Castello di Issogne

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Castello di Issogne
Entrance to the Castello di Issogne on the west side

Entrance to the Castello di Issogne on the west side

Alternative name (s): Château d'Issogne
Creation time : 12th Century
Castle type : Niederungsburg
Conservation status: restored
Construction: Quarry stone
Place: Issogne
Geographical location 45 ° 39 '15.9 "  N , 7 ° 41' 7.8"  E Coordinates: 45 ° 39 '15.9 "  N , 7 ° 41' 7.8"  E
Height: 388  m slm
Castello di Issogne (Aosta Valley)
Castello di Issogne

The Castello di Issogne is a castle in the municipality of Issogne in the Aosta Valley on the orographic right bank of the Dora Baltea . It is a mansion of the Renaissance and forms a contrast to the strict Castello di Verrès opposite on the other side of the river.

Its inner courtyard with its pomegranate fountain and its brightly painted vestibule , a rare example of medieval, Alpine painting, with its fresco cycle of everyday scenes from medieval life are well known.

history

Origins

North facade of the castle

The first document in which the castle was mentioned is a bull from Pope Eugene III. from 1151, which confirmed the existence of a permanent house in Issogne belonging to the Bishop of Aosta . This permanent house must have resembled the Casaforte Villette in Cogne or the Torre Colin in Villeneuve .

Most likely there were already at this point at the end of the 1st century BC A Roman house similar to Villa Romana in Aosta , as shown by some of the enclosing walls found in the kitchens of today's castle.

The power of the bishop, however, opposed the De Verrecio family , the lords of Verrès , and tensions culminated in 1333 with an attack on the part of the Aymon de Verrès on the episcopal house, which was set on fire and seriously damaged. Issogne remained the episcopal see until 1379, when the Bishop of Aosta transferred the jurisdiction of the rule to the then lord of Verrès, Ibleto di Challant .

Ibleto di Challant had renovations carried out on the episcopal permanent house, transforming it into a complex and elegant residence in the late Gothic style , consisting of a series of towers and structures, enclosed by a wall.

After the death of Ibleto di Challant in 1409, the castle and fief of Issogne passed to his son, Francesco di Challant , who in 1424 received the title of Count Challant from the House of Savoy . But Francesco di Challant had no male descendants and after his death in 1442 a dispute about succession developed between his daughter Caterina and his cousin Giacomo di Challant-Aymavilles . After years of dispute, in 1456 Caterina had to cede her possessions to Giacomo , who became the second Count Challant and the new lord of Issogne.

Heyday

Around 1480 Luigi di Challant , son of Giacomo di Challant-Aymavilles , commissioned further work on the castle, but most of the cleanup was carried out under Prior Giorgio di Challant-Varey , a cousin of Luigi di Challant , who after his death the Guardianship of his underage sons, Filiberto and Carlo , from whose marriage to Marguerite de la Chambre was transferred. Under Giorgio di Challant-Varey , the connecting structures between the existing buildings were created, thus creating a unique palace in the shape of a horseshoe , which enclosed a wide inner courtyard. The ornamentation of the vestibule that surrounds the courtyard, the chapel , the garden and the famous pomegranate fountain, of great symbolic value , also date from this period .

In its heyday, the castle also accommodated illustrious guests, such as Emperor Sigismund on his return to Germany in 1414 or King Charles VIII of France in 1494.

After the death of Giorgio di Challant in 1509 and the end of the work, Filiberto di Challant became the new lord of Issogne and adapted the castle to his own needs and those of his wife, Louise d'Aarberg , and his son Renato . Under the rule of Renato di Challant (French: René de Challant ) the castle reached its greatest splendor and the function of a rich and refined court.

Decline and rise

Head of Royal Decree 281 of November 28, 1907, published in the Gazzetta Ufficiale del Regno d'Italia , authorizing the acceptance of the donation from Vittorio Avondo to the Castello di Issogne

After Renato di Challant left no male heirs when he died in 1565, his possessions fell to Giovanni Federico Madruzzo , who had married his daughter Isabella . This provoked an inheritance conflict between the Madruzzo family and Isabella's cousins ​​of the Challant family that dragged on for more than a century.

In the meantime, the lordship of Issogne and its castle belonged to the Madruzzos , then to the Lenoncourts and finally in 1693 Cristina Maurizia del Carretto from Balestrino .

In 1696, however, the dispute between the descendants of the Madruzzos and the Challants ended for good and Cristina Maurizia had to return Issogne to the Challant family.

In 1802, with the death of Giulio Giacinto di Challant, the first family to own the castle, which had been abandoned years before, died out at a time when it was stripped of all its furnishings. In 1872, Marius de Vautheleret , the owner at the time, was forced to put the castle up for auction and so the Turin painter Vittorio Avondo bought it , who took care of the restoration and restored it with the original furniture (which he bought at the antique market had) or at least with copies of old furniture. In 1907 Avondo donated the castle to the Italian state and in 1948 it finally became the property of the Aosta Valley region.

The castle is now open to the public as part of guided tours.

description

From the outside, the castle appears as a fortified dwelling of a rather inconspicuous appearance, with no special decorations or frescoes and with corner towers that are only slightly higher than the rest of the buildings. It is located in the middle of the Issogne settlement.

The castle has a rectangular plan; The building itself occupies three sides, the fourth is an Italian-style garden bordered by a simple wall.

Inner courtyard and porch

Detail of the pomegranate fountain in the courtyard of the castle
Photo of the courtyard from the beginning of the 20th century: Next to the fountain you can see the vestibule (ground floor) and the loggia (2nd floor)

The courtyard is enclosed on three sides by the building and the garden is one of the castle's most inspiring environments. It used to be accessible through the gate that opens onto the village square and leads under the vestibule, but today, for practical reasons, only the side entrance on the west side is used, which leads outside onto a wide meadow.

On the facades facing the inner courtyard, there is the so-called "Mirroir pour les enfants de Challant" (German: mirror for the children of the Challants), a series of coats of arms depicted on frescoes, the various branches of the Challant family and the represent key maternal alliances of the house to preserve the records and pass them on to future generations. The garden wall, on the other hand, is decorated with monochrome drawings of wise men and heroes of antiquity, which, however, are almost no longer visible.

In the middle of the inner courtyard is the well-known pomegranate fountain, an octagonal stone tub from which a pomegranate tree made entirely of wrought iron rises, from which springs of water spring. Strangely, the tree shows pomegranate fruits, but the foliage comes - perhaps for symbolic reasons that the artist wanted to show - from another plant: the oak . Giorgio di Challant probably had the fountain built as a wedding present for his ward Filiberto di Challant with Louise d'Aarberg in 1502 and, as I said, it has a high symbolic value: he wanted fertility and family unity, shown by the pomegranate with his Fruits composed of many pips, with the strength and age, symbolized by the oak. Tiny dragons, also made of wrought iron and very difficult to find, are also inserted between the pomegranate oak branches.

Detail of the fresco of the market lunette under the porch
Interior of the vestibule, furnished with wooden wall benches and lunettes with frescoes on a photo from 1898

On the east side of the inner courtyard is a vestibule with arched arcades and a cross-vaulted ceiling , under which the main entrance to the castle opens and from where one also enters the interior of the building. The geometric decorations on the ribs of the cross vaults are typical of 15th century art.

The lunettes of the vestibule are decorated with frescoes depicting handicraft shops and scenes of daily life from this period with realism and humor, and represent an important iconographic testimony to the period between the 15th and 16th centuries. The bezel of the guards shows some soldiers who are sitting at a blackboard and want to play cards or backgammon with some prostitutes , while their weapons and armor ( armor , crossbows and halberds ) are hung on a rack in front of the wall. The baker pushes the kneaded bread into the oven and the butcher turns the spit while a cat tries to steal the meat. Pieces of fabric are measured and cut in the tailor's shop, while numerous vessels with medicines and other medicines are displayed on the shelves behind the pharmacist. The market bezel shows an overflowing range of fruit and vegetables with numerous customers and sellers in clothes from that time. Finally, on the bezel of the delicatessen shop , there are some cheese shapes in Fontina shape , which is considered the oldest illustration of traditional cheeses in the Aosta Valley. In addition to their aesthetic function, these frescoes probably also have a solemn significance; they want to show the abundance and peace that one received thanks to the power of the lord of the castle. The entire cycle is attributed to an artist who is known as '' Master Colin '' because of a grafitto in the lunette of the guard department, which indicates a "Magister Collinus" as the author of this work. The frescoes in the chapel on the first floor of the castle are also attributed to this artist.

ground floor

Ground floor plan of the castle. The rooms to be visited are marked in yellow.
Detail of one of the courtroom's frescoes

The castle has a total of about 50 rooms, of which only about 10 can be visited as part of a guided tour. A door under the vestibule leads to the dining room with a vaulted ceiling, furnished with furniture from the 19th century, which Vittorio Avondo had made based on models from the Renaissance. The dining room was connected to the kitchen by a service hatch. The kitchen is divided into two by a wooden grille, creating two separate rooms that were probably intended for the preparation of different types of food. The larger part, which adjoins the dining room, has a large fireplace and stove, while the smaller part has a smaller fireplace and a sink.

On the north side, next to the stairs that lead to the upper floor, there is the so-called “court room” or “lower room”, the most important representation room of the castle. It is a large, rectangular hall, the walls of which are entirely frescoed: a false loggia supported by marble, alabaster and transparent crystal columns contains hunting scenes, scenes of court life and Nordic landscapes. The decoration culminates with the judgment of Paris , as the person who commissioned the work, Giorgio di Challant , is depicted. The frescoes of the room, presumably completed before the death of Giorgio di Challant in 1509, are attributed to the master of Wuillerine , an artist from the Franco - Flemish school, as can be seen on the steeply sloping roofs in the landscapes and the paddle mills they are typical for northern European countries. He was also the author of an ex-vote for the collegiate church of St. Ursus in Aosta. The ceiling is made of wood, its beams remained visible and carved choir stalls are attached along the walls on the long sides , copies from the 19th century of the Renaissance originals that are in the Museo Civico d'Arte Antica in Turin . On the back wall of the room is a stone fireplace decorated with a griffin and a lion that support the Challant coat of arms.

The other rooms on the ground floor, which cannot be visited, housed the pantry, the rooms of the kitchen servants and the pharmacist, the prisons, the pilgrim hall and the hall of the falconer , as well as the rooms of the guard department and other service rooms.

First floor

Floor plan of the first floor of the castle. The rooms to be visited are marked in yellow.
The armory in a photo from 1887 by Vittorio Ecclesia

The first floor of the castle was reserved for the lords ' rooms, and Vittorio Avondo , who acquired the castle in the 19th century, also used these rooms for private living. You can get there via a stone spiral staircase to the “courtroom” either from the rooms on the ground floor or directly from the inner courtyard. The staircase consists of a series of trapezoidal stone steps with a larger base, set into the brickwork on the outside and supported on the inside by cylindrical elements. These cylindrical elements overlap each other vertically, forming a central column that gives the staircase greater rigidity. The ceiling of the stairwell is formed by the visible underside of the steps and creates the impression of a continuous band that shows up when you go up the stairs.

One of the first rooms you come across when you go up the stairs is the so-called "Bedchamber of Marguerite de La Chambre", the first private room of Marguerite de La Chambre , wife of Luigi di Challant , and later that of Mencia di Braganza , Wife of Renato di Challant . The room has a wooden ceiling with exposed beams. At the top of the walls, between some of the ceiling beams, there are some frescoes with the coat of arms of Marguerite de La Chambre . The main furnishing of the room consists of a large stone fireplace and a four-poster bed , a copy from the 19th century of an original from Ussel Castle .

Renato di Challant's bedroom in a 1910 photo by Felice Ferrero

Next to the bedroom is the private prayer room of the Marguerite de La Chambre , a small, square room with a cross-vaulted ceiling. The prayer room is completely covered with frescoes depicting the Assumption of the Virgin Mary and the martyrdom of Saints Catherine and Saint Margaret . One of these frescoes depicts Marguerite de La Chambre herself in prayer together with her two daughters-in-law and her three daughters. The entire cycle was repainted in 1936.

The chapel in a photo by Vittorio Ecclesia

Adjacent to Marguerita de La Chambre's bedchamber and accessible from the stairs is a large, rectangular hall with a wooden ceiling, which was named "Chambre de Savoie" in the inventory list drawn up in 1565 after Renato's death .: Savoy Room). On the back wall of the room is a large stone fireplace on which the coat of arms of the House of Savoy is depicted - hence the original name of the room - and the combination of the coats of arms of the Challant and La Palud families in memory of the marriage of Amadeo di Challant Verey and Anne de La Palud , parents of Prior Giorgio di Challant . The room is currently furnished according to the clean-up by Vittorio Avondo in the 19th century, who housed his collection of ancient weapons and armor there; hence it is called "armory". The furnishings complete a range of furniture, copies from the 19th century of late Gothic originals.

The last room on the first floor that can be visited is the chapel, which is located in the east wing of the castle above the vestibule on the ground floor. It is a long, narrow room with a series of cross vaults as the ceiling that divide it into five bays . A wooden gate divides the room into two parts, presumably separating the part reserved for the lords of the castle from the part used by the servants. The wooden choir stalls leaning against the walls are a copy from the 19th century that Vittorio Avondo had made, while the winged altar is the one originally in the castle from the beginning of the 16th century, which Avondio bought again at the antique market after the castle was sold by the previous owners. The wings of the altarpiece and the frescoes of the chapel, on which scenes from the Christmas story , the prophets, the apostles and the doctors of the church are depicted, are attributed to Master Colin , the artist who created the lunettes of the vestibule in the inner courtyard and who also made the decoration of the Ursus College in Aosta, where Giorgio di Challant was prior.

The rooms on this floor that cannot be visited include the rooms and corridors of Renato di Challant , his two daughters Filiberta and Isabella , Cardinal Madruzzo (uncle of Giovanni Federico Madruzzo , husband of '' Isabella di Challant '') and the loggia .

Second story

Portrait of Giorgio di Challant in the oratory on the second floor of the castle
Floor plan of the second floor of the castle. The rooms to be visited are marked in yellow.

You can get to the second floor by continuing up the stone spiral staircase. The rooms of Giorgio di Challant are located above the rooms of Marguerite de La Chambre . The bedchamber of Giorgio di Challant , also called "Camera di San Maurizio" because its coffered ceiling is decorated with the crosses of the Knightly Order of Saints Mauritius and Lazarus , is furnished in the same way as the bedchamber of Marguerite de La Chambre below and contains a A four-poster bed from the 16th century, as well as a low cupboard and a seat from the 19th century, which Avondo had made in the late Gothic style. This room was heated by a large stone fireplace with the coat of arms of Giorgio di Challant , carried by a griffin and a lion.

From Giorgio di Challant's bedroom one arrives at his private prayer room, which is arranged above that of Marguerite de La Chambre . In this case, too, it is a small, square room that is covered by a cross vault and is completely decorated with frescoes. The frescoes, the work of an unknown artist who perhaps came from across the Alps and who also designed the frescoes in the oratory by Marguerite de La Chambre , depict a crucifixion scene, the Pietà and the Descent from the Cross . Giorgio the Challant , the commissioner of the work, is depicted kneeling at the feet of the cross. Like other paintings in the castle, the frescoes in this oratory were repainted during the restoration in 1936.

The main staircase leads to what is known as the “King's Hall”, which is next to Giorgio di Challant's rooms above the armory. Its name should be derived from the fact that it once hosted the French King Charles VIII during his journey through Italy in 1494. In the 16th century this was the marital bedchamber of Renato di Challant and his wife Mencia .

The King's Hall in a photo by Vittorio Ecclesia

The room has a wooden coffered ceiling and an open fireplace, which is decorated with the lilies of the French royal coat of arms. The room is furnished with furniture some of which Avondo had found again, such as: B. the four-poster bed with the coat of arms of the Challant-Aymavilles , which was bought from a farmer from Ussel and partly refurbished in the 19th century.

Passing the “Hall of the French King”, a series of openings leads to the “Tower Room”, which is located on the northwest corner in the oldest part of the castle. The various windows of the room offer views of the castles of Arnad , Verrès and Villa in Challand-Saint-Victor and this room was probably used as a signal tower. In case of danger, the lords of the castle were able to flee to the Castello di Verrès , which is easier to defend .

To get to the last room on this floor, you have to go through a loggia covered by a cross vault. The room is located in the extreme southwest of the castle and in the inventory list from 1565 it is called "Emperor's bedroom", probably because Emperor Sigismund stayed there in 1414. Today the room is called “Countess's bedroom” after Countess Isabella di Challant , the daughter of Renato di Challant and Mercia di Braganza . There is a bed from the 16th century of Tyrolean origin as well as other furniture from the 14th century that Avondo brought in , and a stone fireplace with the coat of arms of Gorgio di Challant .

In the east wing of the castle there is another loggia with a cross vault, which is not open to the public and is connected to the chapel, some rooms and spaces, as well as the stairs to the top floor of the castle. Legend has it that the ghost of Bianca Maria Gaspardone , the first wife of the lord of Issogne, Renato di Challant , appears on this loggia on moonlit nights, who fled a few months after the wedding because she was bored during the long absence of her husband. Bianca Maria was subsequently sentenced to death for the murder of her lover, Ardizzino Valperga , and executed in Milan in 1526 .

The graffiti

One of the special features of the Castello di Issogne, in addition to the famous frescoes and the pomegranate fountain, is the large number of graffiti that have been left behind over the centuries by the visitors and guests of the castle, the servants or castle residents themselves. They were preserved thanks to the fact that the castle never underwent profound changes and are witnesses of the daily life that happened around the manor. This graffiti, carved deep into the walls with the help of metal spikes, can be found all over the castle, but it is particularly present in the vestibule in the courtyard, in the corridors and in the walls of the doors and windows.

The doodles are mainly in French, Latin or Italian and include sad comments from visitors when they have to leave the castle, reflections on life and money, confessions from lovers and teasing comments. In addition to the signature of the painter Master Colin, the frescoed lunettes of the vestibule show comments on one or the other of the professions shown, while the epitaph on the death of Count Renato di Challant “XI iulii 1565 / obiit Renatus / comes de Challant ”and testimonies of sadness on the anniversary of the event.

Others

On the occasion of the world exhibition in Turin in 1884, a copy of a medieval settlement with a castle was built. a. was supervised by Alfredo d'Andrade and Vittorio Avondo . The kitchen and the "room of the French king" of the Castello di Issogne served as models for some rooms in the castle. A copy of the well-known pomegranate fountain was built on the village square of the settlement.

swell

  • Enrico D. Bona, Paola Costa Calcagno: Castelli della Valle d'Aosta . Istituto geografico De Agostini series Görlich, 1979.
  • Omar Borettaz: I graffiti nel castello di Issogne in Valle d'Aosta . Priuli & Verlucca, 1995. ISBN 88-8068-015-3 .
  • Justin Boson: Le château d'Issogne . Istituto Geografico De Agostini, Novarra 1964.
  • Francesco Corni: Segni di pietra. Torri, castelli, manner e residenze della Valle d'Aosta . Associazione Forte di Bard, 2008. ISBN 88-87677-33-6 .
  • Anna Maria Ferrero: Il castello di Issogne . Musumeci, Quart 1981. ISBN 88-7032-087-1 .
  • François-Gabriel Frutaz, Joseph-César Perrin (editor): L'inventaire du château d'Issogne en 1565 . Aosta 1963.
  • Noemi Gabrielli: Rappresentazioni sacre e profane nel Castello di Issogne . ILTE, Turin 1959.
  • Tersilia Gatto Chanu, Augusta Vittoria Cerutti: Guida insolita ai misteri, ai segreti, all legends e alle curiosità della Valle d'Aosta . Newton & Compton, 2001. ISBN 88-8289-564-5 .
  • Giuseppe Giacosa: Castelli Valdostani e Canavesani . Edizione Piemonte in Bancarella, Turin 1972.
  • Andreina Griseri: Affreschi nel castello di Issogne . Cassa di Risparmio di Torino, Turin 1970.
  • Mauro Minola, Beppe Ronco: Valle d'Aosta. Castelli e fortificazioni . Macchione, Varese 2002. ISBN 88-8340-116-6 . Pp. 20-23.
  • Carlo Nigra: Torri e castelli e case forti del Piemonte dal 1000 al secolo XVI. La Valle d'Aosta . Musumeci, Quart 1974. pp. 54-62.
  • Andrea Zanotto: Castelli Valdostani . Musumeci, Quart 2002. ISBN 88-7032-049-9 .

Web links

Commons : Castello di Issogne  - Collection of images, videos and audio files
  • Castello di Issogne . Regione Autonoma della Valle d'Aosta. Retrieved June 25, 2020.
  • Il Castello . In: Pro Loco . Regione Autonoma della Valle d'Aosta. Archived from the original on July 4, 2009.

Individual references and comments

  1. ↑ a b c d Il castello di Issogne . Courmayeur-Mont-Blanc.com. Retrieved June 15, 2020.
  2. ^ Castello di Issogne . In: Castelli e Torri . Regione Autonoma della Valle d'Aosta. Retrieved June 15, 2020.
  3. ^ Mauro Cortellazzo, Renato Perinetti: L'evoluzione del Castello di Issogne prima di Georges de Challant . In: Georges de Challant, priore illuminato. Giornate di celebrazione del V centenario della morte 1509-2009 . Regione Autonoma della Valle d'Aosta. S. 35. 2009. Archived from the original on November 4, 2013. Retrieved June 15, 2020.
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h Sonia Furlan: Un po 'di storia . In: ProLoco di Issogne . Regione Autonoma della Valle d'Aosta. Archived from the original on January 26, 2012. Retrieved June 15, 2020.
  5. ^ Castello di Issogne . In: Biblioteca di Issogne . Comune di Issogne. Archived from the original on May 4, 2008. Retrieved June 15, 2020.
  6. ↑ After the De Verrecio family died out in the second half of the 14th century, the Verrès fiefdom fell to Count Amadeo VI. of Savoy , who officially transferred it to Ibleto di Challant in 1372 .
  7. ↑ La storia di Verrès . Comune di Verrès. Retrieved June 15, 2020.
  8. ↑ Il Medioevo in Val d'Ayas; dal Medioevo alla modernità . Varasc.it. Retrieved June 15, 2020.
  9. ↑ a b La fioritura tardogotica . In: Cenni storici sul castello di Issogne . Regione Autonoma della Valle d'Aosta. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved June 15, 2020.
  10. ↑ a b c d Sonia Furlan: Il castello di Issogne piano per piano - secondo piano . In: ProLoco di Issogne . Regione Autonoma della Valle d'Aosta. Archived from the original on March 11, 2011. Retrieved June 15, 2020.
  11. ↑ a b c Tersilia Gatto Chanu, Augusta Vittoria Cerutti: Guida insolita ai misteri, ai segreti, alle leggende e alle curiosità della Valle d'Aosta . Newton & Compton, 2001. ISBN 88-8289-564-5 .
  12. ↑ The disputes between the Madruzzos and the Challants were not until 1658 with the death of Carlo Emanuele Madruzzo, 8th Count Challant and Prince-Bishop of Trento , the nephew of Isabella di Challant and Giovanni Federico Madruzzo . The inheritance and the title of count fell to Enrico Lenoncourt , a descendant of Gabriele Ferdinando Madruzzo , one of the other sons of Isabella and Giovanni Federico . The son of Enrico Lenoncourt , Carlo Maria-Giuseppe , died in 1693 without an heir and his property fell to his sister, Cristina Maurizia , who was married to Ottaviano del Carretto from Balestrino .
  13. ↑ a b Family tree of the Counts of Challant. Taieb.net. Retrieved June 16, 2020.
  14. ↑ Family tree of the Del Carrettos of Balestrino. Genealogy.euweb.cz. Retrieved June 16, 2020.
  15. ↑ The title of Count of the Challants and the family's estates, including the Castello di Issogne, fell to Francesco Gerolamo di Challant-Châtillon .
  16. ↑ The castle remained in the ownership of Gabriella di Canalis di Cumina , widow of Francesco Maurizio Gregorio di Challant and mother of Giulio Giacinto di Challant , until 1841 . After her death, she fell to her second husband, Amédée-Louis Passerin d'Entrèves , who was now first of the nobility rights, was subsequently sold to Alexandre Gaspard di Châtillon and finally to Baron Marius de Vautheleret .
  17. ↑ Un secolo di storia del "castello dei sogni" in La Stampa , July 12, 2000. p. 36.
  18. ↑ a b c d Sonia Furlan: Il castello di Issogne piano per piano - piano terreno . In: ProLoco di Issogne . Regione Autonoma della Valle d'Aosta. Archived from the original on March 11, 2011. Retrieved June 16, 2020.
  19. ↑ Sonia Furlan: La storia e la celebrazione degli Challant . In: ProLoco di Issogne . Regione Autonoma della Valle d'Aosta. Archived from the original on February 16, 2012. Retrieved June 16, 2020.
  20. ^ Cortile . Regione Autonoma della Valle d'Aosta. Retrieved June 16, 2020.
  21. ↑ Cortile - Fontana del melograno . Regione Autonoma della Valle d'Aosta. Archived from the original on January 29, 2019. Retrieved June 16, 2020.
  22. ↑ a b Alessandro Barbero: Secoli di passioni e contese nei graffiti di un maniero medievale in Valle d'Aosta Lotta di classe nel castello delle fiabe in La Stampa , 24 August 1996. p. 21.
  23. ^ I castelli della Valle d'Aosta - Issogne . NaturAosta.it. Retrieved June 16, 2020.
  24. ↑ Detail of a bezel in the guard section with two soldiers playing backgammon.
  25. ^ Stefania Sivo: Il gioco nel Medioevo . Historia Bari. Archived from the original on August 22, 2009. Retrieved June 16, 2020.
  26. ↑ La storia . Cooperativa Produttori Latte e Fontina Valle d'Aosta. Archived from the original on March 14, 2014. Retrieved June 16, 2020.
  27. ↑ Michele Peyretti: Issogne, il palazzo degli Challant . CentroNuovoMillennio.it. Archived from the original on November 23, 2013. Retrieved June 16, 2020.
  28. ↑ a b c d Sonia Furlan: Gli affreschi . In: ProLoco di Issogne . Regione Autonoma della Valle d'Aosta. Archived from the original on March 11, 2011. Retrieved June 16, 2020.
  29. ↑ Cucina . Regione Autonoma della Valle d'Aosta. Retrieved June 17, 2020.
  30. ^ Salle basse . Regione Autonoma della Valle d'Aosta. Retrieved June 17, 2020.
  31. ↑ a b Camera di Marguerite de la Chambre . Regione Autonoma della Valle d'Aosta. Archived from the original on April 2, 2016. Retrieved June 17, 2020.
  32. ^ Enrico D. Bona, Paolo Costa Calcagno: Castelli della Valle d'Aosta . Istituto geografico De Agostini - Görlich series, 1979.
  33. ^ L'oratorio di Marguerite de la Chambre . Regione Autonoma della Valle d'Aosta. Archived from the original on April 2, 2016. Retrieved June 17, 2020.
  34. ↑ After the death of Renato di Challant in 1565, an inventory was drawn up in which all rooms and equipment details of the castle, including carved furniture, valuable upholstered furniture and clothing, more than 10 kg of furnishings and silver ceramics and a library with around 100 volumes were listed .
  35. ↑ a b c Sonia Furlan: Il castello piano per piano - primo piano . Regione Autonoma della Valle d'Aosta. Archived from the original on March 11, 2011. Retrieved June 17, 2020.
  36. ^ Sala d'armi . Regione Autonoma della Valle d'Aosta. Archived from the original on April 2, 2016. Retrieved June 19, 2020.
  37. ↑ Camera e studiolo di Giorgio di Challant . Regione Autonoma della Valle d'Aosta. Retrieved June 19, 2020.
  38. ^ Oratorio di Giorgio di Challant . Regione Autonoma della Valle d'Aosta. Retrieved June 24, 2020.
  39. ^ Sala del re di Francia . Regione Autonoma della Valle d'Aosta. Retrieved June 24, 2020.
  40. ^ Camera della torre . Regione Autonoma della Valle d'Aosta. Retrieved June 24, 2020.
  41. ^ Camera della Contessina . Regione Autonoma della Valle d'Aosta. Archived from the original on March 2, 2016. Retrieved June 24, 2020.
  42. ^ Sonia Furlan: I graffiti del castello . Regione Autonoma della Valle d'Aosta. Archived from the original on November 1, 2012. Retrieved June 25, 2020.
  43. ↑ Omar Borettaz: I graffiti nel Castello di Issogne, Valle d'Aosta . Priuli & Verlucca, 1995. ISBN 88-8068-015-3 .
  44. ^ Che cos'è il Borgo Medievale . Borgo Medievale di Torino. Archived from the original on April 7, 2014. Retrieved June 26, 2020.
  45. ↑ Castello . In: Issogne . Comune di Torino. Archived from the original on April 11, 2005. Retrieved June 26, 2020.
  46. ^ Il Borgo e la Rocca Medioevale del Valentino . In: Torino Turistica . Comune di Torino. Archived from the original on November 30, 2012. Retrieved June 26, 2020.