Demographics of Israel

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Location of the State of Israel
Demographics of Israel 2014
Jews
  
 75%
Arabs
  
 20.7%
Other
  
 4.3%

The demography of Israel deals with the Israeli population . A key player in their data collection is the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics .

General

In 2014 Israel had 8,222,700 inhabitants, around 6,135,000 (around 75.0%) of them Jews and 1,694,000 (20.7%) Arabs . Other residents are around 351,000 (4.3%). Israel is the only state in the world in which Jews make up the majority of the population. The Jewish population consists of Ashkenazim , Misrahim , Sephardim , Yemeni Jews and Ethiopian Jews , among others . Most Arab Israelis are sedentary Muslims, but there are also a large number of Bedouins , Christians and Druze . The minorities in Israel include Samaritans , Armenians , Circassians and Roma . Several thousand Asian labor migrants and asylum seekers from Africa have also lived in Israel since the 2000s .

In terms of population, Israel ranked 96th of all countries in 2014, just behind Austria and ahead of Switzerland .

Citizenship is acquired through birth or naturalization. The Law of Return basically allows all Jews who immigrate to Israel to acquire Israeli citizenship, although dual citizenship is possible.

The country is counted among the more densely populated countries in Asia and will have the highest fertility rate of any industrialized country in 2020 with an estimated 2.6 children in the life of a woman . The life expectancy in Israel is among the highest in the world and was in 2014 81.28 years: 83.61 years for women and 79.05 years for men.

growth of population

Population growth of Israel since 1948
Population and Demographic Growth (%)
district 2010 2011 2012 2013
Jerusalem District 945,000 2.3 968,800 2.5 987,400 2.0 1,008,400 2.1
Northern District 1,279,200 1.7 1,304,600 2.0 1,320,800 1.6 1,341,500 1.6
Haifa district 913,000 1.6 926,700 1.5 939,000 1.5 951,900 1.4
Central District 1,854,900 2.2 1,894,400 2.1 1,931,000 2.2 1,976,300 2.3
Tel Aviv district 1,285,000 0.6 1,295,000 0.8 1,318,300 1.1 1,331,300 1.0
South district 1,106,900 2.1 1,121,600 1.3 1,146,600 2.0 1,168,600 1.9
Judea and Samaria 311.100 4.9 325,500 4.6 341,400 5.0 356,500 4.4
Total 7,695,100 1.9 7,836,600 1.8 7,984,500 1.9 8,134,500 1.9

In June 2013, Israel's Central Bureau of Statistics released a report that estimated the Israeli population to grow to 11.4 million in 2035. The Jewish population will grow to 8.3 million, but will only make up 73% of the total population. The Arab population will grow to 2.6 million or 23%. About 2.3 million people will be Muslim and make up 20% of the population. The Druze will grow to 185,000 and the remaining Christians to 152,000. The proportion of ultra-Orthodox Jews is expected to grow from 10% to 30% of the Jewish population. The high population growth in Israel compared to similarly developed states is also said to have religious reasons: Jewish and Muslim Israelis are looking to rejuvenate and multiply in their "fertility competition", some even speak of a "demographic war".

Birth and death rates

The following information was taken from the Statistical Abstract of Israel .

Fertility rate
population 2010 2011 2012 2013
Jews 2.97 2.98 3.04 3.05
Muslims 3.75 3.51 3.54 3.35
Druze 2.48 2.33 2.26 2.21
Christians 2.14 2.19 2.17 2.13
Other 1.64 1.75 1.68 1.68
Total 3.03 3.00 3.05 3.03
Birth rate (‰)
population 2010 2011 2012 2013
Jews 21.0 20.8 21.1 21.0
Muslims 27.8 26.3 26.3 24.9
Druze 20.0 19.2 18.2 17.7
Christians 16.5 16.8 16.6 16.3
Total 21.8 21.4 21.6 21.3
Mortality (‰)
population 2010 2011 2012 2013
Jews 5.9 6.0 6.1 5.9
Muslims 2.5 2.6 2.6 2.5
Druze 3.0 2.9 3.2 2.9
Christians 5.0 4.7 5.1 4.8
Total 5.2 5.3 5.3 5.2
Natural growth rate (‰)
population 2010 2011 2012 2013
Jews 15.1 14.7 15.0 15.1
Muslims 25.3 23.8 23.7 22.4
Druze 17.0 16.3 15.0 14.8
Christians 11.5 12.1 11.5 11.5
Total 16.6 16.1 16.3 16.1

In 2007, the fertility rate in Israel was 2.9 children during a woman's childbearing age. In 2017 this value increased to 3.11. In 2018, among the industrialized countries, only Israel and France had a fertility rate below which the population will not shrink in the long term. There has recently been a decline in the fertility rate among the Muslim-Arab population and among the ultra-Orthodox Jews ( Haredim ). That of Muslims fell from 4.6 in 2005 to 3.5 in 2010 and that of ultra-Orthodox Jews from 7.5 to 6.5. Among the Bedouins in the Negev desert , it also fell from an average of ten children in 1998 to 5.7 in 2009. The fertility rate in Israel will presumably be 2.6 children per woman in 2020 (for comparison: France 2.1 and Germany 1.5).

immigration

Around 2.5 million Jews emigrated to Israel between the founding of the state in 1948 and 1994. 65% of the immigrants are from Europe and America, 19% from Africa and 15% from Asia.

Jewish Immigration to Israel by Period and Continent
Period of immigration America Europe Africa Asia Total
1948-1951 5,140 326,786 93,951 237.352 687.624
1952-1954 2,971 9,748 27,897 13,238 54,676
1955-1957 3,632 48,616 103,846 8,801 166,492
1958-1960 3,625 44,595 13,921 13,247 75,970
1961-1964 14,841 77,537 115,876 19,525 228.793
1965-1968 9,274 31,638 25,394 15,018 82,244
1969-1971 33,891 50,558 12,065 19,700 116,791
1972-1974 26,775 102,763 6,821 6,345 142,753
1975-1979 29,293 77,167 6,029 11,793 124,827
1980-1984 25,230 35,508 15,711 6,912 83,637
1985-1989 19.301 36,461 7,700 6,563 70.196
1990-1994 17,220 553,622 32,157 5,900 609,322
Total 191.193 1,394,999 461.368 364.394 2,443,325

age structure

Population pyramid from 2010
  • 0-14 years: 26.1% (men 858,246 / women 818,690)
  • 15–64 years: 64.2% (men 2,076,649 / women 2,046,343)
  • 65 years and over: 9.8% (men 269,483 / women 357,268) (2007)
Average age by religion
  • Total: 29.7 years
  • Jews: 31.6 years
  • Muslims: 21.1 years

Population density

Population density of Israel in 2008

In 2011 the population density was 347 people per km² (excluding Judea and Samaria ), compared to 288 people per km² in 2000.

The highest population density had the Tel Aviv district (7522 inhabitants per km²). Also has a relatively high population density

Have the lowest population density

The city of Bnei Berak near Tel Aviv, which is predominantly inhabited by ultra-Orthodox Jews, has the highest population density with 22,145 inhabitants per km² .

ethnicities

Ethnic distribution
year total Jewish % Arabic % Others % growth
2014 8,222,700 6,135,000 74.6 1,694,000 20.7 351,000 4.3
2019 9,021,000 6,697,000 74.2 1,890,000 20.95 434,000 4.8 2%
Ethnic composition of Israel since 1948

Jews

According to Israel's Central Bureau of Statistics , of Israel's 7.3 million people in 2008, 75.6 percent were Jewish. Among them, 70.3 percent were Sabras (born in Israel), mostly of the second or third generation of Israelis, and the rest were Olim (Jewish immigrants in Israel).

Within the Jewish population, a distinction is made between:

  • Ashkenazim , immigrants from Europe and America and their descendants
  • Sephardim , immigrants, whose ancestors from the Iberian Peninsula come
  • Misrachim , immigrants from the Middle East and North Africa and their descendants
  • Beta Israel , other name Falaschen, immigrants from Ethiopia and their descendants
  • Tzabar , another name Sabra, name of those children who were born in the State of Israel and do not belong to any other group. The term is derived from the Hebrew name for "prickly pear".

Arabs

Map of the Arab population, 2000

The Arab citizens of Israel are officially designated as Arab Israelis. They mostly refer to themselves as "Palestinian citizens of Israel". They come from the former League of Nations mandate for Palestine and either did not flee or were expelled during the Israeli War of Independence or are descendants of Arabs who remained. In 2006 there were 1,413,500 Arab Israelis in Israel, about 20% of the total population. They live mainly in the north of the country, but also in cities like Jerusalem and Tel Aviv .

Most Arabs, at 82.6%, are Sunnis .

Christians

There is a significant Christian minority in Israel. About 300,000 Christians live across the country. Most of them are Arabs and belong to the Melkite Church . The minorities include Copts from Egypt , Arameans and Assyrians with 1,000 believers each and the Maronites with 7,000 believers.

Migrants from Sub-Saharan Africa

Migrants from sub-Saharan Africa have also lived in Israel since the 2000s. It is estimated that these are at least 70,000 Africans from Eritrea , Sudan , South Sudan , Ethiopia, and the Ivory Coast . Most of them, 40,000, live in southern Tel Aviv and make up around ten percent of the city's population. The rest of them live mainly in the south of the country, especially in the cities of Eilat , Arad and Beer Sheva .

After Benjamin Netanyahu took office in 2009, African migrants were increasingly picked up by police and army forces and temporarily detained. The government began preparations for mass deportations to various African countries, which were originally due to begin in April 2018.

At the beginning of April 2018, the Israeli government agreed with the UNHCR that 16,250 of the affected Africans would be resettled by the UNHCR to western industrialized countries and the remaining 16,000 would be distributed in Israel and initially not deported for a period of five years. The western states, which were apparently supposed to host the people, said they had not been informed. The agreement failed after a few hours because right-wing parties refused to support Prime Minister Netanyahu. They insisted that all members of the group be sent back to Africa from Israel in order not to create incentives for future migrants to go to Israel.

Other ethnic and religious groups

Bedouin

Large numbers of Bedouins live in the south of Israel . They are Muslim and are mostly counted among the Arabs. In 1999 there were around 110,000 Bedouins in the Negev Desert , 50,000 in Galilee and 10,000 in the Central District .

Ahmadiyya

The Ahmadiyya Church of Israel was founded in the 1920s. Today Israel is the only country in the Middle East where Ahmadi Muslims can openly practice their faith, since they are not recognized as part of Islam in the Muslim states. The community has its seat in Haifa .

It is not known exactly how many Israeli Ahmadis there are, the number is estimated at 2,200.

Druze

The Druze also belong to the Arab citizens of Israel . At the end of 2011 there were 129,800 Druze living in Israel. They are spread over 18 villages and towns and live in the north of the country. Most Druze are Israeli citizens and prefer their Arab identity to Israeli.

Samaritan

The Samaritans are an ethno-religious group of the Levant. They live in the village of Kiryat Luza on Mount Garizim near Nablus in the West Bank and in the Israeli city of Holon near Tel Aviv . Most of the approximately 700 Samaritans left are Israeli citizens.

Circassian
Circassians in Kfar Kama
Russian shop in Haifa
Meeting between Sudanese migrants and Israeli students, 2007

There are also several thousand Circassians in Israel . Originally at home in the North Caucasus , they left their homeland after the Russo-Caucasian War in 1864. Several hundred Circassians were settled in Galilee by the Ottoman Empire after the Russo-Turkish War in 1878 . This resulted in settlements that are now in Syria , Jordan and Israel. In Israel most of them live in the two purely Circassian villages of Kfar Kama (3000 inhabitants) and Reyhaniye (1000 inhabitants). They keep their traditions and culture there. Like the Druze, the Israeli Circassians enjoy a certain special status. Male Circassians are not exempt from military service, women are.

Armenians

About 4,000 Armenians live in Israel . They live mainly in the Armenian quarter of Jerusalem, but also in Tel Aviv, Haifa and Jaffa.

Non-Jewish immigrants from the Soviet Union

Other non-Jewish groups from the Soviet Union are mainly Russians and Ukrainians . The minorities include Georgians and Finns . Although most of the Finns in Israel are either Finnish Jews or their descendants, there are a small number of Finnish Christians. They moved to Israel from the areas annexed by the Soviet Union in the Winter War , especially during World War II . In total there are 40,000 non-Jewish residents from the USSR in Israel.

Bahai

In Israel, in Haifa , the Shrine of Bab is a sanctuary of the Baha'i'm . The ethnic group consisting of around 14,000 people (as of 2000) consists of various groups and lives mainly in Haifa.

East and Southeast Asian migrants

About 100,000 to 250,000 immigrant workers live in Israel from the following countries in East and Southeast Asia: China , Thailand , Vietnam , Japan and the Philippines . The oldest group among them are the Vietnamese, but their number is only estimated at around 200 to 400. They were taken up by the Israeli government under Menachem Begin during the Vietnam War in the 1970s. The number of labor migrants in large agricultural holdings from Thailand is currently estimated at around 20,000. Another important East Asian ethnic group are the Chinese. About 23,000 live in Israel.

Sinti and Roma

Sinti and Roma came to Israel in the late 1940s and early 1950s. Their number is unknown. Most of them come from the countries of the Eastern Bloc and India . Especially the Roma are not accepted and discriminated against by parts of the Israeli population. Most of them therefore live rather withdrawn.

Cities and towns

Haifa

Approximately 3.1 million Israelis , about 45% of the country's total population, lived in large cities in 2010.

The largest agglomerations in Israel on January 1, 2008 were:

  1. Tel Aviv-Jaffa : 3,268,479 inhabitants
  2. Jerusalem : 1,264,640 inhabitants
  3. Haifa : 1,182,173 inhabitants
The six largest cities in Israel
city Residents district
Jerusalem 933.200 Jerusalem District
Tel Aviv 405,300 Tel Aviv district
Haifa 268.200 Haifa district
Rishon LeZion 228.200 Central District
Ashdod 208,100 South district
Beer Sheva 194,300 South district

Religions

Religions
year Jews Muslims Christians Druze Other
1950 87.8% 08.5% 2.6% 1.1% 0.0%
1960 88.9% 07.7% 2.3% 1.1% 0.0%
1970 85.4% 10.9% 2.5% 1.2% 0.0%
1980 83.7% 12.7% 2.3% 1.3% 0.0%
1990 81.9% 14.1% 2.4% 1.7% 0.0%
2000 77.8% 15.2% 2.1% 1.6% 3.2%
2010 75.4% 17.2% 2.0% 1.7% 3.8%
2011 75.3% 17.3% 2.0% 1.7% 3.8%
2012 75.1% 17.4% 2.0% 1.6% 3.9%
2013 75.0% 17.5% 2.0% 1.6% 3.9%
Religiousness of Israeli Jews
(from the age of 20) by year
Religious feeling 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Liberal 41.7% 41.4% 43.5% 42.5% 43.9%
Conservative 40.2% 38.5% 38.1% 38.4% 36.2%
Orthodox 09.8% 11.7% 09.6% 10.0% 09.9%
Ultra Orthodox 08.0% 08.2% 08.8% 08.8% 09.4%
atheism

Most of the inhabitants of Israel are religious and believe in the existence of God, although there are great differences between the individual population groups. In contrast to most other industrialized countries in the western world, religiosity does not decrease continuously in Israel, but remains constant.

A 2009 poll by the Guttman Center among Israeli Jews found the following distribution:

  • I believe in the existence of God: 80%
  • I don't believe in the existence of God: 20%

Marriages and divorces

In 2010 there were 47,855 marriages in Israel. There were 13,042 divorces at the same time. Marriages within the Jewish population are usually concluded at an older age, while 64.5% of men and 46.1% of women among young Israelis between the ages of 25 and 29 were unmarried.

Among the Muslim population, the proportion of unmarried men was 44.5% and that of unmarried women was 19%.

languages

The most widely spoken languages ​​are Hebrew , Arabic, and Russian .

Other important languages ​​are Yiddish , English , Spanish and French .

Literacy

The literacy rate was 97.8% in 2014, the highest in the Middle East and one of the highest in Asia.

  • Men: 98.7%
  • Women: 95.8%

When it comes to literacy, however, there are certain differences among the individual ethnic groups. Israeli Jews have the highest rate.

literature

Web links

Commons : Demographics of Israel  - Collection of Images, Videos and Audio Files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b Israel's Population on the Eve of Independence Day (Hebrew only). (No longer available online.) The State of Israel, Central Bureau of Statistics, archived from the original June 5, 2014 ; Retrieved June 12, 2014 .
  2. ^ A b The World Factbook: Israel. CIA, accessed January 30, 2020 .
  3. ↑ Peering into the crystal ball: How Israel will look, statistically, in 2035  - Haaretz
  4. ↑ Diana Hörger: Population growth in Israel - fertility competition , Deutschlandfunk, broadcast June 12, 2018, access January 30, 2020
  5. ↑ Statistical Abstract of Israel ( Memento of the original dated August 14, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www1.cbs.gov.il
  6. ↑ Bruno Urmersbach: Fertility rate in Israel from 2007 to 2017 , in: Statista , June 14, 2019, accessed January 30, 2020
  7. ↑ In Israel, Haredi and Muslim Women Are Having Fewer Children
  8. ↑ Demographic Trends in Israel ( Memento from September 2, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
  9. ^ William Berthomière, "L'émergence d'une Tel-Aviv cosmopolite ou les effets d'un fin mélange entre reconfigurations sociopolitiques internes et externes", Cahiers de la Méditerranée En ligne , 67 | 2003, mis en ligne le 25 juillet 2005
  10. ↑ Israel cracks nine million inhabitants. In: Israelnetz .de. May 9, 2019, accessed May 11, 2019 .
  11. ^ Population, by Population Group . In: Monthly Bulletin of Statistics . Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. December 31, 2013. Archived from the original on February 3, 2014. Retrieved on February 17, 2014.
  12. ↑ a b CBS Statistical Abstract of Israel, 2009 : Table 2.24 - Jews, by country of origin and age (PDF) Retrieved March 22, 2010.
  13. ↑ Nabila Espanioly: A minority that is no longer silent. In: Rosa Luxemburg Foundation Israel Office. September 22, 2016. Retrieved May 24, 2017 .
  14. ↑ Selected Statistics on Jerusalem Day 2007 (Hebrew) . Israel Central Bureau of Statistics . May 14, 2007. Archived from the original on November 28, 2007. Retrieved July 8, 2015.
  15. ^ Ulrich Schmid: Refugees in Israel: Meal, hotel and ticket simply to Uganda. In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung . June 10, 2015, accessed December 27, 2017 . ; Reut Michaeli: Xenophobia as a means of politics. In: Rosa Luxemburg Foundation Israel Office. December 15, 2017. Retrieved December 27, 2017 .
  16. ↑ a b Jochen Stahnke: Print from the right. Netanyahu dissolves signed refugee agreement. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung of April 3, 2018.
  17. ↑ Tamara Zieve: Israel reaches deal with UN to resettle asylum seekers in Western states. In: Jerusalem Post of April 2, 2018.
  18. ^ Yosef Ben-David: The Bedouin in Israel . Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. July 1, 1999. Retrieved April 5, 2013.
  19. ↑ Kababir and Central Carmel - Multiculturalism on the Carmel . Retrieved February 17, 2015.
  20. ↑ Kababir- a neighborhood did what formerly village of Arab. In: visit-haifa.org. 2017, archived from the original on February 17, 2017 ; accessed on May 24, 2017 (English).
  21. ↑ Kababir . Israel and You. Retrieved February 17, 2015.
  22. ↑ Circassians in Israel - people without a state. Deutschlandfunk.de, September 7, 2016, accessed on March 21, 2020 (German).
  23. ^ The Circassians in Israel. In: Circassianworld.com. May 2001, archived from the original on May 31, 2013 ; accessed on May 24, 2017 (English).
  24. ↑ Joyce M. Davis. Jerusalem's Armenian Quarter . Catholic Near East Welfare Association.
  25. ↑ Nechemia Meyers (1995). "Peace to all nations - Baha'is Establish Israel's Second Holy Mountain". The World & I. Retrieved Mar 5, 2015
  26. ↑ Donald H. Harrison (April 3, 1998). "The Fourth Faith". Jewish Sightseeing (Haifa, Israel). Retrieved Mar 5, 2015
  27. ^ World Religions in America: An Introduction - Page 264, Jacob Neusner - 2003
  28. ↑ David B. Barrett, World Christian Encyclopedia (2001)
  29. ↑ Global Institutions of Religion, page 88, Katherine Marshall - 2013
  30. ↑ Matan Kaminer: A lonely Songkran in the Arava. In: Rosa Luxemburg Foundation Israel Office. March 8, 2017. Retrieved May 24, 2017 .
  31. ↑ A Raw Deal. Abuse of Thai Workers in Israel's Agricultural Sector. In: Human Rights Watch . January 21, 2015, accessed May 24, 2017 .
  32. ↑ World Gazetteer: Page no longer available , search in web archives: metropolitan areas in Israel@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / bevoelkerungsstatistik.de
  33. ↑ לוח 3.- אוכלוסייה (1), ביישובים שמנו מעל 2,000 תושבים , accessed September 29, 2012.
  34. ↑ http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Immigration/immigration_by_country2.html
  35. ^ Calvin Goldscheider: Israel's Changing Society: Population, Ethnicity & Development . Westview Press, 2002, ISBN 978-0-8133-3917-7
  36. ↑ Literacy . In: The World Factbook . CIA . Retrieved July 3, 2015.