Cymbidium

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Cymbidium
Cymbidium lowianum (Low's Kahnorchis) [1]

Cymbidium lowianum (Lows Kahnorchis)

Systematics
Order : Asparagales (Asparagales)
Family : Orchids (orchidaceae)
Subfamily : Epidendroideae
Tribe : Cymbidieae
Sub tribus : Cyrtopodiinae
Genre : Cymbidium
Scientific name
Cymbidium
Sw.

The genus Cymbidium belongs to the family of orchid (Orchidaceae), and comprises about 70 species . The botanical name is derived from the Greek word κυμβος kymbós " Nachen , Kahn " and describes the elegantly curved, strong flower lip . In the German-speaking area , these orchids are therefore also called "Kahnlippe", "Kahnorchis" and "Kahnorchidee". Cymbidium species originally come from Asia and Northeast Australia .

Illustration from A hand-book to the flora of Ceylon , 1898, panel XC by Cymbidium haematodes

Cymbidium is primarily known and loved as an ornamental plant , especially the countless, large-flowered hybrids enjoy worldwide fame and growing demand. Millions of potted plants are sold annually in supermarkets , hardware stores and garden centers and as cut flowers in florist shops. Some pure species are coveted collector's items. In China they have been used since at least 500 BC. Chr. Cultivated and bred .

description

Vegetative characteristics

Cymbidia grow as autotrophic or mycotrophic , herbaceous plants with or without pseudobulbs , the shoots arise from very short rhizomes . The bulbs are egg-shaped, ellipsoidal or spindle-shaped and often enclosed by the leaf bases. The few to many leaves are arranged in two rows. The simple leaf blades are linear or lanceolate, more rarely narrow-elliptical. Most species have a separating fabric at the base of their leaves.

Generative characteristics

Flower in detail of Cymbidium ensifolium

The inflorescence stems appear at the base of the pseudobulbs, less often from the leaf axils. The flowers are rarely single, but mostly in large numbers in upright or overhanging inflorescences . The cover sheets are durable.

The hermaphrodite flowers are zygomorphic , threefold and medium or large in size. The sepals and petals are free-standing and of different lengths. The lip is also free-standing or at its base by three to six millimeters fused with the column, three-lobed and the side lobes are often upright. The middle lobe is usually bent back, the rear plate has two longitudinal lamellae, which run from the base of the lip to the center of the middle lobe, sometimes the lamellae are inflated towards the tip or broken in the middle. The flower column is quite long, often slightly arched and narrowly winged. The waxy pollinia are made up of either two identical sacs or four - then in two unequal pairs - at their base they are fused together on a short stem.

The capsule fruits are egg-shaped and have several longitudinal furrows on their surface.

Reproduction

Among the many pollinators - insects include honeybees , wasps , carpenter bees and bumblebees . It can take up to nine months from fertilization to ripe capsule fruit. In a few species, such as Cymbidium lowii , a special phenomenon was observed that also occurs in other orchid genera such as Phalaenopsis and Vanda : After successful fertilization, the bracts do not wither or fall off, they just recede a little, green and remain until the seeds are fully ripe. It is assumed that this metamorphosis of the flowers is supposed to promote the ripening of the seeds by means of additional photosynthesis .

Distribution and habitat

The Cymbidium species thrive in the tropics and subtropics up to alpine regions. The genus Cymbidium is distributed from Asia to northern Australia : China , Nepal , North India , Japan , Malaysia , Borneo , Sri Lanka , New Guinea and the Solomon Islands . The plants live predominantly terrestrially or epiphytically , more rarely lithophytically , whereby the number of epiphytic species predominates in the wooded lowlands.

Botanical history

Initial description

The first systematic classification and description of the genus Cymbidium was made in 1799 by the Swedish botanist Olof Peter Swartz in his work Nova Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis .

Cultural history

The genus Cymbidium is one of the oldest cultivated orchids in human history. The Chinese poet , philosopher and scholar Confucius (551–478 BC) praised the fragrance and beauty of cymbidiums. He called the orchid lánhuā (Chinese 蘭花 "graceful flower"), the character used for lán in Chinese calligraphy stands for grace , elegance and purity . During the Song Dynasty (960–1279), cymbidiums were a particularly popular motif in Zen painting . The oldest monograph on orchids in gardens and parks was written by Choa Shinkong around 1233 under the title Xín-Chǎng Lán P型 (Chinese 型 厂 兰 谱 "Treatises on orchids in Chin-Chang"). In his work, Choa describes the botanical details as well as the correct culture of over 22 types of orchid, primarily the genera Calanthe , Phaius and Cymbidium .

Even today, certain species, for example Cymbidium ensifolium , are used for medicinal purposes in Asia : In China, the pseudobulbs are used against stomach pain and venous disorders. In Cambodia , Laos and Vietnam , the flowers are used to wash out the eyes, the leaves are used to promote urination and the roots are used for respiratory problems.

In Bhutan , South Asia , the pseudobulbs and flowers of Cymbidium hookerianum are collected and either consumed or sold in the market. They are considered a delicacy there and are called "Olachoto" by the locals.

Cymbidium was the first genus of orchids that was successfully propagated by the so-called plant tissue culture in 1960.

Cymbidium erythraeum 'Paradise'

Modern

Countless, nameless Cymbidium hybrids are sold in supermarkets, hardware stores and garden centers and as cut flowers in florists' shops. The hybrids were mainly bred for large flowers, flowering potential and robustness. Potted plants are mainly kept outdoors (e.g. on balconies and patios) because they need fresh, moving air. Some species are even frost hardy. Pure species such as B. Cymbidium lowii and Cymbidium aloifolium , are considered rarities and are mostly in great demand with collectors.

Systematics

Cymbidium aliciae
Cymbidium aloifolium
Cymbidium chloranthum
Cymbidium erythrostylum
Cymbidium goeringii
Cymbidium hookerianum
Cymbidium iridioides
Cymbidium kanran
Cymbidium lancifolium
Cymbidium madidum
Cymbidium suave
Cymbidium tracyanum

Species and their distribution

The species register of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew lists the following 77 species in 2020:

  • Cymbidium acuminatum M.A. Clem. & DLJones : It only occurs in eastern New Guinea .
  • Cymbidium aliciae Quisumb. : It only occurs on the Philippine island of Luzon .
  • Cymbidium aloifolium (L.) Sw. : It is common from the Himalayas to western Malesia .
  • Cymbidium atrolabium X.Y.Liao, SRLan & ZJLiu : The species first described in 2019 occurs in Yunnan.
  • Cymbidium atropurpureum (Lindl.) Rolfe (Syn .: Cymbidium pendulum var. Atropurpureum Lindl. ): It comes from Hainan over southern Indochina to western and central Malesia.
  • Cymbidium banaense Gagnep. : It occurs in Vietnam.
  • Cymbidium bicolor Lindl. : There are two subspecies:
    • Cymbidium bicolor Lindl. subsp. bicolor : It is distributed from India via Sri Lanka , the Andamans and Nicobars .
    • Cymbidium bicolor subsp. pubescens (Lindl.) Du Puy & PJCribb (Syn .: Cymbidium pubescens Lindl. ): It is common from the Andamans and Nicobars to western and central Malesia .
  • Cymbidium borneense J.J.Wood : It occurs on Borneo in Sabah and Sarawak .
  • Cymbidium canaliculatum R.Br. : It occurs in northern and eastern Australia .
  • Cymbidium changningense Z.J.Liu & SCChen : It was first described in 2005 and is perhaps a natural hybrid from Cymbidium lowianum × Cymbidium mastersii . It only occurs in western Yunnan .
  • Cymbidium chloranthum Lindl. : It occurs from western Malesia to Palawan .
  • Cymbidium cochleare Lindl. : It occurs from the eastern Himalayas to southwestern Yunnan, Thailand , Myanmar , Vietnam and Taiwan .
  • Cymbidium concinnum Z.J.Liu & SCChen : It was first described in 2006 and is perhaps a natural hybrid of Cymbidium lowianum × Cymbidium mastersii . It occurs in Assam and western Yunnan.
  • Cymbidium crassifolium Herb. : It comes from the Himalayas over southern China to Indochina .
  • Cymbidium cyperifolium Wall. ex Lindl. : There have been three subspecies since 2003:
    • Cymbidium cyperifolium Wall. ex Lindl. subsp. cyperifolium : It occurs from the Himalayas to southern China.
    • Cymbidium cyperifolium subsp. indochinense Du Puy & PJCribb : It occurs from Indochina to the Philippines .
    • Cymbidium cyperifolium var. Szechuanicum (YSWu & SCChen) SCChen & ZJLiu (Syn .: Cymbidium szechuanicum Y.S.Wu & SCChen ): It received the rank of a subspecies in 2003: It occurs from Uttarakhand to south-central China.
  • Cymbidium daweishanense G.Q.Zhang & ZJLiu : The species first described in 2018 occurs in Yunnan.
  • Cymbidium dayanum Rchb. f. : It is distributed from the Himalayas via Indochina to the southern part of the Japanese island of Kyushu and Malesia.
  • Cymbidium defoliatum Y.S.Wu & SCChen : It occurs in south-central China to northern N. Fujian .
  • Cymbidium devonianum Paxton : It occurs in eastern Nepal and southeastern Yunnan.
  • Cymbidium dianlan H.He : The species first described in 2019 occurs in Yunnan.
  • Cymbidium eburneum Lindl. : It occurs from the Himalayas over Indochina to Hainan .
  • Cymbidium elegans Lindl. : There have been two varieties since 2006:
    • Cymbidium elegans var. Elegans : It occurs from the Himalayas to southwest Sichuan and Yunnan.
    • Cymbidium elegans var. Lushuiense (ZJLiu, SCChen & XCShi) ZJLiu & SCChen (Syn .: Cymbidium lushuiense Z.J.Liu, SCChen & XCShi ): It has been a variety since 2006 and only occurs in southwestern Yunnan.
  • Cymbidium elongatum J.J.Wood, Du Puy & Shim : It occurs on Borneo in Sabah and Sarawak.
  • Cymbidium ensifolium (L.) Sw. (Syn .: Epidendrum ensifolium L. ): It is distributed from temperate East Asia via Indochina via Japan to the Philippine island of Luzon.
  • Cymbidium erythraeum Lindl. : There have been two varieties since 2006:
    • Cymbidium erythraeum Lindl. var. erythraeum : It is distributed from the Himalayas to Vietnam and south-central China.
    • Cymbidium erythraeum var. Flavum (ZJLiu & J.Yong Zhang) ZJLiu, SCChen & PJCribb (Syn .: Cymbidium flavum Z.J.Liu & J.Yong Zhang ): It has been a variety since 2009 and occurs in Yunnan.
  • Cymbidium erythrostylum Rolfe : It occurs in Vietnam.
  • Cymbidium faberi Rolfe : It occurs from Nepal via Thailand, central and southern China to Taiwan.
  • Cymbidium finlaysonianum Lindl. : It occurs from Indochina to Malesia.
  • Cymbidium floribundum Lindl. : It occurs from southern China to northern Vietnam and Taiwan.
  • Cymbidium formosanum Hayata : It is only found in Taiwan.
  • Cymbidium gaoligongense Z.J.Liu & J.Yong Zhang : It was first described in 2003 from western Yunnan and is perhaps a natural hybrid of Cymbidium erythraeum × Cymbidium tracyanum .
  • Cymbidium goeringii (Rchb. F.) Rchb. f. : It is distributed from the Himalayas to China and Korea to Japan .
  • Cymbidium haematodes Lindl. : It is distributed from southern India via Laos and southwestern Yunnan to western Malesia.
  • Cymbidium hartinahianum J.B.Comber & Nasution : It occurs only in northern Sumatra .
  • Cymbidium hookerianum Rchb. f. : It occurs from Assam through eastern Nepal, Thailand, Myanmar to southern China and Vietnam.
  • Cymbidium lowianum (Rchb. F.) Rchb. f. (Syn .: Cymbidium giganteum var. Lowianum Rchb. F. ): Since 2005 it contains three varieties:
    • Cymbidium lowianum var. Ailaoense X.M.Xu : It was first described in 2005 from Yunnan.
    • Cymbidium lowianum var. Kalawense (Colyear) Govaerts (Syn .: Cymbidium grandiflorum var. Kalawense Colyear ): It occurs in southwestern Yunnan and in Myanmar.
    • Cymbidium lowianum (Rchb. F.) Rchb. f. var. lowianum : It occurs from Assam and southern Yunnan to northern Indochina.
  • Cymbidium macrorhizon Lindl. : It is distributed from northern Pakistan and eastern India to temperate East Asia.
  • Cymbidium madidum Lindl. : It occurs in the Australian states of Queensland and northern New South Wales .
  • Cymbidium mastersii handle. ex Lindl. : It occurs from the eastern Himalayas to western Yunnan and Indochina.
  • Cymbidium micranthum Z.J.Liu & SCChen : It was first described in 2004 from southeastern Yunnan.
  • Cymbidium munroanum King & Pantl. : It occurs in the eastern Himalayas to Assam.
  • Cymbidium nanulum Y.S.Wu & SCChen : It occurs in the Chinese provinces of southern Yunnan, southwestern Guizhou and Hainan.
  • Cymbidium omeiense Y.S.Wu & SCChen : This endemic occurs in Sichuan only in the Emei Shan and is perhaps a natural hybrid of Cymbidium tortisepalum .
  • Cymbidium parishii Rchb. f. : It occurs in southern Myanmar.
  • Cymbidium puerense Z.J.Liu & SRLan : The species first described in 2018 occurs in Yunnan.
  • Cymbidium qiubeiense K.M.Feng & H.Li : It occurs in the Chinese provinces of southeastern Yunnan and southwestern Guizhou.
  • Cymbidium rectum Ridl. : It occurs from the Thai Peninsula to the Malay Peninsula and northern Borneo.
  • Cymbidium recurvatum Z.J.Liu, SCChen & PJCribb : It was first described in 2009 from Yunnan.
  • Cymbidium repens Aver. & QTPhan : It was first described from Vietnam in 2016.
  • Cymbidium roseum J.J.Sm. : It occurs in western Malesia.
  • Cymbidium sanderae (Rolfe) PJCribb & Du Puy (Syn .: Cymbidium parishii var. Sanderae Rolfe ): It has been a species since 1988 and occurs in Vietnam.
  • Cymbidium schroederi Rolfe : It occurs in southeastern Yunnan and central Vietnam.
  • Cymbidium seidenfadenii (PJCribb & Du Puy) PJCribb (Syn .: Cymbidium insigne subsp. Seidenfadenii P.J.Cribb & Du Puy ): It has been a species since 2014 and occurs in northern Thailand.
  • Cymbidium serratum Schltr. : It occurs in south-central China.
  • Cymbidium shidianense G.Z.Chen, GQZhang & LJChen : The species first described in 2019 occurs in Yunnan.
  • Cymbidium sichuanicum Z.J.Liu & SCChen : It was first described in 2006 from north-central Sichuan.
  • Cymbidium sigmoideum J.J.Sm. : It occurs in western Malesia.
  • Cymbidium sinense (Andrews) Willd. : It occurs from Assam via China and Indochina to the Japanese island of Yakushima .
  • Cymbidium suave R.Br. : It occurs in the eastern Australian states of Queensland and New South Wales.
  • Cymbidium suavissimum Sander ex CHCurtis : It occurs in western Yunnan and southwestern Guizhou and in northern Indochina.
  • Cymbidium tamphianum Aver. : The species first described in 2018 occurs in Vietnam.
  • Cymbidium teretipetiolatum Z.J.Liu & SCChen : It was first described in 2002 from southern Yunnan.
  • Cymbidium tigrinum C.SP Parish ex Hook. : It occurs in Assam (only in Nagaland) in western Yunnan, Myanmar and Thailand.
  • Cymbidium tortisepalum Fukuy. : Since 2003 there are three varieties:
    • Cymbidium tortisepalum var. Longibracteatum (YSWu & SCChen) SCChen & ZJLiu (Syn .: Cymbidium longibracteatum Y.S.Wu & SCChen ): it has since 2003, the rank of variety and is found in the south-central China.
    • Cymbidium tortisepalum Fukuy. var. tortisepalum It occurs in western Sichuan, western Yunnan and Taiwan.
  • Cymbidium tracyanum L.Castle : It occurs in southeastern Tibet , in the Chinese provinces of southern Yunnan and southwestern Guizhou and in northern Indochina.
  • Cymbidium wadae T.Yukawa : It occurs in northern Thailand.
  • Cymbidium wenshanense Y.S.Wu & FYLiu : It occurs in southeastern Yunnan and in Vietnam.
  • Cymbidium whiteae King & Pantl. : This endemic occurs in eastern Sikkim only in Gangtok.
  • Cymbidium wilsonii (Rolfe ex De Cock) Rolfe (Syn .: Cymbidium giganteum var. Wilsonii Rolfe ex De Cock ): It occurs in southern Yunnan and in Vietnam.
Cymbidium 'Doris' is a hybrid of Cymbidium insigne and Cymbidium tracyanum

Natural hybrids

There are around 16 natural hybrids:

Culture hybrids

Cymbidium hybrids.
  • Cymbidium × eburneo-lowianum (= Cymbidium eburneum × Cymbidium lowianum )
  • Cymbidium × lowio-grandiflorum (= Cymbidium lowii × Cymbidium grandiflorum )

Generic hybrids

  • Cymphiella Hort. (= Cymbidium Sw. × Eulophiella Rolfe )
  • Bifrenidium hoard. (= Cymbidium Sw. × Bifrenaria Lindl. )
  • Cymasetum hoard. (= Cymbidium Sw. × Catasetum Rich. Ex Kunth )

Multi-genus hybrids

  • Thompsonara Hort. (= Cymbidium Sw. × Grammatophyllum flower × Catasetum Rich. Ex. Kunth )
  • Cymaclosethum G. F. Carr & J. M. H. Shaw (= Cymbidium Sw. × Clowesia Lindl. × Catasetum Rich. Ex Kunth )
  • Kalakauara G. F. Carr & J. M. H. Shaw (= Cymbidium Sw. × Grammatophyllum Blume × Clowesia Lindl. × Catasetum Rich. Ex Kunth )

Economic factor

Today, millions of Cymbidium cut flowers are marketed worldwide, the main buyers being countries with a moderate climate. The main producing countries are Singapore , Thailand , New Zealand and the Netherlands . In New Zealand the flower harvest takes place from May to August, in Thailand from October to March. The main importing countries are Italy , Germany , Holland , France and England . The currently largest in vitro production of Cymbidium hybrids comes from India , as does the trade in so-called old bulb divisions.

Diseases and pests

Particularly well known is the Cymbidium mosaic virus ( CymMV ), also Cymbidium black stripe virus plain or orchid mosaic virus called a virosis in which the sheets are stained and black and the stems of the plant rots from the inside out. The virus is particularly feared among Asian orchid farmers, as an infection is associated with high numbers of losses and the economic damage is great.

Endangerment and species protection

The species Cymbidium defoliatum and Cymbidium nanulum are classified as "endangered" by the IUCN Red List .

literature

  • David P. Banks: Tropical Orchids: Of Southeast Asia. Periplus Editions, Hong Kong (China) 1999, ISBN 9625931562 .
  • Yibo Luo, Chén Xīnqǐ, Jízhàn Hé: Native Orchids of China in Color. Elsevier / Science Press, Beijing 1999, ISBN 7030069633 .
  • Eng-Soon Teoh: Orchids of Asia. Marshall Cavendish, Singapore 2005, ISBN 9812610154 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b data sheet of the cymbidiums of the Potsdam Botanical Garden (German); last accessed on October 3, 2017.
  2. ^ Günther Hofmeister, Albert Springer: Orchids in the room and in the garden: A guide for the orchid lover. On behalf of the German Orchid Society . Paul Parey, Hamburg 1953, page 37.
  3. ↑ a b Zhongjian Liu, Xinqi Chen, Phillip J. Cribb: Cymbidium. , Pp. 260-268 - the same text online as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 25: Orchidaceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 2009, ISBN 978-1-930723-90-0 .
  4. ↑ a b Jisaboru Ohwi: Flora of Japan. Smithonian Institute, Washington DC. 1965, pages 354-355. ( scanned ; English.)
  5. ^ H. Lecomte: Flore générale de l'Indo-Chine . In: Boulevard Saint-Germain , Volume 6. Masson et Cie, Paris 1908–1942, page 411. ( scanned ; French)
  6. ^ Robert L. Dressler: Phylogeny And Classification Of The Orchid Family. Cambridge University Press, London 1993, ISBN 0521450586 . P. 166.
  7. ↑ a b c d e Eng-Soon Teoh: Orchids of Asia. Pp. 36-38, 96-97.
  8. ↑ a b Tiiu Kull, J. Arditti, Sek Man Wong: Orchid Biology. Pp. 43-52, 252-253.
  9. ^ David P. Banks: Tropical Orchids. P. 22.
  10. ↑ Cymbidium in the IPNI database ; English
  11. ^ Christophe Wiart: Medicinal Plants of China, Korea, and Japan: Bioresources for Tomorrow's Drugs and Cosmetics. CRC Press, Boca Raidon (FL) 2012, ISBN 1439899118 . P. 101.
  12. ↑ Thomas Caspari: Nahi Gewog . In: Bhutan-German Sustainable RNR Developement Project April / May 2002 , p. 1 f. ( PDF ( Memento of the original from July 19, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this note .; English). @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / thomas-caspari.de
  13. ↑ Laxmi Thapa: The research project on edible wild plants of Bhutan and the associated traditional knowledge . In: Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture , Vol. 45, No. 1, February 2009, p. 43, 45. Shinshu University, Nagano (Japan) 2009. ( PDF ( Memento of the original of February 24, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this note .; English) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / soar-ir.shinshu-u.ac.jp
  14. ^ Joseph Arditti: Micropropagation of Orchids , Volume 1. Wiley & Son, London 2009, ISBN 1444300407 . P. 349.
  15. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Cymbidium. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved April 6, 2020.
  16. ↑ James Herbert Veitch: Hortus Veitchii. Pp. 169-170.
  17. ↑ a b generic hybrids of Cymbidium in the IPNI database ; English.
  18. ↑ VB Singh, K. Akali Sema, Pauline Alila, YY Kikon, CS Maiti: Horticulture for Sustainable Income and Environmental Protection: Advances in horticultural practices fruits and ornamentals (= Horticulture for Sustainable Income and Environmental Protection, Horticulture for Sustainable Income and Environmental Protection . , Volume 1). Concept Publishing Company, New Delhi 2006, ISBN 8180692213 . Pp. 342-343.
  19. ↑ Cymbidium in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017. Accessed on 2017-10-03.

Web links

Commons : Cymbidium  - album with pictures, videos and audio files