Broom

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Common broom
Common broom (Cytisus scoparius) in May.

Common broom ( Cytisus scoparius ) in May.

Systematics
Eurosiden I
Order : Fabales (Fabales)
Family : Legumes (Fabaceae)
Subfamily : Butterflies (Faboideae)
Genre : Goat clover ( Cytisus )
Type : Common broom
Scientific name
Cytisus scoparius
( L. ) Link

The broom broom ( Cytisus scoparius ), more precisely called common broom broom , is a species of plant in the subfamily of the butterflies (Faboideae) within the legume family (Fabaceae). Although the common broom has the word component "-ginster" in its common name , it does not belong to the genus Gorse ( Genista ), but to the genus Geißklee ( Cytisus ).

description

Habitus
Branch with flower buds, open flowers and young fruits shortly after fertilization
Zygomorphic flower after "explosion" of the boat
Branches with ripe legumes
Broom on an exposed extensive pasture
Illustration from Koehler's medicinal plants

Vegetative characteristics

The broom is a winter-bare, summer-bare shrub (rod bush ) that reaches heights of 1 to 2 meters, rarely a small tree shrub up to 3 meters high. It has long, broom-shaped, dense, pentagonal green branches.

The alternate, three-part leaves have obovate partial leaflets and are silky-hairy.

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Generative characteristics

The flowering period extends from May to June. The flowers are heaped individually on stems in the upper parts of the branch. The hermaphroditic flowers are zygomorphic with a length of up to 2.5 centimeters and five-fold with a double flower envelope . The five petals are golden yellow. All ten stamens have grown together to form a tube.

There are legumes formed.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 46 or 48.

ecology

The broom grows fast, young plants reach heights of up to 45 centimeters in the first year. In the second year they begin to branch out and reach heights of over 1 meter. The wood growth is strongest in the fourth year, after which the growth decreases rapidly. The beginning of flowering is usually in the third year. The frost-sensitive shrub freezes back down to the thick trunk in severe winters. The broom is a raw floor pioneer . The broom is usually not older than twelve years.

It is deep-rooted and has, as is the rule with legumes, root nodules with nitrogen-binding symbiotic bacteria.

From an ecological point of view, these are "pollen butterfly flowers with a quick mechanism". Nectar is not held. The pollination mechanism can only be triggered by large bumblebees : if a larger visitor to the flowers sits on the wings, the shuttle connected to the wings by a fold is pressed down. It opens at the top and first the five shorter stamens shoot out and hurl their pollen onto the visitor's stomach (explosion mechanism). If the boat is split up to the tip, a second explosion occurs, through which the stylus and almost simultaneously the four longer, lower stamens of the inner circle snap out and hit the visitor on the back. Exploded flowers are visited by smaller bees and beetles that collect pollen . Self-pollination is unsuccessful.

The black and therefore heat-storing legumes are typical dehydration spreaders. Usually in the midday heat, the pods burst open with a bang along the upper and lower seams, the two halves of the pod roll apart in a screw-like manner, throwing their seeds several meters into the environment - as is common with other gorse. In addition, the round seeds can spread as rolled seeds, as well as spread via the crop of pigeons or because of the oil bodies ( elaiosomes ) by ants . The hard-shell seeds ripen at the end of August to the beginning of September, they only germinate in the second year and remain viable for decades. Germination only takes place in light and is promoted by fire.

Locations

The Scotch broom common and sociable lives on spontaneous pastures (fire Weiden), in Forest beats , forest fringes, in wastelands , along paths and slopes and in open acidophilous oak and hornbeam forests. In the Eifel , Rhenish Slate Mountains and Sauerland , broom heather developed on the grassland areas used as common land as a result of a form of alternating farming called field-heather alternating farming. On some pastures in the Black Forest and in the Vosges, the broom has spread undesirably as a nuisance and poisonous pasture spoiler. There it occurs at altitudes of around 800 meters and is then replaced by the smaller winged gorse . In the Allgäu Alps, it rises in the Great Forest on the road between Fallenberghütte and Alpe Schnitzlertal south of Wertach in Bavaria to an altitude of 1070 meters.

The broom thrives best in soils that are poor in base and nitrogen , which can be loamy, sandy or stony. It is absent in pure limestone areas. According to Ellenberg , it is a light plant, widespread in the ocean and an association characteristic of the common broom bushes (Sarothamnenion).

Systematics

It was first published in 1753 under the name ( Basionym ) Spartium scoparium by Carl von Linné . The new combination to Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link was published by Heinrich Friedrich Link . Other synonyms for Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link are: Genista scoparia (L.) Lam. , Sarothamnus bourgaei Boiss. , Sarothamnus oxyphyllus Boiss. , Sarothamnus vulgaris Wimm. nom. illeg., Sarothamnus scoparius (L.) WDJKoch .

One can distinguish the following subspecies:

  • Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link subsp. scoparius : It is widespread in Europe.
  • Cytisus scoparius subsp. maritimus (Rouy) Heywood (Syn .: Genista scoparia var. maritima Rouy ): This subspecies with prostrate branches occurs on the coast of France, Great Britain, Ireland, Denmark and Germany. The number of chromosomes is 2n = 46.

Toxicity

The broom is poisonous in all parts of the plant. Are responsible for alkaloids such as (-) - sparteine (main alkaloid, about 90% of the total alkaloids), (-) - 17-Oxospartein, (±) - lupanine and Hydroxylupanin . Flavonoids may be involved in the effects.

Other ingredients are phenylethylamines (e.g. tyramine , dopamine ). The flavone glycoside scoparin (8-C-β- D -glucosyl-3'-O-methyl luteolin ) is also found in broom.

Symptoms of poisoning include a. Vomiting, diarrhea, drowsiness and headache. High doses first lead to peripheral respiratory paralysis , then to bradycardia and asystolic cardiac arrest .

use

Medical use

The following are described as pharmaceutical drugs :

  • the dried, woody, green shoots with twigs and leaves ( Sarothamni scoparii herba or Cytisi scoparii herba )
  • the fresh flowers and leaves ( Cytisi flos )

Active ingredients are: quinolizidine alkaloids , especially sparteine ​​and lupanine; biogenic amines such as dopamine and tyramine; Flavonoids , such as scoparin.

The effect of broom weed is largely based on its alkaloid content. It is used as a supportive therapy for circulatory regulation disorders and low blood pressure. Because of the changing content of sparteine , finished preparations with standardized extracts are more suitable for therapeutic use. The previously used isolated sparteine ​​(as sparteine ​​sulfate) is no longer used as a medicinal product because of its uncertain effectiveness and toxicity. There are no concerns about the use of the flowers with a very low content as a decorative drug in tea blends . They can contain up to 1%.

Other uses

The name suggests its former use as a spider brush . The broom is used as winter food for rabbits and deer. It is also used as a soil improver ( nodule bacteria ) and as a fast-growing soil stabilizer. Cultivated forms with a different flower color are used as ornamental shrubs. Emil Gött tried to use the fibers of the plant economically, but they turned out to be too weak.

Common names

Another popular name is broom bush . The other common German-language names exist or existed for the common broom : Besenginster ( Switzerland ), Besenkraut (Switzerland), Besenstrauch ( Bavaria ), Bessenkrut ( Schleswig-Holstein ), Bessenstruk ( Mecklenburg ), Braem, Brâm ( Lübeck to East Frisia ), gel Bram ( Middle Low German ), Bran ( Saxony ), Branen (Saxony), Breem ( Middle High German ), Brehme (Saxony), Breme (Middle High German), Brempt, Brimma ( Old High German ), Brimme ( Pomerania , Middle High German), Bromen, Brumme (Middle Low German) , Farbpfriem, Flomber (Middle High German), Frauenschüchel, Frumme (Middle High German), Gäst, Gaister, Galstern, Ganster, Gast, Gelster, Genester (Switzerland), Genist, Genst, Genster, Gester ( Eifel around Lutzerath ), Gienitz, Gienst ( Silesia ), Gimps (Eifel), Gimst (Eifel), Ginst, Gister (Eifel around Bertrich ), Grausen (Silesia), Grauweide (Bavaria), Gripsche, Grimsche (Saxony), Grinitsch ( Swabia ), Grinz, Grinzsche, Grische (Saxony ), Grünitz, Grünling, Grünsper, Gü nst, Günster, Favor (Middle High German), Gurst, Gynst, Hasenbram (Mecklenburg), Hasengeil ( Prignitz , Mecklenburg), Hasenheide, Hasenhuss, Hasenkräutich ( Niederlausitz ), Hasenkraut (Mark near Strausberg and Wriezen ), Hasenstruch, Heidepfriemen, Heyde (Middle High German ), Judenruthen, Kranweig (already mentioned in 1519), Krientsch (Mark near Strausberg), Kühnschoten (Silesia), Kühnschroten ( Frankfurt (Oder) , Saxony), Kühschoten (Silesia), Kühschroten, Kunschruthen, Pehfriede, Pfingstblume (Middle High German), Pfingstpfriemen, Pfremen, Pfriemholz, Pfriemenheide, Pfrim, Pfrimmen (Middle High German), Pfrimme, Pfrimmholz, Phriemkrut (Middle High German), Phrimma (Old High German), Pinkstblaumen ( Grafschaft Mark ), Prumen, Prymen, wild Vines (Middle High German), Ramse (Black Forest), Rehkraut, Schachtkraut, Smelhe (Middle High German), Smelohe (Middle High German), Stechpfriemen, Vitschen (Saxony), Wildholz and Witschen.

literature

  • Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait . 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 .
  • Ingrid Schönfelder, Peter Schönfelder: The new manual of medicinal plants. Special edition. Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 2011, ISBN 978-3-440-12932-6 .
  • Peter Schönfelder , Ingrid Schönfelder: The Kosmos medicinal plants guide. European medicinal and poisonous plants. 6th, revised edition. Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 1995, ISBN 3-440-06954-0 .
  • Siegmund Seybold (Ed.): Schmeil-Fitschen interactive . CD-ROM, version 1.1. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2002, ISBN 3-494-01327-6 .
  • Eckehart J. Jäger (Ed.): Rothmaler excursion flora of Germany . 20th edition

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp.  582 .
  2. ↑ a b Ekkehard Liehl : Hinterzarten. Face and history of a Black Forest landscape. Rosgarten, Konstanz 1986, ISBN 3-87685-054-1 , p. 35 and p. 76.
  3. ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 2, IHW, Eching 2004, ISBN 3-930167-61-1 , p. 116.
  4. ↑ a b Data from ILDIS World Database of Legumes , 2010: scoparius & PTRefFk = 8500000 Cytisus scoparius In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity.
  5. ↑ David G. Frodin, Vernon H. Heywood : Cytisus L. In: TG Tutin, VH Heywood, NA Burges, DM Moore, DH Valentine, SM Walters, DA Webb (eds.): Flora Europaea . Volume 2: Rosaceae to Umbelliferae . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1968, ISBN 0-521-06662-X , pp. 86–90 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search).
  6. ^ A b T. Dingermann, K. Hiller, G. Schneider, I. Zündorf: Schneider drug drugs . 5th edition, Elsevier 2004, ISBN 3-8274-1481-4 , p. 440.
  7. ↑ a b c d e f E. Teuscher: Biogenic drugs. 5th edition. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, 1997. ISBN 3-8047-1482-X . P. 355 f.
  8. ↑ Monograph Cytisi scoparii herba (Commission E, BGA / BfArM) , accessed on April 4, 2019.
  9. ^ A b Negative monograph Cytisi flos (Commission E, BGA / BfArM) , accessed on April 4, 2019.
  10. ^ Friedrich Oltmanns : Das Pflanzenleben des Schwarzwaldes Volume 1, p. 226 etc.
  11. ^ Georg August Pritzel , Carl Jessen : The German folk names of plants. New contribution to the German linguistic treasure. Philipp Cohen, Hannover 1882, pp. 127–128. ( online ).

Web links

Commons : Common broom ( Cytisus scoparius )  - album with pictures, videos and audio files
Wiktionary: Broomstick  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations