Discrimination against East Germans

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

As discrimination Ostdeutscher the derogatory treatment are structural discrimination or stigmatization of in Germany called living people who are on the territory of the former GDR were born or grew up, so people from eastern Germany and the new countries . The question of whether East Germans are an ethnic group is controversial. Various judgments by German labor courts came to the conclusion that the degradation of people because of their East German origin is not a disadvantage within the meaning of Section 1 of the General Equal Treatment Act(AGG) because of ethnic origin or ideology . The Fundamental Rights Report 2019 describes the structural discrimination of East Germans as a fundamental rights problem .

Under-representation of East Germans in Germany's elites

Politics and administration

In Rostock -born sociologist Steffen Mau stated in 2012 in the time that East Germans in the German elites are in the minority. The fact that Germany had a Federal Chancellor and a Federal President from East Germany at the same time in Angela Merkel and Joachim Gauck could not hide this. The Leipzig-born sociologist Raj Kollmorgen described their biographies as exceptions in an interview in 2017. Johanna Wanka is also the only East German politician who has become a minister in a West German state ( Lower Saxony ). The Brandenburg Prime Minister Dietmar Woidke proposed Jes Möller as the first East German judge at the Federal Constitutional Court in 2020 , but did not prevail. In July of that year Ines Härtel was elected as the first East German constitutional judge.

A study by the University of Leipzig commissioned by the MDR found in 2016 that only 23 percent of management positions in eastern Germany were occupied by people of eastern German origin. The proportion was higher for minister-presidents of eastern German states. In government cabinets, the proportion was lower than in 2004, while there was an increase in the number of East German state secretaries. In the judiciary, the proportion rose from 11.8 to 13.3 percent, and among presidents and vice-presidents of the highest courts and presiding judges of the Senate from 3.4 to 5.9 percent.

economy

Nationwide in 2017, only 1.7 percent of all prominent top positions were occupied by East Germans - compared to a share of the population of around 17 percent. In the survey, people who were socialized in the GDR and born before 1976 were understood as “East German” . In 2017, four of the 196 board members of DAX companies came from eastern Germany (three of them women), and none of the CEOs came from the new federal states. At the beginning of 2019, the number of DAX board members with East German origin remained unchanged at four: Hiltrud Werner (* 1966, board member at VW), Hauke ​​Stars (* 1967, board member at Deutsche Börse), Kathrin Menges (* 1964, board member at Henkel, Her contract was not extended in 2019) and Torsten Jeworrek (* 1961, member of the Munich Re Board of Management).

media

East Germans are less represented than West Germans in the editors-in-chief of East German media. In a column on Deutschlandfunk 2019, the journalist Matthias Dell described the game “When does the first East German come”, in which someone calls out “ Bingo ” when he has discovered the first East German person in the imprint of a medium. The publisher Christoph Links was voted Publisher of the Year as the first East German in 2019 . An overview from the media-critical portal Übermedien on German TV talk show guests in the first half of 2020 determined an East German share of 8.3 percent. A study by the “ Progressives Center ” think tank found a share of 15.2 percent of the politicians invited between 2017 and 2020 with an East German biography.

On the ranking of the most influential intellectuals in German-speaking countries, which was determined by the magazine Cicero on the basis of media presence, internet citations and Google Scholar, there were only five people with a GDR biography among the top 100 in 2019, while the songwriter Wolf Biermann was ranked 30th.

Science and art

The share of 23 percent of people of East German origin in management positions in East Germany determined in the study by the University of Leipzig in 2016 was even lower in university management. In the management positions of the larger research institutes in East Germany, the proportion was only 14 percent, which is less than that of foreign scientists. There were no East Germans among the presidents or rectors of the 81 state universities. In 2020 Gesine Grande took up office as the first East German university president at the BTU Cottbus .

In an article in the Sächsische Zeitung in 2017 under the heading “Turn on the walls”, the cultural scientist Paul Kaiser accused the Dresden Art Museum Albertinum of having “disposed of the art-historical epoch between 1945 and 1990 from the permanent collection into the depot”. The predominantly West German people in charge showed "colonial [...] attitudes", "with which one wanted to teach East Germans to see". The subsequent debate discussed the representation of GDR art in German museums and was referred to in the features section as the “Dresden icon controversy”.

In a Zeit article entitled “The Dynasties of the East”, Anne Hähnig and Stefan Schirmer stated in 2016 that East German actors are represented above average in film, television and theater. They attribute this to the importance of families of actors who were able to continue the tradition of the GDR. As examples they name the actors Matthias Schweighöfer , Anna Maria Mühe , Cosma Shiva Hagen and Robert Gwisdek , whose parents had become known in the GDR.

Debate about East German quota

Since the 1990s, proposals have been made to counter the discrimination against East Germans with a quota system for organizations similar to the women's quota . Reiner Haseloff , Prime Minister of Saxony-Anhalt , rejected the idea in an interview with his Baden-Württemberg counterpart Winfried Kretschmann in 2015. The social scientist Frauke Hildebrandt, daughter of the Brandenburg SPD politician Regine Hildebrandt , demanded a quota of 17 percent in 2018, which should reflect the proportion of East Germans in the German population.

Judgments from labor courts

Wuerzburg (2009)

A cook who was born in East Germany filed a lawsuit with the Würzburg Labor Court in 2009 after being referred to by foreman cooks as “East German slut” and “Ossi” at his workplace, the kitchen of a US Army barracks . Since the US armed forces cannot be sued because of the NATO troop statute, the man demanded compensation from the Federal Republic of Germany. The court rejected the compensation for pain and suffering on the grounds that the term "Ossi" does not denote any ethnic group and does not represent any discrimination against East German citizens. The judgment was based on a comment by the legal scholar Gregor Thüsing , who spread the slogan during the Peaceful Revolution in 1989 “ We are one people ” refers to the protection against discrimination laid down in labor law .

Stuttgart (2010)

"Ossi" is handwritten with a minus sign on the applicant's rejected application

In 2010 the Stuttgart Labor Court ruled that East Germans were not an ethnic group in the sense of the General Equal Treatment Act. The complaint of a woman born in Berlin-Lichtenberg , whose application as a balance sheet accountant in Stuttgart had been rejected, was dismissed. On the resume that was returned there was a minus sign in ink and next to it the word "Ossi". The labor court rejected the lawsuit on the grounds that the term could be meant to be discriminatory, but for an ethnic group within the meaning of the Equal Treatment Act, there were no commonalities in tradition, language, religion, clothing and diet. The division of Germany was also too short to cause ethnic differences. The verdict was then discussed controversially. The legal scholar Oliver Mörsdorf states that the Stuttgart judgment was largely met with approval in the literature . However, the better arguments speak in favor of treating West Germans and East Germans as separate ethnic groups within the meaning of Section 1 AGG. Political scientist Dan Bednarz sees the judgment as evidence of the inability of the German legal system to cope with the stigmatization of East Germans.

Berlin (2019)

In 2019, the Berlin Labor Court ruled similarly in the case of a journalist. He had sued his employer, a weekly Sunday newspaper, for having been verbally belittled by his superiors because of his origins. In editorial meetings he was described as a "stupid Ossi" and compared to Stasi employees. This triggered mental disorders in him. In the process, he presented an expert report, according to which East Germans represented their own ethnic group. The court rejected the lawsuit, citing the Stuttgart judgment and justified the rejection, among other things, with the fact that East Germans were not an ethnic group because there was no uniform worldview in the GDR.

Sociological Studies and Debates

Experiences of former GDR citizens in the Federal Republic until 1989

Even before the fall of the wall , associations of refugees from the GDR expressed complaints about experiences of discrimination in the Federal Republic of Germany. A project of the Collaborative Research Center 186 “Status Passages and Risk Situations in the Life Course” at the University of Bremen carried out empirical studies among 3,071 former GDR citizens in West Berlin and Giessen who had left between 1983 and 1986, among other things their experiences of discrimination. In a review of the book Die Mauergesellschaft (2019) by the historian Frank Wolff on the German-German migration history in the Süddeutsche Zeitung , the historian Frank Bösch criticized the fact that the book contained little about the discrimination experiences of GDR citizens who had fled in the Federal Republic.

Perceived discrimination in reunified Germany

In an empirical social-psychological study on the regional identification of the Saxons from 2004, the sociologist Jan Skrobanek examined both the negative stereotyping of foreigners and the perceived discrimination of their own group. He refers to studies on the American phenomenon of "poor white racism" (see White Trash ), in which it has been shown that within a dominant group (e.g. the white middle or upper class) inferior subgroups (e.g. white workers or peasants) show a greater degree of rejection of an outgroup (e.g. blacks). Skrobanek makes the following observations, among other things: The more a person identifies with the Saxon group, the more he perceives the discrimination by a superior group; the more people living in Saxony are perceived to be discriminated against, the more negative stereotyping of the group “foreigners” takes place.

The "Thuringia Monitor" 2015 commissioned by the Thuringian state government and published by researchers from the University of Jena comes to similar results. In the period between 2002 and 2015, questions were asked about whether East Germans were treated by West Germans as “second class people” and about right-wing extremist attitudes. An increase in perceived discrimination was recorded. The stronger this opinion is, the more widespread right-wing extremist attitudes are, both in the generation that experienced the change and in the next. While the former rates German unity a little better than their previous generation, they perceive greater discrimination against East Germans. The study assesses this as an effect of cohorts , not of generations : while the group of 25 to 34-year-olds is more often convinced of the discrimination against East Germans, the 18 to 24 and 35 to 44-year-olds expressed their opinion below average.

A study by the Bertelsmann Foundation published in 2020 asked East Germans whether they felt treated as second-class citizens. 59 percent of East Germans agreed, 21 percent of West Germans could understand the feeling.

"Colonization" of East Germany

Since the early 1990s, comparisons between the transformation of East Germany and processes of colonization have been made. In connection with the liquidation of GDR operations by the Treuhandanstalt , journalists Peter Christ and Ralf Neubauer published the pamphlet Colony in their own country in 1991 . The letter of confession from the Red Army faction after the assassination of the Treuhand President Detlev Rohwedder in 1991 spoke of the former GDR as a colony of the Federal Republic and of Rohwedder as its governor. In 1995 Wolfgang Dümcke and Fritz Vilmar published the book Colonization of the GDR . In it, reunification is referred to as the “suicidal affiliation of the social organism of East Germany to the old Federal Republic”. The political scientist Klaus Schroeder criticized the approach of the book in the FAZ . He not only ignores the high costs for the Federal Republic, which speak against a designation of East Germany as a colony, but also that the GDR has gone through a process of decolonization from the Soviet system. In an interview with the Berliner Zeitung in 2017, Thomas Krüger , head of the Federal Agency for Civic Education , described the experience of the dominance of West German elites as “cultural colonialism”. Thomas Oberender , artistic director of the Berliner Festspiele , criticized in an article in the time in the same year that the at the site of the Palace of the Republic built the Berlin Humboldt Forum Although the German colonial history thematizing, but referring to "internal German colonialism" between East and West apart Eight, which also manifested itself in the demolition of the GDR building. In his book Empowerment Ost (2020) Oberender speaks of the "colonial matrix of West German power in East Germany". In 2019 Paul Kaiser organized a conference in Dresden under the title “Colony East? Aspects of 'Colonization' in East Germany since 1990 ”. Several media reported about it.

East Germans as an ethnic group

The question of whether East Germans can be considered an ethnic group has been discussed several times. In an essay from 1995, the American political scientist Marc Howard pleaded for East Germans to be understood as an ethnic group (“ethnicity”) in the sense of the Benedict Anderson concept of the “imagined community”. The historian Jörg Ganzenmüller also uses the concept without subsuming East German identity under an ethnic community. A legal study on the General Equal Treatment Act from 2018 argues that an East German should be classified as “German in Germany not in need of protection” because he is “not exposed to the risk of systematic discrimination”. In the Discrimination Handbook (2017), East Germans are referred to as a “ low status group”.

Comparisons of people with a migration background and East Germans from 1989

In 2015, the Thuringian-born Green politician Katrin Göring-Eckardt caused a sensation in a general debate in the Bundestag with a comparison of East Germans and migrants. She said: "30 percent of the children and young people in Germany have a migration background, and I have not counted the 'Ossis'." The Saxon SPD politician Petra Köpping took the sentence in her book Integriert but first us! (2018) on the occasion to compare East Germans and migrants.

In a 2019 study, the social scientist Naika Foroutan compared the discrimination experiences of Muslim migrants and East Germans. In her book Die Postmigrantische Gesellschaft , published in the same year, she describes both as “non-dominant groups”. The journalist Jana Hensel , who had pleaded for an East German identity with the book Zonenkinder in 2002 , praised Foroutan's study in the time . The conservative Spiegel columnist Jan Fleischhauer , who criticized the media “Ostler bashing” in an article in 2016, described the study's approach as identity politics that can be extended to any other alleged victim groups. The Übermedien portal criticized the study as unbalanced because it did not take into account the migration experiences of people of non-German origin in East Germany. The article also indicated that Foroutan cited Hensel's publications. The two performed together repeatedly and are working on a joint book at Aufbau-Verlag .

The sociologist Steffen Mau criticizes in his book Lütten Klein about the eponymous prefabricated housing estate in Rostock 2019 analogies between East Germans and migrants from Muslim countries . The “underprivileged and socially marginalized position of the East Germans, whether of a structural or symbolic nature” is “condensed into a discrimination narrative” in these debates. East Germans would be "migrated" in this way.

literature

  • Marc Howard: “An East German Ethnicity? Understanding the New Division of Unified Germany ", in: German Politics & Society , Vol. 13, No. 4 (37) (Winter 1995), pp. 49-70.
  • Jan Skrobanek: Regional identification, negative stereotyping and preference for in-groups: The example of Saxony , Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften 2004, pp. 124–133.
  • Frank den Hertog: minority in your own country? On the social position of East Germans in the overall German reality, Frankfurt a. M .: Campus, 2004.
  • Juliette Wendl: "An Ossi is an Ossi is an Ossi ... rules of media reporting on" Ossis "and" Wessis "in the weekly newspaper Die Zeit since the mid-1990s", in: Ahbe, Th., Gries, R. , Schmale, W. (Ed.) The East Germans in the media. The Image of Others after 1990 , Bonn: Federal Agency for Civic Education, 2010.
  • Martin Speulda: "The 'Ossi-Fall'", in: Wolfgang Fikentscher, Manuel Pflug, Luisa Schwermer (Eds.): Acculturation, Integration, Migration , Munich: Herbert Utz Verlag 2012, pp. 265–280.
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  • Michael Bluhm, Olaf Jacobs : Who rules the East? East German elites a quarter of a century after German reunification . University of Leipzig: Institute for Communication and Media Studies 2016. PDF
  • Dan Bednarz: East German Intellectuals and the Unification of Germany: An Ethnographic View, London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017.
  • Oliver Mörsdorf: Unequal Treatment as the Norm: A Dogmatic Analysis of Union-Determined Anti-Discrimination Law in Germany , Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck 2018, pp. 205–208.
  • Naika Foroutan / Daniel Kubiak: "Excluded and devalued: Muslims and East Germans", in: Blätter für neue deutsche und Internationale Politik (7/2018), pp. 93-102.
  • Naika Foroutan: The Postmigrant Society: A Promise of Plural Democracy , Bielefeld: transcript 2019.
  • Naika Foroutan, Frank Kalter, Coşkun Canan, Mara Simon: East-Migrant Analogies I. Competition for recognition . With the collaboration of Daniel Kubiak and Sabrina Zajak. Berlin: DeZIM Institute 2019, PDF
  • Steffen Mau: Lütten Klein: Life in the East German Transformation Society , Berlin: Suhrkamp 2019.

Individual evidence

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