Catenary trucks

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A Soviet type TG-08 trolley truck in Bryansk, Russia

A trolley truck , also called a trolley truck or out of date trackless railway , is a route-bound, but not track-guided, electrically powered means of transport for goods traffic . Technically, the vehicle type is comparable to a trolleybus (O-bus, trolleybus), both are electrically powered and draw their current from an overhead line by means of pantographs . Therefore, the terms trolleybus , trolleybus or trolleybus are often used. However, the term trolleybus, which is to be distinguished from trucks, refers exclusively to a means of passenger transport .

A more recent development is the overhead line hybrid truck (OH truck) or hybrid truck for short . Similar to the duo bus , it also draws its energy partially from an overhead line, but manages most of the journey without it.

Working principle

A trolley truck is constructed like a conventional truck , but is driven by one or more electric motors or with hybrid drives . He draws the energy needed to drive from a cocked on the road or terrain bipolar DC - catenary . The pantographs are pressed against the overhead lines by strong tension springs.

Catenary trucks can, depending on the electric motor, achieve accelerations that are even fully loaded than conventional trucks. They can therefore also be used in topographically difficult areas, where they prove to be superior to diesel-powered trucks. Overhead line trucks are particularly advantageous on roads with extreme gradients .

These routes are difficult to drive with internal combustion engine vehicles. The required torques are only achieved if the gear ratios are set so large that the motors run almost constantly at their highest speed at relatively low speeds. The electric drive is the only viable alternative as soon as the torque values ​​required in average operation exceed a certain threshold. Catenary trucks are route-bound, but not track-bound, but can move on the route specified by the catenary as flexibly as other trucks and buses and bypassing obstacles.

Dump trucks in mines often use overhead lines for power supply. For financial reasons, such routes are only created in large opencast mines and only used by heavy- duty vehicles with diesel-electric drives . This is usually the case with vehicles with a payload of 100 tons or more. Due to the high investment costs, the routes must be usable for several years. Sufficiently large terrain must be available, as the route is usually only driven in one direction and an additional lane often has to be made available for uphill and empty journeys.

The dump truck drives directly under the overhead line and the driver then manually gives the signal to move out the pantograph. After it comes into contact with the overhead line, the vehicle's electronics shut down the diesel drive, and the wheel hub motors are supplied with power directly via the overhead line. At the end of the route, the vehicle electronics adjust the diesel-powered engine to the required output again and the dump truck runs on diesel again. The route can be used by several vehicles at the same time, and side entry or exit is possible at any time.

history

1903: an early Russian trolley truck in Saint Petersburg

Germany

Schiemann goods tractors in the German Empire

While the electric vehicle from 1882 was used exclusively for passenger transport, the Bielatalbahn, which emanated from Königstein in Saxon Switzerland , is the first area of ​​application for overhead line trucks. In fact, these vehicles developed by the engineer Max Schiemann were more like electric tractors , they pulled non-powered trailers behind them. The goods transports on the 2.8 kilometer long Bielatalbahn served primarily the paper mill in Hütten, parallel to this, passenger transport to the Königsbrunn spa was carried out. The facility existed from 1901 to 1904.

From 1903 to 1907 such overhead line tractors drove on the Grevenbrück Kalkbahn . The line was built exclusively for the transport of limestone from the quarry to Grevenbrück station. A motor vehicle and various trailers were used. The 1½-kilometer route had gradients of over four percent. The relocation of the quarry led to its closure. In addition, the Veischedetalbahn operated from Grevenbrück , on which freight traffic was also carried out in the early years in addition to passenger traffic.

In the Rhineland operated from 1904 to 1908 the trackless railway Monheim – Langenfeld , it was also operated for both passenger and freight traffic . Due to the severe damage to the roads by the heavy vehicles, the railway was replaced after four years of operation by a railway company , the railways of the city of Monheim , which still exist today .

In Wurzen , the Wurzen industrial railway transported goods from 1905 to 1929. Between 1905 and 1914 the means of transport was used on the Mühlenbahn Großbauchlitz (today Döbeln ). From 1911 to 1949, electric towing vehicles ran on the Altona harbor tug between the harbor and what was then the Altona train station . The four vehicles replaced or supplemented the horse leader on the steep climb from the banks of the Elbe to the train station.

Landsberg on the Warta

When Landsberger O bus operation, an electrical was tractor Company Faun used, the bus-O-catenary moved to its power from the. This vehicle was used to transport coal from the port on the Warta to the electrical works, the gas works and the state authority. For this purpose, a branch line over a kilometer long was even laid. This freight traffic only existed from 1943 to 1945.

Dump trucks in the GDR

Between 1984 and 1988, converted Soviet BelAZ tippers, which had received electrical equipment from parked Škoda 9Tr O-buses, operated as overhead line trucks in the Bitterfeld lignite combine . From March 1988 to February 1989, a facility for transporting goods was built in the Elbingerode lime works . Due to the plant's economic problems during the reunification of the GDR , the overhead line truck, also a BelAZ tipper, only took a test drive on November 27, 1989.

Austria

In Austria, overhead line trucks were used in Sankt Lambrecht between 1945 and 1951 . The Dynamit Nobel AG they used for the traffic from the station Mariahof-Sankt Lambrecht to Heiligenstadt. Three-axle vehicles, built on chassis from the Lohner company, were used on the approximately eight-kilometer route .

In addition, battery-powered trolleybuses were used as tractors for several truck trailers during the Second World War . This type of operation offered itself due to the lack of fuel caused by the war and could be observed in Salzburg and Klagenfurt.

Switzerland

In Switzerland catenary trucks operated on the one hand on the trackless railway Gümmenen – Mühleberg (1918-1922) and on the other hand on the trackless railway Freiburg – Farvagny (1911-1932), on the latter, however, mainly passenger traffic took place.

Sweden

In Sweden, a catenary truck has been driving a two-kilometer section of the E16 Gävle - Sandviken route since June 2016 and connects an industrial area with the port. The eHighway system from Siemens is used as a technical solution and operated with two converted Scania trucks for two years. The aim is testing under everyday conditions. The section on the E16 is integrated into a program of the Swedish transport authority Trafikverket , in which the assessment of various electrification options for longer road sections and networks are systematically examined. The aim is to enable climate-neutral road transport to implement the national decarbonisation strategy.

France

A French peculiarity was the towing operation with electric tractors along the Rhine-Marne Canal . The electrified section led from Sarrebourg to Gondrexange and was around twelve kilometers long. The facility existed from 1910 to 1965.

Italy

From 1905 light two-axle trolleybuses of Fabbrica Rotabili Avantreni Motori (FRAM) were operated on the Pescara - Castellamare line. The manufacturer derived overhead line trucks with a payload of 3 tons from these buses. Like these, the trucks had rear-wheel drive and the electrics from FRAM- Cantono . They were used on the same route.

In the Veltlin Valley , Italy , overhead line trucks were used to build the two dams Lago di San Giacomo and Lago di Cancano . On two routes ( Tirano - Bormio - Boscopiano valley, 66 kilometers, 1940–1950 and Bivio Molina – Digapoli, 14 kilometers, 1952–1956), 20 trolley trucks and two trolleybuses transported goods and people to the construction site.

Former Soviet Union

Many cities in the Soviet Union used trolley trucks. The MAZ-525 model was converted to one in 1954 in Kharkiv , Ukraine . The experiment was discontinued due to numerous problems. Other models are now in service in numerous cities in Russia . The KTG-1 is used, for example, to carry out repair and maintenance work on urban trolleybus networks, while the KTG-2 is used to transport goods.

United States

On Interstate 710 near Carson (California) between Los Angeles and Long Beach , an eHighway is to take place in test operation for one year from mid-2017 with overhead line trucks developed by Siemens. For this purpose, four hybrid trucks are to be equipped with pantographs so that they can receive energy for the electric motors while driving on the highway and can drive on this route without emissions.

Worldwide

In Australia , Canada , DR Congo (one company), Namibia (one company), Sweden , South Africa (two companies) and other countries, overhead line trucks are now used as dump trucks in mining operations. Due to their drive and design (wheels with a very large diameter), these gravity vehicles can transport large quantities and weights even in rough terrain. They reach operating weights of up to 600 tons and can transport payloads of up to 360 tons. These vehicles are often used to transport from the mining site to conveyor systems or crushers.

Current concepts and plans in Germany

eHighway: pantograph on a Scania hybrid truck
Test route on the A5 between Frankfurt and Weiterstadt
eHighway on the A1 near Lübeck under construction, March 2019

EHighway concept from Siemens

At the 26th Electric Vehicle Symposium in Los Angeles in May 2012, Siemens showed a concept for the electric operation of trucks implemented with modern technology. The tests for the system known as eHighway take place with several converted trucks, among others. a. by Scania , Volvo and Daimler , took place at the former Templin / Groß Dölln airfield near Berlin.

The concept envisages designing the trucks as hybrid systems. The drive should always take place electrically. The necessary power is obtained from an overhead line or, if one is not available, from a battery that is charged on the overhead line while driving. If no overhead line is available and the battery is discharged, the required electricity is generated by a diesel engine in the vehicle. This means that there is no need to use expensive power storage devices in the form of large batteries, which have a negative effect on the total weight of the vehicles available for freight. At the same time, the smaller batteries enable largely emission-free transport of goods in urban areas.

The drive concept has a modular structure so that internal combustion engines (including CNG / LNG ), energy storage systems such as batteries or capacitors and, in the medium term, combinations with fuel cell systems are possible for operation outside of electrified route sections . The operational requirements for the vehicle and the load carrier (e.g. the trailer ), which result from the operating program and the logistical processes, are decisive for the respective system configuration .

Contribution to achieving the climate protection goals

In order to implement the internationally binding climate protection targets ( COP21 ), considerable efforts must also be made in road freight transport to achieve a CO 2 reduction of 95% compared to the reference year 1990. For this purpose u. a. Extensive studies have been carried out by the Federal Environment Agency to compare different technologies, which clearly favor the direct use of electrical energy, economically and ecologically, over the use of synthesized fuels. The direct power consumption of the E-Highway enables an efficiency of over 80 percent. Braking and accelerating trucks can exchange energy with each other via the overhead contact line - for example on downhill and uphill sections.

On June 4, 2012, the German Federal Government's Environmental Advisory Council (Umwelttrat) proposed in its 2012 environmental report that the introduction of an overhead contact line system and its test in demonstration projects be examined in order to circumvent the unsolved battery problem and the limited availability of biofuels from sustainable cultivation. In its report, the Environment Council identified "overhead contact line systems for trucks" as an interesting option. The German Federal Environmental Agency designated in its study climate contribution of traffic 2050 the trolley wire hybrid truck (OH truck) as part of an energy transition in the freight.

Test tracks

In 2018, a six-kilometer test track was set up in Hessen . To this end, a section of the A5 between Weiterstadt and Frankfurt Airport was expanded on both sides. The pilot operation began on May 7, 2019.

A second test track, around five kilometers long, which the federal government funded with 14 million euros, was set up on the A1 between Lübeck and Reinfeld . The trucks are to be operated exclusively electrically there. For sections of the route without overhead lines, they may have a. a battery or a hybrid drive. The pilot operation began here on June 1, 2019.

In the spring of 2021, a third test route is to be built in Baden-Württemberg on federal highway 462 in the section between Kuppenheim and Gernsbach- Obertsrot and runs under the name "eWayBW". This route is used to test the concept as a goods commuter route at a location cluster of the paper industry. Over a length of 18 kilometers, two four-kilometer sections are planned, which are to be electrified on both sides. The sections were chosen because there are thoroughfares, crossings, tunnels and significant gradients. Due to these special circumstances, the project can therefore be used as a European example, a significant reduction in noise from the 120 trucks passing through the villages every day and lower pollutant emissions are expected. The scientific support checks in particular the ecological aspects, the economic efficiency, the road planning and the population feedback, and a European exchange has already taken place in which Hungary and Austria expressed interest in the project because they share the same infrastructure problems as this test track in Baden- Württemberg . The project is expected to be completed in the summer of 2024 and the dismantling of the plant will begin, provided that no further operating concept emerges.

See also

literature

  • Gerhard Bauer: From the trackless to the trolleybus. The development between 1882 and 1945 . Verlag für Verkehrsliteratur, Dresden 1997, ISBN 3-9804303-1-6
  • Alan Murray: World Trolleybus Encyclopaedia . Trolleybooks, Yateley (Hampshire) 2001, ISBN 0-904235-18-1
  • Werner Stock: Trolleybus systems in Germany. The development of the trolleybus operations in the German Reich, in the Federal Republic of Germany and in the German Democratic Republic since 1930 . Hermann-Busch-Verlag, Bielefeld 1987, ISBN 3-926882-00-X

Web links

Commons : Catenary Trucks  - Collection of Images, Videos and Audio Files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ G. Liehmann, H. Baier: Trackless mass transport with large-capacity electric tipper in VE BKK Bitterfeld . In: New mining technology . No. 12, 1985.
  2. ↑ Trolleybus in Salzburg 1940-1960 ( Memento of the original from January 16, 2004 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.pages.at
  3. ↑ World's first eHighway opens in Sweden. Retrieved February 23, 2017 .
  4. ↑ Energy Policies of IEA Countries - Sweden 2013 Review. Retrieved February 23, 2017 .
  5. ↑ Georgano, Naul: Complete Encyclopedia of Commercial Vehicles. 1979, pp. 121-122.
  6. ↑ The eHighway concept
  7. ^ Spiegel Online: Future technology: Siemens builds electric freeway in the USA
  8. ^ E-freeway for California ports . In: Daily port report from August 8, 2014, p. 13
  9. ↑ Siemens at the 26th Electric Vehicle Symposium ( Memento of the original from September 3, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / events.ntpshow.com
  10. ^ Siemens concept for electric trucks
  11. ↑ Catenary truck: picked out of thin air . Spiegel Online, June 15, 2015, accessed the same day
  12. ↑ Siemens ehighway product presentation. Retrieved February 23, 2019 .
  13. ↑ ENUBA 2 final report. Retrieved February 23, 2017 .
  14. ↑ Climate protection contribution from traffic in 2050. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on February 14, 2017 ; accessed on February 23, 2017 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.umweltbundesamt.de
  15. ↑ Development of a technical strategy for the energy supply for transport by 2050. Accessed on February 23, 2017 .
  16. ↑ E-Highway - Mobility of the Future. In: Hot-dip galvanizing magazine. Retrieved May 7, 2020 .
  17. ↑ Environmental report 2012 (PDF, 9 MB)
  18. ↑ Overhead lines for trucks on motorways. In: berliner-zeitung.de
  19. ↑ Climate protection contribution by traffic by 2050 ( memento of the original from February 14, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (As of June 2016) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.umweltbundesamt.de
  20. ↑ Electromobility: practical test of overhead line trucks on two routes from the end of 2018. In: Heise online , January 24, 2017
  21. ↑ Catenary truck starts in Hesse , eurotransport.de, accessed on February 18, 2019
  22. ↑ Trucks run on electricity from the overhead line hrsg = n-tv. May 7, 2019, accessed May 7, 2019 .
  23. ↑ Christoph Schmidt-Lunau: Test track with e-trucks: Brummi becomes Summi . In: The daily newspaper: taz . December 4, 2019, ISSN  0931-9085 ( taz.de [accessed December 4, 2019]).
  24. ↑ First overhead lines for test track installed on A1. In: ndr.de . February 11, 2019, accessed February 11, 2019 .
  25. ↑ Field trial eHighway Schleswig-Holstein. Research and Development Center Fachhochschule Kiel GmbH, 2019, accessed on March 17, 2019 .
  26. ↑ E-Highway on A1: First truck rolls. ndr.de, June 3, 2019, accessed on August 12, 2019 .
  27. ^ A b Edgar Neumann: ewayBW goals of the project. Ministry of Transport Baden-Württemberg, accessed on June 17, 2020 .
  28. ↑ Prof. Dr. Martin Wietschel, Dr. Uta Burghard, Dr. Patrick Plötz: Interfaces to neighboring countries - analysis of the opportunities and challenges of overhead line trucks for goods transport in neighboring regions of Baden-Württemberg . Ed .: Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research . Karlsruhe April 2020, p. 12 .
  29. ↑ Prof. Dr. Martin Wietschel: Overhead line trucks in Alpine countries: What opportunities and challenges are there? Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research , accessed on June 17, 2020 .