Berries

Berries
Blooming Paris polyphylla
Systematics
Class : Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida) Monocots Order : Lily-like (Liliales) Family : Germer family (Melanthiaceae) Tribe : Parideae Genre : Berries
Scientific name
Paris
L.

The one-berries ( Paris ) are a genus of plants within the Germer family (Melanthiaceae). The best- known species in Europe is the four-leaved one , or one for short .

description

Illustration of the four-leaved oneberry ( Paris quadrifolia )

Appearance and leaves

The oneberry species are perennial herbaceous plants . The monopodial (= with a continuous main axis) rhizome of this geophyte is of different thicknesses depending on the species. From buds in the axils of lower leaves, upright, unbranched stems are formed on the upper side of the rhizome , which usually do not bloom for a few years and die after seed formation. On a stalk stand in only one whorl rarely three, four stalked depending on the type, to several leaves . The simple leaves are lanceolate to ovate. There are three main nerves on the leaf blade and network nerves in between. The leaf margin is smooth.

Flowers, fruits and seeds

Only one terminal, stalked flower is formed on each stem . The hermaphroditic, radially symmetrical flower is four to eleven. There are usually two circles with four to eleven free bracts each. The outer bracts are lanceolate to ovate and are green or rarely more or less white. The inner bracts are thread-shaped, rarely missing. There are two circles with four to eleven stamens . The stamens are thin and flat. Four to eleven fruit leaves are a top permanent ovary grown. The short style ends in four to eleven long-lived scar lobes.

Solitary, stalked, four- to eleven-pod, many- seeded, berries or berry-like capsule fruits are formed that contain some or many seeds. The seeds of some species are surrounded by an aril .

Ingredients and toxicity

All parts of the plant are poisonous, especially the fruits. The berries contain poisonous saponins : steroid saponins and glycosides : paridin , paristyphnin , pennogenin .

The whole plant was previously used in folk medicine as a remedy for infectious diseases (plague berries). The rhizomes of many species are used in traditional Chinese medicine, the drug is called Rhizoma Paridis.

Systematics and occurrence

The genus Paris was established by Carl von Linné . The origin of the generic name Paris is not clear. The name is old though. Leonhart Fuchs (1501–1566) already knew the four-leaved singleberry under the name: Herba Paris.

The genus Paris is common in Eurasia . Species are native to Bhutan , China , India , Japan , Korea , Laos , Mongolia , Myanmar , Nepal , Sikkim , Thailand , Vietnam , Russia, and Europe . There are 22 species in China, 12 of which are endemic there . The species usually grow in the herbaceous layer of forests or, less often, in damp places along rivers.

Subgenus Paris: Paris incompleta

Subgenus Paris: Paris japonica

Subgenus Paris: Four-leaved one-berry ( Paris quadrifolia ) with flowers from above

Subgenus Paris: Four-leaved one-berry ( Paris quadrifolia ) with fruit

Subgenus Paris: Paris tetraphylla with flower

Subgenus Paris: Paris verticillata with flower

Subgenus Daiswa: Paris polyphylla

Subgenus Daiswa: Blooming Paris thibetica

The genus Paris used to be part of the asparagus family (Asparagaceae) or the lily family (Liliaceae). Today the genus Paris belongs to the tribe Parideae, which is the extent of the earlier family Trilliaceae Chevall. owns, and thus belongs to the Germer family (Melanthiaceae Batsch ex Borkh. ). The genus Paris is closely related to the genus Trillium . The flowers of the genus Trillium , like most of the monocots, are threefold. In contrast, the flowers of the genus Paris are four to eleven.

Whether the species of the genus Daiswa Raf. as subgenus Daiswa within the genus Paris L. are discussed. Here the representation with the two sub-genera Daiswa and Paris . If the subgenus Daiswa is not included, then the genus Paris contains only about eleven species. Also the only species of the former monotypic genus Kinugasa Tatew. & Sutô belongs to the genus Paris L.

• The Paris sub-genre has been divided into two sections since 2006:
  • Kinugasa Section (Tatew. & Sutô) Hara : It contains only one type:
    • Paris japonica (Franch. & Sav.) Franch. (Syn .: Kinugasa japonica (Franch. & Sav.) Tatew. & Suto , Trillidium japonicum Franch. & Sav. )
  • Paris Section : It contains five types.
• The subgenus Daiswa (Raf.) H.Li has been divided into six sections since 2006:
  • Section Axiparis H.Li : It contains six species since 2017.
  • Section Dunnianae H.Li : It contains only one species:
    • Paris dunniana H.Léveillé
  • Section Euthyra (Salisbury) Franchet : It contains eight species.
  • Section Marmoratae H.Li : It contains only two species.
  • Section Fargesianae H.Li : It contains only one species:
    • Paris fargesii Franchet
  • Section Thibeticae H.Li : It contains only one species:
    • Paris thibetica Franchet

There are around 28 species of Paris in two sub-genera (list without subdivision into sections):

• Subgenus Daiswa (Raf.) H.Li : They have thick rhizomes, single-chamber ovaries with parietal placentation, berry-like capsule fruits and seeds with a succulent aril. With about 12 to 16 species:
  • Paris caobangensis Y.H.Ji, H.Li & ZKZhou : It was first described in 2006 from northern Vietnam.
  • Paris cronquisti (Takht.) H.Li : It occurs in southwestern Guangxi, in Guizhou, Sichuan and in southeastern Yunnan at altitudes between 900 and 2100 meters.
  • Paris daliensis H.Li & VGSoukup : It is endemic to western Yunnan at altitudes of around 2600 meters.
  • Paris delavayi Franchet : It occurs in Vietnam and the Chinese provinces of Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan and Yunnan at altitudes between 1,300 and 2,000 meters.
  • Paris dunniana H.Lév. : It occurs in Guizhou, Hainan and Yunnan at altitudes from near sea level to 1100 meters.
  • Paris fargesii Franchet : It occurs in Vietnam and the Chinese provinces of Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan and Yunnan at altitudes between 500 and 2100 meters.
  • Paris luquanensis H.Li : It is endemic to the north-central Yunnan at altitudes between 2100 and 2800 meters.
  • Paris mairei H.Lév. : It occurs in Guizhou, in western Sichuan and in northern Yunnan at altitudes between 1800 and 3500 meters.
  • Paris marmorata Stearn : It occurs in Bhutan, northern India, Nepal, southern Tibet and the Chinese provinces of Sichuan and Yunnan.
  • Paris polyandra S.F.Wang : It is endemic to southwest Sichuan at altitudes between 1200 and 1600 meters.
  • Paris polyphylla Sm. (Incl. Paris birmanica (Takht.) H.Li & Noltie ): It comes with several varieties in Bhutan , India , Laos , Myanmar , Nepal , Sikkim , Thailand , Vietnam, Taiwan, Tibet and the Chinese provinces of Anhui , Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan and Zhejiang.
  • Paris stigmatosa Shu-dong Zhang : With three-fold flowers. It is endemic to eastern Yunnan and thrives at altitudes of rarely 2500 to mostly 2600 to 2900 meters.
  • Paris tengchongensis Y.H.Ji, CJYang & Yu L.Huang : It wasfirst describedin 2017 from Yunnan .
  • Paris thibetica Franchet (Syn .: Paris wenxianensis Z.X.Peng & RNZhao ): It occurs in Bhutan, Myanmar, Sikkim, southern Tibet and the Chinese provinces of southern Gansu, Guizhou, Sichuan and northwestern Yunnan.
  • Paris undulata H.Li & VGSoukup : It is endemic to central Sichuan.
  • Paris vietnamensis (Takht.) H.Li : It occurs in Vietnam and the Chinese provinces of Guangxi and Yunnan.
  • Paris xichouensis (H.Li) YHJi, H.Li & ZKZhou (Syn .: Paris cronquistii var. Xichouensis H.Li ): This endemic thrives in evergreen forests on the slopes in tropical karst at altitudes from 1400 to 1500 meters in only Xichou Xian in southeastern Yunnan.

• Subgenus Paris :
  • Paris axialis H.Li : It thrives at altitudes of 700 to 3000 meters in Sichuan and northeastern Yunnan .
  • Paris bashanensis F.T.Wang & Tang : It thrives at altitudes of 1400 and 4300 meters in western Hubei and in Sichuan .
  • Paris dulongensis H.Li & Kurita : It is endemic to northwestern Yunnan at altitudes between 1500 and 1600 meters.
  • Paris forrestii (Takht.) H.Li : It occurs in Myanmar , in southeastern Tibet and in the Chinese province of western Yunnan.
  • Paris incompleta M.Bieb. : It occurs from northeastern Turkey to the Caucasus region .
  • Paris japonica (Franch. & Sav.) Franch. : This endemic occurs only on the Japanese island of Honshu .
  • Four-leaved one-berry ( Paris quadrifolia L. ): This species has the most widespread distribution: Europe , Siberia , Mongolia and the Chinese provinces of northern Heilongjiang and northern Xinjiang .
  • Paris rugosa H.Li & Kurita : It is endemic to northwestern Yunnan at altitudes between 1500 and 1700 meters.
  • Paris tetraphylla A.Gray : It is common in Japan.
  • Paris vaniotii H.Léveillé : It occurs in Myanmar and in the Chinese provinces of Guizhou , Hunan and Yunnan.
  • Paris verticillata M.Bieb. : It occurs in Japan, Korea , Mongolia, Siberia and the Chinese provinces of Anhui , Gansu , Hebei , Heilongjiang , Jilin , Liaoning , Nei Mongol , Shaanxi , Shanxi , northwestern Sichuan and Zhejiang .

literature

• Liang Songyun, Victor G. Soukup: Paris. , P. 88 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 24: Flagellariaceae through Marantaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2000. ISBN 0-915279-83-5 (sections description, systematics and distribution)
• Yunheng Ji, Peter W. Fritsch, Heng Li, Tiaijiang Xiao, Zheku Zhou: Phylogeny and Classification of Paris (Melanthiaceae) Inferred from DNA Sequence Data. In: Annals of Botany , Volume 98, Issue 1, 2006, pp. 245-256: Online. doi: 10.1093 / aob / mcl095
• Zhang Shu-dong: A New Species of Paris (Melanthiaceae) from Northeastern Yunnan, China. In: Novon , Volume 18, Issue 4, 2008, pp. 550-554 PDF.

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Hai Liu, Yun Huang, Qiang Wang, Ting Zhang, Yue Song: Detection of saponins in extracts from the rhizomes of Paris species and prepared Chinese medicines by high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry , In: Planta Medica , 2006, Volume 72, No. 9, pp. 835-841. ISSN  0032-0943
2. ↑ B. Baumann, H. Baumann , S. Baumann-Schleihauf: The herb book manuscript of Leonhart Fuchs . Stuttgart, Verlag Eugen Ulmer, 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3538-8 , page 222.
3. ↑ ^{a b} Yun Heng Ji, Cheng Jin Yang, Yu Ling Huang: A new species of Paris sect. Axiparis (Melanthiaceae) from Yunnan, China. In: Phytotaxa , Volume 306, Issue 3, 2017, p. 234. doi : 10.11646 / phytotaxa.306.3.6
4. ↑ Li Heng: Identification key for the genus Paris if Daiswa is included as a subgenus.
5. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Paris. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved June 27, 2018.
6. ^ YH Ji, H. Li, ZK Zhou: 2006. Paris caobangensis YH Ji, H. Li & ZK Zhou (Trilliaceae), a new species from northern Vietnam. In: Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica , p. 44, Issue 6, pp. 699-702.
7. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w} Liang Songyun, Victor G. Soukup: Paris. , P. 88 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 24: Flagellariaceae through Marantaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2000, ISBN 0-915279-83-5 .

further reading

• Susan B. Farmer & Edward E. Schilling: Phylogenetic Analyzes of Trilliaceae based on Morphological and Molecular Data. In: Systematic Botany , Volume 27, Issue 4, 2002, pp. 674-692: Online. (PDF; 545 kB)

Web links

Commons : Einbeeren ( Paris )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files

• Paris quadrifolia and Paris polyphylla entries in Plants for a Future . (engl.)
• Paris on Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
• Ej Ecker: Trilliaceae in the Flora of Pakistan , Volume 24: Paris - Online.