German Judo Association
The German Judo Association (DJV) was the sports organization of judoka in the German Democratic Republic .
The German Judo Association of the GDR emerged directly from the Judo section in the German Sports Committee (DS). When the DJV was founded, the organizational structures, the management staff and the competitive sports orientation of the former Judo section in the DS were taken over.
Judo in the German Sports Committee
After the Second World War , the occupying powers prohibited German citizens from practicing martial arts. In order to organize the systematic development of sport, the German Sports Committee (DS) was founded on October 1, 1948 in the Soviet Occupation Zone (SBZ) . Up until then, some judo and jiu jitsu fans, probably significantly fewer than 900 athletes, had secretly trained in so-called gymnastics groups in the SBZ . Judo survived the prohibition period in the Soviet Occupation Zone as a marginal sport , especially at universities and technical colleges in the training of sports teachers, in student sports and as part of the service sports of the German People's Police .
1949-1954
After smaller judo tournaments had already taken place in Saxony and Berlin at the end of 1948, the sport of judo was added to the heavy athletics department of the DS in 1949 under the leadership of the Berlin Dan bearer Hans Becker . From the beginning, great emphasis was placed on the development of judo exclusively as a competitive sport. References to Jiu Jitsu and close combat sports of the former, Nazi-charged specialist office for heavy athletics and to well-known German protagonists before 1945 such as Erich Rahn or Otto Schmelzeisen were largely avoided when judo sports began again in the GDR. The first individual judo championships in the GDR took place in Dresden on June 24 and 25, 1950 . At that time there were around 900 judoka organized in the DS. At the judo championships that took place annually from 1950 onwards, the competition rules were continuously improved and adapted to international standards.
In October 1950, the German University for Physical Culture (DHfK) began teaching in Leipzig and appointed the judo runner-up, Lothar Skorning, as a lecturer in sports history and as a sports teacher specializing in judo . The sport of judo was included in the curriculum of the sports teacher degree. Judo thus received a development impetus in the GDR that paid off in the following years. In November 1950 the West German German Athletes' Association (DAB) and the heavy athletics division of the DS founded the German Athletes Union (DAU), which organized all-German championships for heavy athletics. According to the agreements in the DAU, some judoka from the GDR took part in all-German championships until 1954.
Almost three years after Gunji Koizumi revived the European Judo Union (EJU) in London , Lothar Skorning and Ernst Lassahn applied to the then President of the EJU, Aldo Torti , for membership in the judoka of DS heavy athletics in June 1951 . For the first time on the occasion of the III. World Festival of Youth and Students in August 1951 a judo selection team of the DS against a foreign team, with the team of the French Workers' Federation (FSGT- Fédération sportive et gymnique du travail ) was defeated. In September 1951, the final battle for the first GDR team championship took place in Görlitz . Opponents were the championship teams from Saxony and Berlin, BSG Motor Südost Leipzig and BSG Mechanik Friedrichshain / Ost. The team from Berlin won. On October 22, 1951, the Central Judo Committee was constituted in Berlin at the Presidium of the Heavy Athletics Section in the DS, headed by Hans Becker, who prepared the establishment of an independent Judo Section in the DS.
On March 1, 1952 formed up still under the umbrella of the heavy athletics , the section Judo , which then formed a separate section in the DS from 21 September 1,952th Lothar Skorning was elected President of the Judo Section . At the EJU Congress in Zurich in August 1952 , the Judo section of the DS was accepted as a provisional member of the EJU, subject to the further organizational development of the judo sport in Germany. In February 1953, the judo coaching council in the DS at the DHfK began its work. The coaching council then met at regular intervals to improve the training of judo coaches and to develop the theoretical and practical basis for it. In June 1953, the first German youth championships took place in Magdeburg with the participation of West German judoka . At the Institute for Martial Arts at the DHfK, the Judo discipline was established in September 1953 with the teachers Horst Wolf and Siegmund Haunschild . In connection with the training of the students in judo and the experiences of the coaching council, teaching material was created and the theory and methodology of judo training was further developed. The teaching material was also the basis of Horst Wolf's later judo textbooks.
After the German Judo Association (DJB) was founded in the Federal Republic of Germany in August 1953 , the DAB and the DJB organized judo championships in West Germany separately. As in previous years, participants from the GDR were invited to the DAB championships in accordance with the DAU agreements. In December 1953, Dietrich Schnappup from East Berlin won the heavyweight division in Bremerhaven and Werner Borsdorf from Dresden won the light heavyweight division of the all-German judo championship. The judo section in the DS had decided on an all-German team championship for 1954 with the DAB. In April 1954, the fifth individual judo championships in the GDR took place in the Niedersedlitz district of Dresden , where the all-German champion Borsdorf also won the GDR championship title.
The relays of the BSG Lokomotive Leipzig and the BSG Wismut Freital qualified for the final round of the all-German team championship . The teams from PSV Bremerhaven and TSV München-Ost prevailed in the eliminations in the western German states . From the all-German team championship, which was held in Berlin at the beginning of May 1954, the Freitaler emerged victorious in front of TSV München-Ost.
In the course of 1953, due to the sometimes hostile attitude of Alfred Rhodes and the German Dan College (DDK), the Dan holders of the Judo section in the DS agreed to organize their own Dan College in the GDR . On May 8, 1954, the Dan College in the GDR was finally founded in East Berlin , to which the East German Dan holders Hans Becker, Ernst Lassahn, Ewald Schönrock , Karl Knoop and Lothar Skorning belonged. The Dan College in the GDR, under the direction of Hans Becker, carried out a Dan exam in the GDR for the first time in 1954. At the end of May 1954, at the invitation of the Czechoslovak Judo Association, an East German judo team traveled abroad for the first time. At the meeting of the two selection teams, the GDR team lost 2:10 on May 23 in Hradec Králové and made the second meeting on May 26 in Pilsen a draw. The outstanding judoka of the GDR was Arno Frank , who won all of his fights and defeated the 1954 European champion Zdeněk Písařík . The last all-German judo individual championships for young people were held in Leipzig on July 17 and 18, 1954, with the GDR judoka winning six of the nine titles.
In December 1954, an EJU congress took place in Brussels , at which the Judo Section, together with the Czechoslovak Judo Association , were accepted as full members of the EJU as the first representatives from Eastern Bloc countries without dissenting votes . On December 29, 1954, the DAB ended its activity for the West German judo sport in favor of the DJB, whereby the all-German sporting relations of the judo section were interrupted at the judo association level .
1955-1958
On May 21, 1955, the judo competitions for the Mitropa Cup of the EJU took place in Nuremberg, in which seven judoka from a DS team took part. During the presidium meeting of the Judo section in December 1955, Lothar Skorning was confirmed as president and Ewald Schönrock, Horst Wolf and Siegmund Haunschild were elected vice-presidents. The GDR judoka made no progress in the international sporting business due to the Federal Republic's claim to sole representation from 1956 to 1960. The leading European judo nations, France, Great Britain and the Netherlands, saw the German judoka represented primarily by the DJB. The judoka of the police sports associations Vorwärts and Dynamo took part in various Spartakiads of the armed organs in the states of the Warsaw Pact and were able to gain international competition experience there. The internal German sports relations originally initiated by the DS and DAB with the DAU came to a complete standstill as a result of the political disputes. After the all-German judo championships in 1954, there were no official intra-German judo competitions until the eliminations for the 1964 Summer Olympics . During this period, the first edition of the Judo textbooks by Horst Wolf was published by Sportverlag Berlin :
- - 1955: Judo martial arts. The technique and methodology of the judo elementary school
- - 1957: advanced judo
- - 1958: Judo self-defense
For many interested laypeople and prospective trainers, these textbooks were the introduction to the sport of judo. Based on the Kawaishi method and “on the Gokyo-No-Kaisetsu of the Kodokan , these textbooks became the basis for the graduation system and the training plans in GDR Judo. They have appeared in over 20 editions and are still of value today for the theory and practice of judo training ”. In November 1955 the sixth GDR championships were held in Rostock , with a generation change among the active judoka. By 1958, the young judoka of the newly founded sports clubs SC Dynamo Berlin , ZSK Vorwärts Strausberg , SC DHfK Leipzig , SC Lokomotive Leipzig and SC Wismut Karl-Marx-Stadt prevailed. With the dissolution of the DS and the establishment of the DTSB in April 1957, a new phase in the development of GDR sport was initiated. For the Judo section, which is very strongly anchored in the DHfK, organizational changes were necessary in view of the increasing importance of sports clubs. In 1958, around 5800 judoka were organized in the Judo section .
Judo in the German Judo Association of the GDR
The German Judo Association of the GDR (DJV) was founded on April 19, 1958 in Leipzig with the aim of integrating the sport of judo into the German Gymnastics and Sports Association (DTSB), which has existed since April 1957 . Lothar Skorning was elected as president of the DJV, Ewald Schönrock and Siegmund Haunschild were vice-presidents. As the successor to the Judo section, the DJV took over membership in the EJU and joined the DTSB as a sports association shortly after it was founded.
1958-1960
Under the presidency of Lothar Skorning in May 1958, GDR judoka took part in a European championship (EM) for the first time in Barcelona , but still remained without medals. For the EM participation in 1958, the special situation of Franco Spain was of use to the DJV , whose government wanted to provoke greater recognition in Western Europe in terms of foreign policy by ignoring the West German claim to sole representation. At the student championships in Nice in September 1958, Hans Müller-Deck and Robert Schindler won two silver medals for the DJV. Erich Zielke won the first European Championship medal in 1959 in Vienna with a third place. The DJV's participation in the European Championship in Austria in 1959 was possible despite West German protests due to the requirement of neutrality in the State Treaty . In May 1959 Horst Wolf was elected to the EJU board as deputy technical director. The spell of the politically motivated isolation of the DJV was gradually broken until 1960. At the European Championship in Amsterdam in 1960, the GDR judoka were given permission to start in a NATO country, with Helmut Hempel winning a bronze medal.
1961-1974
Horst Wolf took over the presidency in April 1961 and initiated a number of structural changes in the DJV. A central Dan examination commission in the DJV took over the functions of the Dan college. A general secretariat was set up in Berlin. The DJV thus followed the development of the Berlin sports clubs ASK Vorwärts and SC Dynamo, which had become key performance centers. From 1961 the DJV published the professional journal Judo as a regular newsletter. The management of the DJV coaching council was gradually transferred to Henry Hempel , who took over the function of DJV head coach in 1962. In order to promote the newly created judo sections in the various sports communities, the judoka of the sports clubs did not take part in the GDR team championships from 1961 to 1964, according to the decision of the DJV presidium.
The perspective plan of the DJV until 1972 provided for the promotion of judo at colleges and universities. Judo became part of compulsory student sport in 1965/1966. To this end, the DJV conducted courses to train university sports teachers and trainers. These courses were very popular because many university sports associations (HSG) had a judo section. In Berlin, Leipzig, Halle , Magdeburg and Karl-Marx-Stadt there were very strong HSG judo teams that were successful in student championships on a national and international level. From 1970 the DJV organized GDR championships for students, which were held as a team and individual competition. In 1969 Horst Wolf was appointed to the referee commission of the International Judo Federation (IJF) as a representative of the EJU .
The EJU awarded the EM in 1964 and 1970 to the DJV in East Berlin . In 1964, 1965 and 1966 the DJV selection team came third in the team competition. At the EM in 1961 in Milan , Herbert Niemann was the first DJV judoka to become European champion. He then won two more European Championship titles in Essen in 1962 and in Madrid in 1965 . In the eliminations for the German Olympic team in 1964, he was the only DJV judoka to win a place in the Olympic team, but was unable to win a medal in Tokyo due to injury.
On behalf of the DJV, Hans Müller-Deck wrote the brochure Nage-No-Kata and Katame-No-Kata , which was published by the DJV in 1966. This Dan brochure , which appeared in four editions until 1985, supplemented the judo textbooks by Horst Wolf for Dan candidates and supported them in preparing for the Dan exams. Gerhard Lehmann , Hans Müller-Deck and Willi Lorbeer also developed the training program in the German Judo Association of the GDR , which was published in 1969 by the DJV. To promote high-performance sport in the DJV, the best judoka were gradually brought together in only three sports clubs - SC Dynamo Hoppegarten , ASK Frankfurt / Oder and SC Leipzig - and looked after by highly qualified judo trainers. Further European champions of the DJV in the period up to 1974 were: Karl Nitz (1963), Klaus Hennig (1970), Rudolf Hendel (1970, 1971), Helmut Howiller (1971) and Dietmar Hötger (1972, 1973).
Helmut Howiller and Dietmar Hötger won the first two world championship medals for the DJV with third places at the world championships (WM) in 1971 in Ludwigshafen . In the 1972 GDR Olympic team , Dietmar Hötger won bronze and was the first DJV judoka to receive an Olympic medal. At the 1973 World Championships in Lausanne , the DJV judoka won a silver medal (Dietmar Hötger) and three bronzes ( Bernd Look , Dietmar Lorenz , Wolfgang Zuckschwerdt ).
Based on the teachings of the Kodokan school and the Kawaishi method , judo was conceived as a men's sport in the DJV until the early 1960s. In the judo sections of the sports clubs, however, women and children under the age of 14 had also taken up the sport of judo. Therefore, the DJV worked out appropriate training guidelines and competition rules in the Children and Youth Commission and the Women's Commission. From 1966 children and youth spartakiads took place, in which judoka also took part. In 1966 the DJV organized the first GDR championship for women.
1974-1987
1974 Gerhard Grafe was elected DJV President. The concentration of the best male judoka in a few performance centers ( SC Dynamo Hoppegarten , ASK Vorwärts Frankfurt / Oder and SC Leipzig ) led from 1974 to better and better results in an international comparison. European championship winners were: Günter Krüger (1974, 1978), Torsten Reissmann (1975, 1978, 1980, 1982), Dietmar Lorenz (1977, 2 × 1978), Harald Heinke (1978, 1979), Karl-Heinz Lehmann (1981) and Henry Stöhr (1982, 1986). In addition, DJV judoka won nine European silver medals and 29 bronze medals from 1974 to 1987.
World title holders were: Detlef Ultsch (1979, 1983) and Andreas Preschel (1983). In addition, DJV judoka won a World Championship silver medal and nine World Championship bronze medals from 1974 to 1987. At the 1980 Summer Olympics , Dietmar Lorenz became the first German judoka to win a gold medal. The DJV judoka also won three bronze medals at the 1980 Olympics. Because of the boycott of the Summer Olympics in 1984 by the GDR, DJV judoka could not achieve any further Olympic victories until 1988.
In 1974, 1976 and 1977 the DJV selection team came third in the team competition. The SC Dynamo Hoppegarten won the European Cup in 1977 . The DJV team appointed by the coaches Henry Hempel and Dietmar Hötger, which competed at the European Championships in Helsinki in 1978 , went down in European Championship history as a miracle team . The DJV judoka won five of the eight gold medals in Helsinki and all participating DJV judoka achieved a medal rank. The downside of these successes was that, since the early 1970s, the three sports clubs SC Dynamo Hoppegarten, ASK Vorwärts Frankfurt / Oder and SC Leipzig only decided on the GDR men's championships among themselves. Judo sections of other sports communities, however, had no chance. The DJV also reacted with regard to the team tournament for the judo club trophy, which has been held annually since 1972, and from 1978 excluded the three sports clubs from participating in the GDR team championships. The aim was to maintain and broaden the basis of competitive sport in sports clubs. On behalf of the EJU, the DJV organized the Junior European Championship in Berlin in 1977 and the Men's European Championship in Rostock in 1982. The appointment of Heinz Kempa as general secretary of the IJF in 1978 confirmed the special recognition of the work of the DJV at European and international level.
Although there had been GDR women's championships since 1966, female judoka were not accepted into the performance centers of the sports clubs. Without this support, the door to international high-performance sport was just as closed to the women in the DJV as to those judo men who were not accepted into one of the sports clubs after strict performance selection. Exceptional talents like Petra Sonntag from Schmalkalden - serial winner at the GDR championships from 1980 to 1987 - were not given the opportunity to take part in the women's judo EM, which has been established since 1977, despite good chances of winning. Judo was included in school physical education curricula in the 1970s. The basis for this were training programs that the DJV had worked out with sports scientists from the DHfK and systematically developed. The close cooperation between the DJV and the Institute for Martial Arts at the DHfK ensured that the latest findings on the training methodology and the competition design were recorded, analyzed and implemented.
1988-1990
In 1988 the rector of the DHfK, Professor Dr. Gerhard Lehmann , elected DJV President. For this position he qualified as a sports scientist in the presidium of the DJV and as head of the institute for martial arts at the DHfK. Frank-Michael Friedrich became DJV association trainer . At the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul , the DJV judoka won two silver medals and one bronze. In 1989 the men's DJV selection team came third in the team competition. By decision of the DJV, top female judoka were admitted to the training centers of the sports clubs from 1989 in order to prepare them specifically for European, World Cup and Olympic participation. To this end, on September 1, 1989, Jörg Großkopf , who until then had been the coach of the DJV youth team, was appointed the first head coach of the DJV women's team. In the course of this measure, the GDR women's championships were canceled in 1989. From 1988 to 1990 DJV judoka won five European Championship silver medals and four European Championship bronze medals, including women for the first time in 1990 with Susann Singer and Jana Perlberg . At the 1989 World Cup, DJV judoka won a silver and a bronze medal.
From spring 1989, karate, which was previously not recognized as a sport in the GDR, found an official home in the DJV . The Finnish-born, German-speaking Danträger and karateka Risto Kiiskilä then began to build up Shōtōkankarate in the DJV.
Because of the turning point and the peaceful revolution in the GDR , Gerhard Lehmann, as rector of the DHfK, had to concentrate on the developments in university operations and therefore declared his resignation as DJV president.
1990-1991
In 1990 Dr. Erhard Buchholz took over the office of DJV President. He had built a training and performance center for the DJV as part of the HSG of the Potsdam University of Education until 1987. With the support of the DJV officials at all levels, he managed to adapt the DJV organization to the new country and club structures. In addition, he initiated the nomination of top female judoka of the DJV for the first time for the women's judo EM in 1990. The sports clubs lost many active judoka from January 1990 by migrating to West German judo clubs, but at the same time the performance centers were important switching points for the establishment of new judo Regional associations and the formation of new judo sports clubs.
Negotiations with the DJB began in mid-1990. The DJV's negotiator was Erhard Buchholz, who had to represent the interests of the approx. 59,000 DJV judoka. Before the unification of the two associations, joint graduation and examination regulations were agreed. The DJV negotiator, Helmut Bark , who was entrusted with this topic, was able to introduce principles and procedures of the DJV into the negotiations and successfully assert them for the new East German state judo associations. In the hustle and bustle of the reorientation, however, the DJV lost the connection to its sports science component, which was arrested in the Institute for Martial Arts of the DHfK. With the closure of the DHfK in November 1990, internationally recognized judo experts from the DJV, such as Manfred Michelmann , Hans Müller-Deck or Gerhard Lehmann, fell by the wayside and played no role in the unification process with the DJB. The chief negotiator on the part of the DJB was President Klaus-Jürgen Schulze , who negotiated for around 138,000 DJB judoka. On February 2, 1991, the DJB and the DJV merged in Passau under the name Deutscher Judo-Bund . Klaus-Jürgen Schulze was elected DJB President and Erhard Buchholz took the position of Vice President and designated successor. Dietmar Hötger switched to the coaching staff of the DJB and became DJB head coach in 1993.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Directive No. 23 of December 17, 1945: "Restriction and demilitarization of sport in Germany".
- ^ Willi Gruschinski: Development of Judo in the GDR - 1948 ( retrieved from the author's website )
- ↑ See National Socialist Reich Association for Physical Exercise , Specialist Office for Heavy Athletics , Martial Arts Jiu Jitsu
- ↑ Willi Gruschinski: Development of Judo in the GDR - 1950 ff. ( Retrieved from the author's website )
- ↑ ibid - 1953 ff.
- ^ New Germany of May 10, 1954.
- ^ Martin H. Geyer: The struggle for national representation. German-German sports relations and the “Hallstein Doctrine”. In: Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte 1996, pp. 55–86.
- ^ New Germany of December 12, 1954.
- ↑ The blocking attitude towards the GDR judoka was reinforced by the fact that the chairman of the DJB, Heinrich Frantzen, was also president of the EJU from 1956 to 1959.
- ↑ Judo textbooks by Horst Wolf in the German National Library
- ^ Hans Müller-Deck : On the philosophy of Dan in Judo - experiences from the German Judo Association of the former GDR (contribution to the Dan supporter meeting of the DJB , October 2008 in Willingen), taken from the "Accompanying material for the Dan examination program. A reference work on various topics of the Dan examination regulations in the German Judo Bund e. V. “, May 2011, p. 82 ff.
- ↑ Tom Oschmann: Development of judo sport at the university and in college sport in Jena from approx. 1925 (= Jena contributions to sport 20), Friedrich Schiller University 2015, p. 9
- ^ Hans Müller-Deck , Gerhard Lehmann : Schülersport Judo , Sportverlag Berlin, 1977.
- ^ Gerhard Lehmann, Hans Müller-Deck: Judo - A textbook for trainers, trainers and active people . Sportverlag, Berlin 1986.
- ↑ Karate in the GDR - training in secret. (No longer available online.) In: www.kdnw.de. Archived from the original on January 3, 2018 ; accessed on July 1, 2015 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Risto Kiiskilä | DJKB, German JKA-Karate Bund e. V. In: www.djkb.com. Retrieved July 1, 2015 .
