85069-550-5 .
  • L'itinéraire de l'homme et du militant . Hurtubise HMH, LaSalle, Quebec 1993, ISBN 2-89045-977-2 .
  • L'exode rural, a problem de fond . Editions de la Croix-Rouge nigérienne, Niamey (undated).
  • Jeunesse et development. Dédié aux jeunes du Niger et d'Afrique . Editions de la Croix-Rouge nigérienne, Niamey (undated).

literature

  • Abdoul Aziz Issa Daouda: Boubou Hama: I'intellectuel et le politique . In: Kimba Idrissa (ed.): Niger. Les intellectuals, l'État et la société . CODESRIA, Dakar 2016, ISBN 978-2-86978-708-7 , p. 67-104 .
  • Dioulde Laya, Jean-Dominique Penel, Boubé Namaïwa: Boubou Hama. Un homme de culture nigérien . L'Harmattan, Paris 2007, ISBN 978-2-296-02407-6 .
  • Mounkaila Abdo Laouali Serki: La Culture Africaine Face Aux Exces De La Technoscience: L'humanisme De Boubou Hama . In: Paulin J. Hountondji (ed.): L'ancien et le Nouveau. La production du savoir dans l'Afrique d'aujourd'hui . Langaa RPCIG, Bamenda 2013, ISBN 9956-791-15-6 , pp. 37-49 .

web links

itemizations

  1. a b c d e f g h Abdourahmane Idrissa, Samuel Decalo: Historical Dictionary of Niger . 4th edition. Scarecrow, Plymouth 2012, ISBN 978-0-8108-6094-0 , pp 184-186 .
  2. Diouldé Laya, Jean-Dominique Penel, Boubé Namaïwa: Boubou Hama. Un homme de culture nigérien . L'Harmattan, Paris 2007, ISBN 978-2-296-02407-6 , pp. 13-14 .
  3. Kadir Abdelkader Galy: L'esclavage au Niger. Aspects historiques et juridiques . Karthala, Paris 2010, ISBN 978-2-8111-0096-4 , pp. 96-97 .
  4. Vincent Hiribarren: Boubou Hama, le "mangeur de craies" du Niger. With an interview by Jean-Pierre Bat with Jérôme Bernussou. In: Africa4. Regards croisés sur l'Afrique. SARL Libération , September 26, 2014, retrieved June 14, 2015 (French).
  5. a b c d e f g h i j k l m Chaïbou Maman: Répertoire biographique des personnalités de la classe politique et des leaders d'opinion du Niger de 1945 à nos jours . Volume II. Démocratie 2000, Niamey 2003, p. 422-423 .
  6. a b c d e f g h i j k Aïssata Sidikou: Hama, Boubou . In: Emmanuel K. Akyeampong , Henry Louis Gates, Jr. (eds.): Dictionary of African Biography . Volume 3: Hailu – Lyaut. Oxford University Press, New York 2012, ISBN 978-0-19-538207-5 , pp. 7-8 .
  7. Diouldé Laya, Jean-Dominique Penel, Boubé Namaïwa: Boubou Hama. Un homme de culture nigérien . L'Harmattan, Paris 2007, ISBN 978-2-296-02407-6 , pp. 10 .
  8. ^ a b Diouldé Laya, Jean-Dominique Penel, Boubé Namaïwa: Boubou Hama. Un homme de culture nigérien . L'Harmattan, Paris 2007, ISBN 978-2-296-02407-6 , pp. 17-18 .
  9. ^ a b James Olney: Tell Me Africa. An Approach to African Literature . Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey 1973, p. 29 .
  10. Diouldé Laya, Jean-Dominique Penel, Boubé Namaïwa: Boubou Hama. Un homme de culture nigérien . L'Harmattan, Paris 2007, ISBN 978-2-296-02407-6 , pp. 19 .
  11. Mamoudou Djibo: Les enjeux politiques dans la colonie du Niger (1944-1960) . In: Autrepart . No. 27 , 2003, p. 43 ( PDF; 507 kB [accessed 14 June 2015]).
  12. André Salifou: Biographie politique de Diori Hamani, premier president de la république du Niger . With a foreword by Omar Bongo Ondimba. Karthala, Paris 2010, ISBN 978-2-8111-0202-9 , pp. 262 .
  13. a b André Salifou: Biographie politique de Diori Hamani, premier president de la république du Niger . With a foreword by Omar Bongo Ondimba. Karthala, Paris 2010, ISBN 978-2-8111-0202-9 , pp. 30-31 .
  14. Papa Alioune Ndao: La francophonie des Pères fondateurs . Karthala, Paris 2008, ISBN 978-2-8111-0036-0 , pp. 71 .
  15. Mamoudou Djibo: Les transformations politiques au Niger à la veille de l'indépendance . L'Harmattan, Paris 2001, ISBN 2-7384-9505-2 , pp. 45 .
  16. André Salifou: Biographie politique de Diori Hamani, premier president de la république du Niger . With a foreword by Omar Bongo Ondimba. Karthala, Paris 2010, ISBN 978-2-8111-0202-9 , pp. 299-300 .
  17. Klaas van Walraven: The Yearning for Relief. A History of the Sawaba Movement in Niger . Brill, Leiden 2013, ISBN 978-90-04-24574-7 , p. 60 .
  18. ^ a b Oumarou Keïta: 26 ans après sa mort: Boubou Hama, un monument. (No longer available online.) In: Mediaf – Réseau des Médias Francophones. 2008, archived from the original on July 11, 2015 ; Retrieved 14 June 2015 (French).
  19. André Salifou: Biographie politique de Diori Hamani, premier president de la république du Niger . With a foreword by Omar Bongo Ondimba. Karthala, Paris 2010, ISBN 978-2-8111-0202-9 , pp. 72 .
  20. ^ a b Mamoudou Djibo: Les enjeux politiques dans la colonie du Niger (1944-1960) . In: Autrepart . No. 27 , 2003, p. 46–47 ( PDF; 507 kB [accessed 14 June 2015]).
  21. a b Edmond Séré de Rivières: Histoire du Niger . Berger-Levrault, Paris 1965, p. 271-272 .
  22. André Salifou: Biographie politique de Hamani Diori. Premier President of the Republic of Niger . Karthala, Paris 2004, ISBN 978-2-8111-0202-9 , pp. 305-306 .
  23. Mamoudou Djibo: Les enjeux politiques dans la colonie du Niger (1944-1960) . In: Autrepart . No. 27 , 2003, p. 51 ( PDF; 507 kB [accessed 14 June 2015]).
  24. Klaas van Walraven: The Yearning for Relief. A History of the Sawaba Movement in Niger . Brill, Leiden 2013, ISBN 978-90-04-24574-7 , p. 139 .
  25. Abdourahmane Idrissa, Samuel Decalo: Historical Dictionary of Niger . 4th edition. Scarecrow, Plymouth 2012, ISBN 978-0-8108-6094-0 , pp 85-86 .
  26. Anciens sénateurs de la Communauté : Boubou Hama. Sénat , retrieved 14 June 2015 (French).
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