The Devil's General (Drama)
| Data | |
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| Title: | The devil's general |
| Genus: |
Folk play , drama in three acts |
| Author: | Carl Zuckmayer |
| Premiere: | December 14, 1946 |
| Place of premiere: | Schauspielhaus Zurich |
| Place and time of the action: | Berlin , late 1941, shortly before America entered the war |
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The Devil's General is a three-act drama by Carl Zuckmayer from 1946/1967. The first version was premiered on December 14, 1946 at the Schauspielhaus Zürich (production: Heinz Hilpert , set design: Caspar Neher , Harras: Gustav Knuth ). On November 8, 1947, the German premiere followed at the Hamburger Schauspielhaus with Robert Meyn in the title role and in January 1967 the world premiere of the new version in the Berlin Schiller Theater .
The action is set in Berlin, late autumn 1941. The passionate aviator General Harras works for the National Socialists , although he despises their standpoints and actions and announces this publicly. He resists recruitment attempts by the NSDAP . As accidents due to material defects increase, Harras comes under increasing pressure as the person responsible for aircraft construction. Finally, his friend Eilers also has a fatal accident. After fourteen days in detention and interrogation by the state police, Harras was given ten days to investigate the incidents and to rehabilitate himself. On the last day he uncovered an act of sabotage by the resistance on a newly developed type of aircraft, in which his best friend Oderbruch was also involved. Harras assumes sole responsibility to protect him and his other employees. Although urged by Oderbruch, he refuses to flee. He climbs into one of the sabotaged machines and is killed.
construction
Note: Unless otherwise stated, the information on the current version refers to the Fischer Taschenbuch Des Teufels General, 36th edition, July 2008
The play is divided into three acts :
- Hell machine
- Eleven in the evening in a Berlin restaurant.
- Hangover or The Hand
- Harras's apartment, a fortnight later.
- damnation
- Early in the morning on the last day of the deadline. Location: The technical office of a military airfield .
plot
first act
General Harras gives a large evening party in “Otto's Restaurant” on the occasion of the fiftieth aerial victory of Friedrich Eilers, the colonel and leader of a combat squadron. On this occasion, Sigbert von Mohrungen, President of the Procurement Office for Raw Metals, discusses a hitherto unsolved problem with Harras: brand-new machines keep breaking down due to wing breakage. Harras can only guess at the cause. Later in the evening, the opera singer Olivia Geiß, with whom he used to have a relationship, approaches him and asks him to help get the Jewish surgeon Samuel Bergmann , who has been convicted of racial disgrace , and his wife out of the country. Harras offers a private machine for this. The best-known part of the play is Harras' conversation with the young flight officer Hartmann, who, like him, comes from the Rhineland . This is desperate because the daughter of the industrialist Sigbert von Mohrungen, Waltraut , called Pützchen , has broken the relationship with him. He can not prove the Aryan descent of one of his great-grandmothers and is therefore excluded from a party career. Harras replied with the speech about the Völkermühle , in which he reversed the National Socialist racial doctrine and claims that the most valuable people arise from mixing.
At the end of the first act, it emerges from the conversations between the two waiters, Mr. Detlev and François , who were assigned by Harras , that all conversations were tapped and recorded.
Second act
A fortnight later in the General's apartment in the "New West": Adjutant Lüttjohann and Chauffeur Korrianke are waiting for Harras, who was arrested by the Gestapo a fortnight ago, to return . Soon afterwards, the young American journalist Buddy Lawrence and cultural director Dr. Schmidt-Lausitz. Lawrence had spread the news that Harras was not on the front line, as officially announced, but was liquidated. Therefore, he was banned from writing and is about to be expelled. When Harras arrives, Dr. Schmidt-Lausitz the ultimatum to find the cause of the acts of sabotage within ten days and to put an end to it. When he finally openly threatens Harras, the latter chases him out of the apartment with revolver shots.
Later Diddo Geiß arrives, niece of the opera singer Olivia Geiß. Harras had already tinkered with her at the evening party, and the girl adores him. After a love scene, Harras urges her to accept a contract for a film lead role that will take her to Ostmark (Austria) for half a year . From her aunt, the singer Olivia Geiß, Harras finally learns that during his forced absence the already mentioned surgeon Samuel Bergmann and his wife poisoned themselves out of desperation. "Pützchen", Sigbert von Mohrungen and the painter Schlick, who is classified as degenerate , arrive later . Drunk before Harras and “Pützchen”, Schlick presents his personal reinterpretation of the blood-and-soil ideology : Evil and all diseases come from soil soaked in blood.
Sigbert von Mohrungen tries to convince Harras to join the party, come to an understanding with Himmler and generally take a different position. Harras rejects this with the argument that the SS would then take control of the Luftwaffe . Soon afterwards the news arrives that Friedrich Eilers had a fatal accident. Society quickly dissolves. Harras appoints the responsible engineer, Oderbruch, with whom he is close friends. Before he arrives, “Pützchen” approaches him: She says that the Nazi greats are either fools or not real men. He, on the other hand, is a guy with charisma and born to rule. When Harras does not respond, she begins to threaten him: She knows that he is smuggling “old Jews” across the border. Harras tears a heavy African whip from the wall and chases away "Pützchen". At the end of the act, Oderbruch arrives, who has brought all the documents with him, and both begin the investigations.
Third act
The location is the technical office of a military airfield. It is the last day of the deadline: Saturday, December 6th, 1941. All inquiries and investigations have still not yielded any results. Dr. Schmidt-Lausitz appears in the morning and hands over the form for the final report, which must be available by seven in the evening. Hartmann arrives wounded and disaffected from the front. He asks Harras for some light work. This assigns him to Oderbruch. Anne Eilers appears and calls Harras her husband's murderer. He sends people to their death for ideals that he himself does not believe in.
- Short darkness
It is now evening and the deadline is approaching without a result. Finally, when harassed by Harras, Oderbruch confesses that he of all people, his best friend, was involved in the acts of sabotage. He justifies this with a higher purpose: "... we have to break the weapon with which he [Hitler] can win - even if it hits us ourselves." To protect him and his other employees, Harras assumes sole responsibility. Although urged by Oderbruch, he refuses to flee: "Anyone who has become the devil's general on earth and has bombed his railway - must also make quarters for him in Hell." He climbs into one of the sabotaged machines and flies to his death. Dr. Schmidt-Lausitz enters the room, goes to the phone and reports the smooth handling of the matter to the headquarters.
characters
- According to the description in the first act, General Harras is no older than 45. He is “... in a great dress uniform, but casual in his posture and demeanor, rather a bit casual.” In his worldview, Harras is the opposite of a National Socialist (see also the conversation with Hartmann in the 1st act). However, this did not prevent him from working as General der Flieger for the Third Reich. He used to live in the USA and is urbane, but: “As a stunt flier, air clown, Daredevil , I would have been made a career over there. At best with film - but no more. "[...]" Nowhere in the world would I have been given these possibilities - these unlimited resources - this power. "
- Cultural director Dr. Schmidt-Lausitz appears in party uniform with a tight stance . According to the further description in the first act: "... narrow-minded, with flashing glasses and invisible, closely set eyes behind them, thin blond hair in a 'correct' cut, pinched lips" [...] He is Harras' direct opponent and works for the Gestapo. In the first act he insulted Erich Maria Remarque , who had geprasst while he "... had abschinden in an angular editorial." Located This is an allusion to Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels , the long success was a time author and journalist and a film screening of the west nothing new burst through SA . In the second act, when the situation for Harras is getting more and more difficult, he says to him: "[...] You thought you could skim off the cream here to gobble yourself on - and pour us with the Sudel into the sauté trough. You have miscalculated. [...] "
- Engineer Oderbruch is around forty, "... slim, gray-blond with simple, clear features, without any particular conspicuousness." He does not wear any awards. The figure of the saboteur Oderbruch was controversial from the start. Zuckmayer writes that the actions of the characters in the play were not “calculated” from the start, but resulted from their being and their “inner situation”. Orbruch, who strives for the good, also takes on the murder of friends in his hopeless affliction. "... in hell there are no angels, and around this piece, as the title suggests, there is hell on earth." Figure ”and therefore not so much as an acting person, but rather as a“ symbol of despair ”.
- According to the description in the first act, Lieutenant Hartmann is “... very young, slim, pale, with a handsome, clever boy’s face.” Hartmann, who was trained at a Nazi order castle , is capable, but also completely uncritical (“Death on the battlefield is great. And pure. And forever ”). In the end, a front mission opens his eyes and Harras assigns him to the resistance fighter Oderbruch. This enables Hartmann "... a way to atonement and a new beginning." Zuckmayer writes in his autobiography that many adolescents and young adults identify with this figure.
- Sigbert von Mohrungen is President of the Raw Metals Procurement Office. According to the description, he is a ... fifties with gray temples, representative of the old civil heavy industry . He and his colleagues had financed the National Socialists early on. From a conversation with Harras in the first act: You thought it differently. It was believed that one was creating a weapon against Bolshevism. A gun in our hand.
dedication
Zuckmayer dedicated the piece, which was completed in Barnard (Vermont) in July 1945, to his friends Theodor Haubach , Wilhelm Leuschner and Helmuth von Moltke , who were executed in 1944/45 ; in the first draft 1942 still to the unknown fighter .
interpretation
Des Teufels General opens a creative period in which Zuckmayer mainly wrote time-critical problem dramas with a humanistic-religious worldview. Later examples are Der Gesang im Feuerofen (1950), The cold light (1955), The clock strikes one (1961) and his last drama The Pied Piper (1975).
The author explains the devil himself to Adolf Hitler , whose General Harras is . This is how he describes in his autobiography As if it were a piece of me the Anschluss of Austria , which forced him to flee to the USA, as a demonic invasion of normality:
- “All hell broke loose that evening. The underworld had opened its gates and let loose its lowest, most hideous, most impure spirits. The city was transformed into a nightmare painting by Hieronymus Bosch : lemurs and half- demons seemed to have crawled out of dirty eggs and climbed out of boggy holes in the ground . "
The titles of the three acts not only reflect the growing threat, but also the surrender to higher powers ( infernal machine , hangover or the hand , damnation ). The hand is made up of the cones of light from flak headlights . Harras in a conversation with Olivia in the second act: “When I'm alone in the evening - and when it gets darker - it grows over the roofs there [...] Only one hand. Five fingers. But - huge. Enormous. As if it could seize an entire city - and lift it up - and throw it away. ”At the end of the third act, Harras announced in a conversation with Oderbruch that he would be subject to a divine judgment : he wanted to fly with the recalled, sabotaged machine. When Oderbruch observes Harras' crash, he prays the Lord's Prayer , Hartmann, who is assigned to Oderbruch, agrees.
The general aviation master Ernst Udet , who is the role model for General Harras, committed suicide on November 17, 1941 after it became known that he had falsified figures [...] and tweaked documents . Zuckmayer emphasized that he had not written a documentary drama, so Harras and Udet are not identical. The wording of the state funeral in the news of the death indicated that Udet's death would be used for propaganda purposes. So the piece closes with the words of Dr. Schmidt-Lausitz: “General Harras just had a fatal accident while fulfilling his duty. When trying out a fighting machine. Yes sir. State funeral. ”“ The last word of tragedy ”as Zuckmayer writes in his autobiography.
Origin and background
Zuckmayer fled the National Socialists to the USA in 1938 . After a failed attempt as a screenwriter in Hollywood and various odd jobs, he lived with his wife Alice Herdan-Zuckmayer on a farm in the Vermont mountains from September 1941 . In December of the same year he learned from a newspaper note of the death of his friend Ernst Udet , the general airman in the German army . He was said to have “had a fatal accident while trying out a new weapon and was buried with a state funeral.” According to his autobiography, Zuckmayer last met Udet in 1936 in a Berlin pub. He advised him to leave Germany for good. This way out is barred for him: “I [...] fell into aviation. I can't get out of there anymore. But one day the devil will take us all. ”Udet became a role model for General Harras . The author writes about the further work:
- “On a freezing night at the end of January 1943, I read the first act and the draft of the entire piece to my wife. She was wrapped up to her nose in woolen blankets because the northwest wind was blowing. We drank all the beer and the rest of the whiskey that was still in the house. “This is my first piece,” I said, “that I am writing for the drawer.” […] It took me almost three weeks for the first act and the draft of the last. It took me more than two years to complete the middle act and complete it. For weeks I couldn't get to writing because of my daily work. But I lived with the play, I lived with Germany. And when the war ended, the piece was finished too. "
In addition, the author wrote character portraits of cultural workers who remained in Germany for the Office of Strategic Services , the forerunner organization of the CIA (published in 2002 under the title Secret Report ). The first performance of the play was on December 14, 1946 at the Schauspielhaus Zurich. Although Zuckmayer was the civilian cultural representative of the American War Department at the time, it still took almost a year before the release for Germany was granted. After the performance at the Hamburger Schauspielhaus, the drama became the most successful play of the immediate post-war period: In the seasons 1947/48, 1948/49 and 1949/50 it was on the program a total of 3238 times. After that, interest subsided.
In a declaration on March 15, 1963, Zuckmayer forbade the drama to be resumed in Baden-Baden. Due to domestic political "incidents and disputes of the last year", he feared that the play could be interpreted as an "excuse for a certain participant type". Only amateur groups were exempt from the performance ban. Zuckmayer is evidently referring to the Eichmann trial that began in Jerusalem in 1961 and the imminent Auschwitz trials in Frankfurt / Main from the end of 1963. The new, revised version was first performed in January 1967 in the Berlin Schiller Theater; As in 1946, the director was Heinz Hilpert.
Differences between the versions
Note: Unless otherwise stated, the information on the first version refers to the edition Des Teufels General, Bermann-Fischer Verlag Stockholm / Schönbrunn-Verlag Vienna 1947
The most extensive changes concern General Harras' clarifying conversation with Oderbruch in the third act. The character of Oderbruch is harder, more fanatical in the first version. When asked why he was ready to sacrifice even his best friends, he replied that they too were “the weapon with which he [the enemy] can win.” In the new version, somewhat weakened: The “enemy - is incomprehensible . He is everywhere - in the middle of our people - in the middle of our ranks [...] Now there is only one thing left for us: we have to break the weapon with which he can win - even if it hits us. ”When Harras asked whether he didn't know what a defeat meant for Germany: “There is no subjugation that is not liberation - for our people [...] We need defeat. We thirst for doom. We have to help - with our own hands. Only then can we, purified, rise again. ”In the new version, Zuckmayer lets him say more optimistically:“ It won't last. Children grow up, new sexes, they will be free. ”Already in the old version, Harras recommends:“ Keep your weapons clean and hit the root before you strike the crown. ”In the new version:“ You have to hit the root ! The root, Oderbruch! And it's not called Friedrich Eilers. It's called: Adolf Hitler. ”This is a clearer allusion to the assassination attempt of July 20, 1944 .
Another change concerns a conversation between Harras and his chauffeur Korrianke at the beginning of the third act: “Have you already thought about what you are going to do yourself? I mean - if I can not complain about you "Korrianke responds that he is in this case voluntarily infantry" "would report to fraternize there with the Russians," to the east Tovarishchi -Towarischtschi! I can. "In the 1946 version, Harras says:" I think - I don't have to worry about you. "In the 1967 version, on the other hand:" You think you can get out of the sour milk and into the honey? Man - if you just don't get stuck in it. ”He also remains skeptical when Korrianke asserts that as an“ old Spartakist ”he was in the KPD as early as 1918 .
Productions
- World premiere at the Schauspielhaus Zurich
The director of the premiere in December 1946 was Heinz Hilpert , the title role of Harras was played by Gustav Knuth , the set was designed by Caspar Neher . Hilpert deleted or shortened all passages that are not directly related to Harras' search for the culprit. The original five-hour piece was a third shorter. The magazine Sie & Er wrote in the edition of January 10, 1947: "A small tragic crack is of course noticeable in the performance: You can clearly see which of the actors have seen and experienced personally and which have to be felt from a sheltered distance."
- First performance at the Deutsches Schauspielhaus
The director of the German premiere on November 8, 1947 was Friedrich Brandenburg , the title role of Harras was played by Robert Meyn , and the set was designed by Karl Gröning . Josef Marein wrote in ZEIT on November 20, 1947 : “Thanks to the director Friedrich Brandenburg, who managed the feat of forging the […] actors from the Staatliches Schauspielhaus into such a strong ensemble that the pitfalls of the replacement theater hall at the Besenbinderhof are brilliant were overplayed - thanks to this director, the audience - whose reaction was so extremely revealing to follow - from the start under the spell of a work that is not only gorgeous theater, but in parts the most glowing poetry. ”About the passage in the third act in which In an interview with Harras, Oderbruch says that there is no subjugation that is not liberation, Marein continues: “Here, right here, was the point where (not on the premiere evening, but on the second performance evening) suddenly the audience suddenly appeared distinct, even if isolated, grumbling. Some ostentatiously left the hall, apparently unconcerned with shouts like: 'The Nazis are leaving ...' ”. For this passage, later changed by Zuckmayer, see also the section: Differences between the versions .
- First performance of the new version at the Berlin Schillertheater
The director of the first performance of the new version in January 1967 was Heinz Hilpert, the title role of Harras was played by Carl Raddatz . Rudolf Walter Leonhardt wrote in ZEIT on January 27, 1967: “Heinz Hilpert could not have succeeded in the conception of a new Harras, could not have succeeded so, if a Carl Raddatz had not helped him to turn the conception into reality. He is no longer the fearless daredevil like all his great predecessors were in this role (Gustav Knuth in Zurich 1946, Martin Held in Frankfurt 1947, OE Hasse in Berlin 1948), he is a deeply scared man, also scared of himself In the end, there is really almost nothing separating him from the intellectual Oderbruch. "
- Berlin Volksbühne 1996
Frank Castorf's production in the Berliner Volksbühne in 1996 refers not only to Zuckmayer's play, but also to the film adaptation by Helmut Käutner. Castorf moves the scene to a space station and replaces the plot with a revue of more or less alienated scenes. He fills male roles with women and vice versa. General Harras is played in the first act by Corinna Harfouch and in the second and third by Bernhard Schütz . The performance was recorded for television. Corinna Harfouch received the Gertrud-Eysoldt-Ring for her portrayal of General Harras and was voted actress of the year by the specialist magazine “ Theater heute ” .
- Further performances
In 1967 a radio play version was created in an arrangement by Bruno Felix and Hans Jedlitschka.
filming
In 1954, the film adaptation of the same name was made under the direction of Helmut Käutner . The main roles were played by Curd Jürgens and Marianne Koch . Koch received the German Film Prize for her role , and Juergens was named Best Actor at the Venice International Film Festival . The screenplay was written by Käutner and Georg Hurdalek , with an unlimited power of attorney from Zuckmayer. In addition to adjustments such as inserting new scenes, deleting secondary characters and adding others, characters have also been changed: cultural director Dr. Schmidt-Lausitz is now on an equal footing with General Harras and not “the subaltern man endowed with power ” of the play. Oderbruch is not only an engineer, he also took part in the First World War as an aviator, was wounded and carries awards. The faulty aircraft are held back and the test pilots are instructed to parachute themselves to rescue. The machine in which Friedrich Eilers had an accident belongs to a group that went to the front against the will of Oderbruch and Harras. In the piece, however, a sister machine that has not yet been used is ordered back. Käutner considered the original role of Oderbruch to be the piece's greatest weak point: “In the end, the grateful element was Harras, who heroically crashes […] And Oderbruch remains and is allowed to accept the audience's antipathy and resentment. He is burdened with the odium of comrade murder. Nobody listens to the political opinion of such a man. "
reception
The East German writer Hedda Zinner wrote the radio play General Landt (first broadcast January 28, 1949) in response to Zuckmayer's play, which she found belittling , until 1949 , which was also performed as a five-act play in 1957. In 1958 the DFF television game General Landt followed (first broadcast March 16, 1958). Here, in contrast to Harra, the general is a staunch National Socialist and survived the war unscathed. Zinner's versions are adaptations of the novel The Sows the Wind by the American writer Martha Dodd .
literature
First edition from 1946
Austrian edition from 1947
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expenditure
- The Devil's General , Bermann Fischer Verlag AB Stockholm 1946
- Des Teufels General , Bermann-Fischer Verlag Stockholm / Schönbrunn-Verlag Vienna 1947
- Des Teufels General , Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Frankfurt am Main, 36th edition 2008, ISBN 978-3-596-27019-4
Secondary literature
- Carl Zuckmayer: As if it were a piece of me . Frankfurt / Main: Fischer Verlag, June 2006, ISBN 978-3-596-17208-5
- Katrin Weingran: “The Devil's General” under discussion . Tectum Verlag Marburg 2004, ISBN 978-3-8288-8599-8
- Karla Seedorf: Carl Zuckmayer - The Devil's General. Text analysis and interpretation with detailed table of contents and Abitur exercises with solutions . Series King's Explanations 283, Bange Verlag, Hollfeld 1st edition 2012 ISBN 978-3-8044-1967-4
Web links
- General with a historical shadow - Zuckmayer success in Zurich. DER SPIEGEL, January 11, 1947, accessed August 25, 2015 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ Act 1, pp. 7–71
- ↑ Act 1, p. 72
- ↑ Act 2, pp. 73–84
- ↑ Act 2, pp. 87–110
- ↑ Act 2, pp. 112–128
- ↑ Act 3, pp. 129–146
- ↑ Act 3, p. 149
- ↑ Act 3, p. 155
- ↑ Act 3, pp. 146–156
- ^ First act, p. 9
- ↑ Act 1, p. 37f, conversation with Sigbert von Mohrungen
- ↑ Act 1, p. 11
- ↑ Act 1, p. 55
- ↑ Carl Zuckmayer - The devil's general. Text analysis and interpretation with detailed table of contents and Abitur exercises with solutions on pp. 56 to 57
- ↑ Act 2, p. 83
- ↑ Second act, pp. 124f
- ↑ Fischer Taschenbuch, flyleaf, p. 2
- ↑ As if it were a piece of me. Frankfurt / Main: Fischer Verlag, June 2006 p. 653
- ↑ Act 1 p. 20
- ↑ Act 1, p. 67
- ↑ Carl Zuckmayer - The devil's general. Text analysis and interpretation with detailed table of contents and Abitur exercises with solutions p. 53f
- ↑ As if it were a piece of me . P. 653
- ↑ Act 1, p. 11
- ↑ Act 1, p. 36f
- ↑ Dedication, p. 5
- ↑ Carl Zuckmayer - The devil's general. Text analysis and interpretation with detailed table of contents and Abitur exercises with solutions p. 21f
- ↑ means Vienna
- ↑ As if it were a piece of me , p. 84
- ↑ New version, Act 2, p. 98
- ↑ New version, 3rd act, p. 154 ff.
- ^ Karlheinz Wagner: Des Dichters General , Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung of December 14, 1996. Quoted from: "Des Teufels General" in the discussion p. 25
- ↑ “The Devil's General” in the discussion, pp. 25f
- ^ New version, Fischer Taschenbuch, p. 156
- ↑ As if it were a piece of me , p. 623
- ↑ As if it were a piece of me , Chapter: Farewell and Return, pp. 565 ff and 601
- ↑ As if it were a piece of me , p. 622
- ↑ As if it were a piece of mine , p. 623 f.
- ^ Carl Zuckmayer: Secret report . German paperback publisher. Munich 2004. ISBN 978-3-423-13189-6 epilogue p. 409 (client and time of origin)
- ^ Marie-Christine Gay: Selected resistance dramas: "Des Teufels General" by Carl Zuckmayer, "Die Illegalen" by Günther Weisenborn and "Doctor Lilli Wanner" by Friedrich Wolf , La Clé des Langues, Lyon, ENS de LYON / DGESCO (ISSN 2107 -7029), December 2009. Accessed March 13, 2019
- ↑ DER SPIEGEL 37/1955: The happy wanderer (performance statistics in PDF p. 40) accessed on September 13, 2012
- ↑ Carl Zuckmayer: "Des Teufels General". An explanation. In Neue Zürcher Zeitung 81 (March 23, 1963) quoted from: Katrin Weingran: “Des Teufels General” under discussion . Tectum Verlag Marburg 2004, ISBN 978-3-8288-8599-8 , p. 67f
- ↑ “The Devil's General” in the discussion p. 67
- ↑ The new Harras (DIE ZEIT, January 27, 1967 No. 04)
- ^ First version, p. 166
- ↑ a b Fischer Taschenbuch 2008, p. 149
- ↑ First version, p. 167
- ↑ Des Teufels General , 1947 p. 172
- ↑ Fischer Taschenbuch 2008, p. 153
- ↑ Fischer Taschenbuch 2008 p. 130
- ^ First version, p. 147
- ↑ Fischer Taschenbuch 2008, p. 131
- ↑ "The Devil's General" in the discussion . P. 27 f.
- ↑ PB: A significant world premiere: “Des Teufels General” by Carl Zuckmayer . In: Sie & Er , January 10, 1947. Quoted from: “Des Teufels General” in the discussion . P. 30
- ↑ "The Devil's General" in the discussion , p. 35
- ↑ Josef Marein: "Des Teufels General" - Zuckmayer's drama and its audience . DIE ZEIT No. 47. November 20, 1947 p. 5
- ↑ Josef Marein: "Des Teufels General" - Zuckmayer's drama and its audience . DIE ZEIT No. 47. November 20, 1947 p. 6
- ↑ Rudolf Walter Leonhart: "The new Harras" - "The Devil's General" in Berlin: Hilpert and the Schiller Theater's subsequent birthday present to Carl Zuckmayer . DIE ZEIT No. 4 January 27, 1967 p. 16
- ↑ “The Devil's General” in the discussion p. 75
- ↑ DVD: Des Teufels General , Kultur SPIEGEL Edition German Film 2009, from 1:28:00 (Harras receives news of Eiler's death)
- ^ First version, p. 153. New version, p. 137
- ↑ DER SPIEGEL 4/1955: TEUFELS GENERAL - The Oderbruch Complex p. 33
- ↑ ARD audio play database: General Landt , accessed on March 29, 2020
- ↑ fernsehenderddr.de: General Landt (1958) , accessed on March 29, 2020
- ↑ DER SPIEGEL 27/1957: The Anti-Devil General, p. 47f
