Dąbrowski Battalion

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International Brigade

The Dąbrowski Battalion ( Polish Batalion im. Jarosława Dąbrowskiego ) was a Polish battalion of the International Brigades in the Spanish Civil War .

At the beginning of the Spanish Civil War, the first Polish militiamen formed a Columna (column) in Barcelona called Dąbrowski . It was named after the Polish democratic revolutionary Jarosław Dąbrowski . This Columna was named after the Centuria Dąbrowski , the Dąbrowski battalion and the XIII. International Brigade.

The Centuria Dąbrowski and the Dąbrowski battalion were initially formed from Polish brigadists, mostly pro-Soviet communists. Initially, mainly Poles served in the Centuria Dąbrowski and the Dąbrowski battalion. Towards the end of the Spanish Civil War, mainly Spaniards fought in the Dąbrowski battalion. Only officers and NCOs were still predominantly Poles. Like all battalions, the battalion was organized and looked after by the Comintern and the Soviet security service NKVD . The Polish brigadists served until the formation of the XIII. International brigade called Dąbrowski in August 1937 in various mixed brigades ( Brigada Mixta ) such as B. in the 150th Mixta Brigade. The Dąbrowski battalion was with the XIII. International Brigade ( Dąbrowski ) disbanded on September 24, 1938.

history

→ see tabular chronology of the Dąbrowski battalion

Soldiers of the Polish Brigade

The legal situation

According to the Nationality Act of the Polish Republic of 1920, which forbade service in a non-Polish army without a permit from the Polish Republic, Polish citizens lost their citizenship when entering a foreign army. On December 11, 1936, the Polish government issued a proclamation warning the volunteers of the impending deprivation of their Polish citizenship . On February 26, 1938, the Minister of the Interior of Poland initiated the implementation of the revocation of Polish citizenship with an ordinance.

More Polish battalions

In addition to the Dąbrowski battalion, the Polish Palafox battalion and the Mickiewicz battalion fought in the XIII. International Brigade ( Dąbrowski ). Furthermore, Poland fought in the nine-nation battalion of the XIV International Brigade ( Marseillaise ). During the Spanish Civil War, between 4,000 and 5,000 Poles fought on the side of the Spanish Republic. A large part of the brigadists were miners who worked in France, Belgium or other countries, with around 800 of the Polish brigadists coming directly from Poland. In addition, brigadists from western Ukraine fought alongside the Poles in a separate unit called Taras Shevchenko .

Poles also fought in POUM militia units. For example, commanded a Pole, the POUM Centuria Extranjero I .

The first communist Polish militiamen

On August 28, 1936, nine Polish miners from France crossed the Franco-Spanish border and took part in the defense of the city of Irún . They fought with the French in the Wroblewski militia group , with the German Edgar André group and with the Gorizia militia group . The deputy commander of the 200-man militia unit was Leib Jampolski (Jean-Paul) and the leader of the Polish militia officers was Francis Palka . After the defeat of the Republicans, the Polish militiamen fled to France on September 4, 1936 and returned to Spain via southern France.

In Barcelona they met a group coming from Paris, around Stanisław Matuszczak , Stanisław Ulanowski and Antoni Kochanek . On September 8, 1936, a group of 36 Poles formed a machine gun division called Jarosław Dąbrowski in the "Carlos Marx" ( Pedralbes Monastery ) barracks of the Communist Party of Catalonia (PSUC) . She became part of the Libertad Corps .

From September 11, 1936, the Libertad Corps fought in the heights of Talavera de la Reina , 100 kilometers west of Madrid . The Polish militiamen also took part in a counterattack on Pelahustán in the Talavera de la Reina plateau and defended the Osso hill on this plateau. On October 6, 1936, the nationalist troops forced the "Libertad" corps to withdraw to Madrid. The Libertad Corps was encircled during retreats. Only a few Polish brigadists managed to leave for Madrid. They then took part in battles west of Madrid near Brunete and in battles near El Escorial in defense of Madrid. Due to high losses, the Polish militia group was united with the Battalion Commune de Paris .

Dąbrowski Battalion

Following the decision of the Spanish government, the militia units were reorganized into battalions. The Dąbrowski battalion was probably formed on October 22, 1936. From October 25th, the battalion belonged to the 9th alongside the Garibaldi battalion , the Thälmann battalion , the Commune de Paris battalion , the later Edgar André battalion and an artillery battery . Brigada Móvil de Choque . On November 1, 1936, the regrouping of the IX took place. Brigada Móvil de Choque to the XI. International Brigade.

International Brigades

In October 1936 a group of Polish brigadists was ordered to Albacete . In Albacete, the central base and training camp of the International Brigades, took place on 28 October 1936, the restructuring of the Dabrowski Battalion with three companies and a man strength of 300 to 600. It was designated N o 4 . It was one of the first three battalions set up in Albacete , alongside the Edgar André battalion and the Commune de Paris battalion. The brigadists of the Dąbrowski battalion were mainly Poles. Stanisław Ulanowski (pseud. Tadeusz Oppmann) became the commander of the Dąbrowski battalion , and Stanisław Matuszczak became the political commissar . The armament of the Dąbrowski battalion consisted of old Mexican cannons, four MG 08 machine guns and grenades made from cans.

XI. International Brigade (Thälmann)

On November 4, 1936, the XI. International Brigade with the Dąbrowski Battalion, the Edgar André Battalion , the Commune de Paris Battalion and a British company ordered from Albacete to the Madrid Front . The commander of the XI. International Brigade was Manfred Stern , better known as General Emilio Kléber . The General Inspector of the Thälmann Brigade was André Marty . On November 8th, the XI. International Brigade with 1,900 men Madrid . On November 8, 1936, at the height of the fighting for Madrid , the battalions of the XI. International brigade with a parade over the Gran Vía to the front with shouts "Long live Russia". The Dąbrowski battalion was ordered to Villaverde in the south of Madrid to support the Fifth Regiment . The following day, November 9th, General Emilio Kléber gathered the International Brigade in the Casa de Campo and ordered an attack in the evening hours. The attack dragged on into the morning of November 10th. When the fighting subsided, the national troops were pushed from their positions, the planned quick conquest of Madrid had failed and the XI. International Brigade had lost a third of its soldiers. From November 12, 1936, the Dąbrowski battalion fought again on the Manzanares River in the area of ​​the railway bridge Puente los Franceses . The nationalists tried to take the railway bridge over the Manzanares River via the Casa de Campo park. In battles around the railway bridge, the XI. International Brigade high casualties. According to the report by the Hungarian photojournalist Endre Friedmann (pseud. Robert Capa), the Dąbrowski battalion lost an entire company in fighting east of the Puente los Franceses railway bridge, near the French Institute (Calle de Casa de Velázquez) in the university district. Only the commander Adam Davridowicz and six other brigadists survived the battle. Furthermore, the XII met on November 13th. International Brigade with 1550 brigadists in Madrid. On November 20, the XI. International Brigade with the Dąbrowski Battalion withdrawn from the front due to exhaustion. On November 27, 1936, the XI fought. International Brigade at the front again. In addition to the XI. International Brigade also fought ten other brigades of the regular Spanish army with a high proportion of foreign volunteers in Madrid.

Regrouping of the XI. International Brigade

According to a list drawn up by the Comandancia (brigade command), the Dąbrowski battalion was a Franco-Belgian battery, alongside the Thälmann battalion , the Edgar André battalion , the Commune de Paris battalion , a Franco-Belgian battery until December 3, 1936 Spanish battery , a cavalry peloton and an anti-tank group part of the XI. International Brigade. According to this list, the strength of the Dąbrowski battalion was in the XI. International Brigade at 310.

Due to the high losses in the fighting in Madrid and the linguistic homogenization of the brigades, the International Brigades were reorganized after a resolution from November 28th. In the course of the regrouping of the international brigades for language homogenization, the Dąbrowski battalion became part of the XII. International Brigade (Garibaldi).

XII. International Brigade (Garibaldi)

After the regrouping of the International Brigades on December 4, 1936, the Dąbrowski Battalion of the XII. Subordinated to the International Brigade (Garibaldi). Were grouped in the XII. International Brigade the Dąbrowski Battalion, the André Marty Battalion , the Garibaldi Battalion and one other battalion.

Boadilla del Monte / Las Rozas

In December 1936, Franco's troops tried to cut off the road to A Coruña in northeast Madrid in order to further encircle the city. The nationalist offensive began on December 3rd and intensified on December 13th. After the capture of Boadilla del Monte on December 14th, the two International Brigades were thrown into battle. The Dąbrowski battalion with the Thälmann battalion managed to recapture Boadilla del Monte. After the village was surrounded by Franco's troops, heavy fighting broke out within Boadilla del Monte. The two battalions left 78 dead. After taking Boadilla del Monte and Villanueva de la Cañada , the nationalists ended the offensive. On December 28, 1936, the Dabrowski Battalion to secure the busy junction Madrid- was Zaragoza , Madrid- Soria and a side street Guadalajara - Cuenca to Guadalajara laid.

In the area of ​​Guadalajara, the nationalist troops tried to cut the eastern connection with Madrid. During fighting on January 2, 1937, the XII. International Brigade the road crossing at Almadrones to Sigüenza and Masegosso del Tajuna . In the course of this fight, the commander of the Dąbrowski battalion, Antoni Kochanek , was fatally injured. After the fighting at the Almadrones crossroads, Wiktor Kuźnicki (pseud. Paweł Szkliniarz ) took command of the Dąbrowski battalion. After being relocated to Madrid, the Dąbrowski battalion took part in a successful counterattack near Majadahonda , on the road to A Coruña , from January 8-11, 1937 . After this fight, the Dąbrowski battalion was assigned to the reserve.

Battle of the Jarama

From February 7, 1937, the Polish Dąbrowski battalion defended positions in the area of ​​the Jarama River at the Battle of Jarama near Vaciamadrid . A central goal of the nationalist troops was to break through the republican lines in this area in order to take the cities of Rivas-Vaciamadrid and Arganda del Rey and thus interrupt the supply of Madrid via the National Road III. The primary aim of the offensive was to take the western bank of the Jarama River and the adjacent heights of La Marañosa , and then to advance to Madrid over the El puente del Pindoque bridges at Soto de Pajares and the Arganda bridge near Arganda del Rey.

After the offensive of the nationalists on February 6, 1936, the XI. International Brigade positions south of Rivas-Vaciamadrid on the Jarama. The André Marty battalion took positions on the El puente del Pindoque bridge and the Dąbrowski battalion positions on the Jarama in the area of ​​the Arganda bridge . The Garibaldi battalion took up positions at Soto de Pajares . After taking the bridge at El puente del Pindoque , the nationalists were able to build a bridgehead. However, the Garibaldi battalion with the Dąbrowski battalion succeeded in stabilizing the front in front of the Arganda Bridge , thus preventing the nationalists from advancing successfully.

On February 11, the Dąbrowski battalion with the support of an armored unit and battalions of the XI. International Thälmann Brigade stopped the advance of the nationalist troops to the Arganda Bridge on the road to Vaciamadrid and then counterattacked twice with the help of Soviet T-26s . However, these counter-attacks were repulsed with the help of the nationalist artillery dug into La Marañosa . The nationalists brought their reserves to the front and began another offensive on February 12 in the direction of Morata de Tajuña . During these very bitter battles, the XII. International Brigade ( Garibaldi ) with the XI. International Brigade (Thälmann) and the XV. International Brigade ( Lincoln / Washington ) closed the front with heavy losses and thus prevented the nationalist troops from advancing further. The International Brigades suffered losses of up to 50% in these battles. The following day, February 13th, the Dąbrowski battalion suffered further heavy losses (50 dead and 100 wounded) in skirmishes over an important hill. Overall, the Dąbrowski battalion lost 1/3 of its brigadists and its commander Paweł Szkliniarz in the battle .

Battle of Guadalajara
Dąbrowski Battalion after the Battle of Guadalajara

On March 8, 1939, Italian army corps, the Corpo Truppe Volontarie , attacked and breached positions of the Republicans west of Guadalajara at the Battle of Guadalajara . The main thrust of the attack followed the main road from Saragossa to Madrid. Furthermore, three more roads led to Guadalajara and thus opened up the possibility for the Italians to conquer the important transport hub of Guadalajara. On the evening of March 9th, the first Italian associations reached the outskirts of Brihuega on the road from Masegoso de Tajuña to Torija . On March 10th, the XI. International Brigade Thälmann Support from the battalions "Garibaldi" and "Dąbrowski" of the XII. International Brigade. On March 11th, the Italians succeeded in taking Brihuega and pushing the Thälmann International Brigade from a very important strategic position, the mansion Palacio de Ibarra near Brihuega. Then the XI. and XII. International Brigade to withdraw until about 3 km from the Torija. When the XIV Republican Division embraced the Italian forces, the Italians withdrew to the mansion Palacio de Ibarra on March 14th. After a bitter house fight, the Italians of the XII. International Garibaldi Brigade with the “Garibaldi” and “Dąbrowski” battalions. On March 18, the Republicans and their best associations started an offensive in which the International Brigades conquered the city of Brihuega and forced the Corpo Volontarie troops back to Masegoso de Tajuña.

The battalion was sent to the Granada Front after the Battle of Guadalajara. There the Dąbrowski battalion fought at low temperatures and high losses in the foothills of the Mulhacén in the Parque Nacional de Sierra Nacional . The International Brigade with the Dąbrowski Battalion was withdrawn on March 29, 1937.

Huesca offensive and skirmishes in the Sierra Morena

After the Battle of Guadalajara in April 1937, the Polish brigadists of the Garibaldi International Brigade fought again near the Jarama River near Morata de Tajuña and Casa de Campo. From May 1, 1937, the XII. International brigade restructured. The Central Committee of the Pro-Soviet Communist Party of Poland presented the Dąbrowski battalion with a banner from the hands of Gustaw Reicher (pseud. "Rwal"). The XII. International Brigade Garibaldi under the high command of the Hungarian communist commander Máté Zalka was ordered to the front at Huesca . From June 11 to 19, 1937, she was involved in relief attacks as part of Franco's northern offensive and suffered heavy losses. During the Huesca offensive , the commander of the XII also died. International Brigade Garibaldi Máté Zalka. Thereupon the commander of the XI. International Brigade Thälmann , the General Emilio Kléber , in command.

From May 1, 1937, the XII. International brigade attacked the Virgen de la Cabeza sanctuary near Andújar in the Sierra Morena . The battles there were waged with the utmost brutality.

150th Mixta Brigade

On May 1 or June 23, 1937, the 150th Brigade was formed from the Dąbrowski Battalion, the Franco-Belgian André Marty Battalion , the Hungarian Rákosi Battalion (or Rakosi) and the Djakovic Battalion . The commanding officer became the Spaniard Fernando Gerasi . Stanisław Matuszczak became the political commissioner . The 150th Brigade was also assigned the Polish Palafox Battalion with a purely Jewish company, the Naftali Botwin Company . In July 1937, the Pole Józef Strzelczyk (pseud. Jan Barwiński ) took command of the 150th Brigade. The 150th Brigade and other units of the International Brigades were moved to the front in front of Brunete .

The 150th Brigade at that time consisted of around 1910 soldiers. At the Battle of Brunete on July 6, 1937, the 150th Brigade suffered heavy losses and was very much decimated. The battalion, which would have fought uninterrupted for several months before the Battle of Brunete, mutinied during the battle. The brigadists decided to return to Madrid. Brigade commander Vincenzo Bianco tried to put down the revolt by beating the brigadists and shooting a brigadist in the head. The cavalry division of the International Brigades was called and prevented the brigadists from leaving the front. Furthermore, brigadists with machine guns were grouped behind the Poles, who were ordered to shoot anyone who backed away. After the Battle of Brunete, the 150th Brigade fought in August 1937 on the Aragon Front , near Teruel , in defensive battles in Almería and on the fronts of Granada and Córdoba . After these battles, the Dąbrowski battalion was the first time the XIII. Assigned to the Dąbrowski International Brigade .

XIII. International Brigade ( Dąbrowski )

Due to mutinies at the Louise Michel Battalion , Chapayev Battalion , Henri Vuillemin Battalion and United Battalions during the Battle of Brunete , the XIII. International Brigade to be regrouped. Among other things, the Polish brigadists of the Chapayev battalion were grouped into the Dąbrowski battalion. In addition, the Dąbrowski battalion was in the XIII. International Brigade grouped. Afterwards the battalion fought on the Aragon front and took up position on August 25, 1937 at Villanueva del Galleg . The task was to advance to Saragossa via Villanueva del Gallego . The XIII. The International Brigade (Dąbrowski) broke through the positions of the nationalist troops with the Dąbrowski battalion and the Palafox battalion and could only be stopped by a counterattack 4 kilometers from Saragossa. The Dąbrowski battalion and the Palafox battalion had to hide in houses for 3 days without protection from nationalist artillery fire, so that the two battalions were wiped out. The result was that 200 out of 700 brigadists fell.

After the fighting off Saragossa , the XIII. International Brigade assigned to the Reserve. On October 27, 1937, another battalion, named Mickiewicz Battalion , was formed from a Polish company from the Palafox Battalion of the International Dąbrowski Brigade . The newly formed battalion was also the XIII. Subordinated to the International Brigade. From December 1937 the Dąbrowski International Brigade fought in Tardienta , between Saragossa and Huesca .

Battle of Teruel

In February 1938, the XIII. International Brigade participated in a republican offensive north of Teruel , the Battle of Teruel . For the International Brigade Dąbrowski the fight began on February 16 or 19, 1938 with skirmishes in the Iberian Mountains around the Sierra Quemada ridge with the Camino del Sur . During a counter-offensive by the nationalist troops, during the republican offensive, it collapsed. The XIII. International Brigade with the Rákosi Battalion (Rakosi) and Palafox Battalion (Rakosi) was cut off and worn out. This offensive exhausted the last material resources of the Republican People's Army.

Battle of the Aragon (Aragon Offensive)

On March 10, the Dąbrowski International Brigade was transferred to the Aragon Front near Zaragoza . It had two battalions in the front line at Samper de Salz . When Franco's troops, commanded by Juan Yagüe , attacked Belchite during the Aragon offensive , the XIII. Withdraw the International Brigade towards Caspe via Albalate del Arzobispo . In Caspe the brigade tried in vain to organize the defense of the Sierra del Vizcuemo plain after a totally chaotic retreat . On March 15, Franco's troops launched an attack on Caspe in order to advance through Caspe. After two days of heavy fighting, on March 17th the place fell into the hands of General Varela's army . The XIII. International Brigade was completely wiped out. In addition, there was no time to effectively stop Franco's troops by setting up defensive positions on the road to Lerida . Franco's troops were able to advance unhindered to Lerida. On their retreat, the remainder of the International Brigade Dąbrowski crossed the Segre River east of Lerida at Vilanova de la Barca . After this defeat of the XIII. International Brigade, Jan Barwiński was relieved of command. The command was given to the Russian Mikhail Kharchenko .

Battle of the Ebro

Map of the Battle of the Ebro

Franco's advance to the Mediterranean during the Aragon offensive divided the Spanish republic into two parts. For this reason the Spanish government decided to launch an offensive on the Ebro. The Battle of the Ebro began on July 25, 1938. The XIII. International Brigade Dąbrowski advanced from Ascó over the Venta de Camposines to Gandesa . She fought in this sector until July 26, 1938 and was replaced on August 7, 1938 after heavy fighting. From August 22, the Dąbrowski Brigade fought again until August 24, 1938 in Vertex Gaeta (probably Xerta) to prevent defeat in this sector. On September 1, 1938, the Dąbrowski International Brigade received the Medalla del Valor, the highest honor in the Spanish Republic. From September 1 to 10, 1938, the XIII. International Brigade again the Venta de Camposines at Ascó. On October 1, the XIII was with the remaining brigadists. International Brigade regrouped this. This brigade consisted mainly of Spaniards. Their commanding officer was Enrique Escudero Serrano . After a short time, the newly established XIII. Brigade again engaged in fighting on the Ebro, covering the retreat of the 35th Division in the Barranc Fosc gorge . It was the last brigade to retreat across the Ebro near Filx on November 16, 1938 .

Catalonia offensive

The government of the Spanish Republic agreed to the dissolution of the International Brigades on September 24, 1938 , partly because of pressure from the League of Nations . In January 1939, therefore, the stateless Polish brigadists of the Dąbrowski battalion again submitted to the command of the Spanish People's Army. The brigadists were reactivated on January 23, 1939 in La Garriga , during Franco's Catalonia offensive, with the former brigadists of the Rákosi battalion , Palafox battalion and Mickiewicz battalion . The Pole Henryk Torunczyk became the commander of the Dąbrowski battalion . The battalion was merged with the Rákosi battalion and fought with the Thälmann battalion and the Lincoln battalion under the name Aqrupacion Internacional . From January 26 to January 29, 1939 near La Garriga and from February 2, 1939, the brigadists with other units of the Spanish People's Army in Cassà de la Selva near Girona held the advance of the nationalist troops for two days and covered the withdrawal of the People's Army. During an absolutely chaotic retreat via Girona, the brigadists reached the French border at El Pertus . The brigadists crossed the border on February 7, 1939 as the last unit of the Spanish People's Army, where the stateless Polish brigadists were interned in St. Cyprien . Subsequently, the brigadists were interned in Le Vernet and El Djelfa .

Other members of the Dąbrowski battalion

Web links

Commons : Dąbrowski Battalion  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Polenia en espanol, Los bigadistas polacos en la guerra espanola (Spanish) ( Memento of April 22, 2012 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on May 5, 2012.
  2. ↑ a b Sebastián Herreros Agüí: The International Brigade in the Spanish 1936 was . accessed on July 20, 2013. (English)
  3. ↑ Sociedad de Benéfica Historiadores aficionados y Creadores: cronologia de las brigadas Internacionales. Section 22 de octubre de 1936. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on March 17, 2012 ; Retrieved August 27, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , accessed April 7, 2019. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.sbhac.net
  4. ↑ Brigadas Internacionales, Milicias Populares Centuria Commune de Paris (Spanish) ( Memento of December 5, 2009 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on May 13, 2012.
  5. ↑ a b c Las Brigadas Internacionales en España (Spanish), accessed May 12, 2012.
  6. ↑ a b Abel Paz : Durruti. Life and Death of the Spanish Anarchist , Edition Nautilus, 1994, ISBN 3-89401-224-2 , (a) p. 562, (b) p. 563.
  7. ↑ a b Hugh Thomas : The Spanish Civil War , Ullstein Verlag, Berlin West 1962, (a) p. 254, (b) p. 270.
  8. ↑ Web link  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , includes a map of the Battle of Madrid November 4-23, 1936 (Spanish), accessed May 9, 2012.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.lahistoriaconmapas.com  
  9. ↑ Robert Capa en la Guerra Civil Española Report by an eyewitness, accessed on May 9, 2012.
  10. ↑ Patrik von zur Mühlen : Spain was your hope. The German Left in the Spanish Civil War 1936 to 1939 , (PDF file; 9.66 MB), Research Institute of the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, Bonn, Verlag Neue Gesellschaft, 1983, ISBN 3-87831-375-6 , (a) ab P. 212, (b) p. 213.
  11. ^ A b Ludwig Renn : In the Spanish War. 5th edition. Aufbau-Verlag, Berlin / Weimar 1983, DNB 830793704 , p. 130.
  12. ↑ a b Batalla del Jarama , publication by the city of Arganda del Rey, (PDF; 405 kB), accessed on May 6, 2012.
  13. ↑ El puente del Pindoque, restos de una Batalla ( Memento from June 21, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) (Spanish), website with the map El puente del Pindoque: 11-12 de febrero, accessed on May 9, 2012.
  14. ↑ Batalla del Jarama (PDF; 405 kB), publication by the city of Arganda del Rey (Spanish), accessed on May 6, 2012.
  15. ↑ El puente del Pindoque, restos de una Batalla (Spanish) ( Memento from June 21, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Website with images of the battle for the bridge of El puente del Pindoque, accessed on May 9, 2012.
  16. ^ Antony Beevor : The Spanish Civil War. 2nd edition, ISBN 978-3-442-15492-0 , p. 362.
  17. ^ Hanns Maaßen : Die Söhne des Tschapajew , Verlag des Ministry of National Defense, Berlin 1960, page 401
  18. ↑ Un Duende en Tu Ciudad , Dombrowski, Palafox y Rakosi en la Guerra civil española (Spanish), accessed on May 12, 2012.
  19. ↑ a b S.BHAC, Brigadas Internacionales del Ejército Popular (Spanish) , accessed on 5 May 2012 Design.