One berry

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One berry
Single berry (Paris quadrifolia), illustration

Single berry ( Paris quadrifolia ), illustration

Systematics
Class : Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
Monocots
Order : Lily-like (Liliales)
Family : Germer family (Melanthiaceae)
Genre : Berries ( paris )
Type : One berry
Scientific name
Paris quadrifolia
L.
illustration

The four-leaved one-berry ( Paris quadrifolia ), or one-berry for short , is a type of plant from the genus of one-berry ( Paris ) within the Germer family (Melanthiaceae). It's poisonous.

Common names

Other common names are: eye herb, leaf leaf, fox eye, fox grapes, crow's eye, ragwort, sow eye, snake berry, black leaf herb, star herb, devil's eye, devil berry, wolfberry.

description

Vegetative characteristics

The singleberry is a perennial herbaceous plant that reaches heights of 10 to 30 centimeters. The monopodial (with a continuous main axis) rhizome of this geophyte runs horizontally or creeping. The rhizomes can live up to 14 years. From buds in the axils of lower leaves, leaf shoots are formed on the upper side of the rhizome, which die off after fruiting. There are four leaves on a stem in a whorl , rarely five. The leaves are simple and have entire margins.

Generative characteristics

The flowering period extends from May to June. Only one terminal flower is formed on each stem.

The hermaphroditic, radial symmetry flower is green and fourfold. There is a so-called heterotepal perigon , so the tepals are formed differently. The inner bracts are thread-shaped, the outer ones are significantly wider and 2 to 3 centimeters long. There are eight stamens . Four fruit leaves are a top permanent ovary grown and there are four long-lasting scars exist.

The fruits are quadruple, many-seeded, blue-black, blueberry-like, but sapless berries without a good taste, which stand individually and reach a diameter of up to 1 centimeter. The fruit ripens in July to September.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 20.

ecology

In terms of flower ecology, it is odorless, pre-female "pollen disc flowers". The visual effect probably comes from the stamens and the shiny black-violet ovaries. Allegedly there is a "fly deception flower" because the ovary is supposed to simulate meat. The hardly sticky, elongated pollen grains are partly spread by the wind ( amphiphilia ).

There is digestive expansion.

Occurrence

The distribution area of Paris quadrifolia extends from Europe to Mongolia. One finds the berry quite often in herbaceous oak and beech forests, in floodplain or mixed coniferous forests. It prefers moist, nutrient-rich, humus soils and shows groundwater and seepage water . It often grows in clonal groups.

According to Ellenberg , it is a shade plant with a sub-oceanic distribution area, a weak acid to weak base pointer, indicating nitrogen-rich locations and an order character of the noble deciduous mixed forests and related societies (Fagetalia sylvaticae). In the Allgäu Alps, it rises in the Tyrolean part between Elbigenalp and the Hermann-von-Barth-Hütte up to 1,820 m above sea level.

In Austria it is common to scattered in all federal states.

Taxonomy

The first publication of Paris quadrifolia was done by Carl von Linné . The epithon quadrifolia is derived from Latin and means "four-leaf", as the number of leaves is usually four. Himpel named this species Paris quadrifolius . The origin of the generic name Paris is not clear. The name is old though. Leonhart Fuchs (1501–1566) already knew the four-leaved oneberry under the name Herba Paris.

The North American counterpart and sister genus to Paris is Trillium .

  • blossom

  • Four-fold bloom with five-fold leaf whorl

  • Fruit from above

  • Fruit from the side, plant already "drawing in"

  • Plant with fruit

  • Also a five-leaved specimen in bloom, as an exception

  • Six-leaf specimen, very rare

Ingredients and toxicity

All parts of the plant are poisonous, especially the berries, due to saponins (steroid saponins ) and the glycosides paridin , paristyphnin and pennogenin . The pharmacologists Georg Friedrich Walz and Friedrich Wilhelm Hermann Delffs published the results of their analyzes of the constituents of the single berry plant from 1841 to 1860.

The degree of toxicity of the berry plant is controversial. Conrad Gessner and Joachim Camerarius the Younger report from the 16th century that even larger gifts of the berry seeds are not fatal. According to A. van Hasselt (1862), the berries were "repeatedly eaten by children in large quantities out of ignorance, sometimes with dubious but never fatal consequences."

The pharmacologist Otto Gessner (1931) justified the relatively low toxicity of single-berry saponins with their low absorbability when taken internally. The consumption of several berries can lead to nausea , stomach cramps , diarrhea , headache , dizziness and severe miosis . Paristyphnin causes resorptive miosis and can lead to fatal respiratory paralysis. The singleberry saponins are very poisonous for crabs, insects and fish, they cause paralysis in dogs.

history

We first find a plant illustration on which the singleberry can be clearly recognized in 1479 in the herbal book of the Bavarian monk Vitus Auslasser . The plant is referred to as "Crux Christi", "Umbilicus veneris" and "Ainper chrawt".

Hieronymus Bock and Leonhart Fuchs gave exact descriptions of the habitus of the plant from 1539 onwards . They tried to classify the plant in the writings of the ancient authors ( Dioscurides , Pliny and Galen ). So they interpreted the single berry as black deadly nightshade ( Atropa belladonna ) or as monkshood type ( aconite ). Accordingly, they also warned against internal use and recommended herbs, roots and seeds only for external use as eye medicine, as a wound healing agent and as a means of killing lice and nits. The berries hidden in the meat bait were supposed to kill Wolfe. Bock also commented: "Quite a few people talk about making th beer sleep / when they are served."

The Zurich doctor and botanist Conrad Gessner wrote to his Augsburg colleague Adolph Occo in October 1564 that, on the recommendation of a Strasbourg and a Basel colleague, he had 1 drachm (3-4 grams) of the “Antidotum Saxonica” as protection against the plague epidemic in Zurich “Taken in wine vinegar, after which he sweated profusely and felt dryness in his throat. This antidote can be obtained from his Augsburg colleague Achilles Pirminius Gasser . The "Antidotum Saxonica" was listed under the name "Pulvis Saxonicus" in the Schöderschen Pharmacopoe from 1693. It was to be prepared like this:

Valerian root 15 grams, milkweed and nettle root per 30 grams, Engelsüß , marshmallow and Wild Angelica per 60 grams, angelica 120 grams of bark of the basement neck root 15 grams. Pour wine-vinegar over a glazed saucepan, close the saucepan and let the contents of the saucepan boil over a gentle fire. After opening the pot, drain the vinegar, let the roots dry and crush them. Add 26 seeds from the berries and crush everything into powder. To protect against infection in times of plague, up to one drachma (3–4 grams) of the powder should be dissolved in liquid.

In 1586 Joachim Camerarius the Younger reported that he knew and had found out for himself that "a number of people who were robbed of their reason by fiends and sorcery" were helped by the intake of dried and powdered single berries, 1 quint every morning (3–4 grams) drunk in warm wine for three weeks. In addition, an oil is made from the berries, which is useful for treating hemorrhoids and ulcers.

The leaves of the berry plant were recommended in the Schröderschen Pharmacopoe 1644 as a topical treatment for plague bumps, for the treatment of other hot ulcers and for the treatment of poorly healing wounds.

In his treatise on medicinal products from the plant kingdom, the Swedish doctor-botanist Peter Jonas Bergius described the effects of drug preparations made from berries, herbs and roots of the berry as antispasmodic ("antispasmodica", "sublaxans"). Their use is indicated for cramps ("convulsiones").

swell

Vitus Auslasser 1479 - Hieronymus Bock 1539 - Leonhart Fuchs - Mattioli / Handsch / Camerarius 1586 - Johann Schröder 1644 - Johann Schröder 1693 - Peter Jonas Bergius 1778/82 - von Schlechtendahl 1841 - Walz 1860

Historical illustrations

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas. 8th edition. Stuttgart, Verlag Eugen Ulmer, 2001. Page 138. ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 . Page 138
  2. ^ Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Paris quadrifolia. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved June 27, 2018.
  3. ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 1, IHW-Verlag, Eching near Munich, 2001, ISBN 3-930167-50-6 , p. 322.
  4. ↑ B. Baumann, H. Baumann, S. Baumann-Schleihauf: The herb book manuscript of Leonhart Fuchs . Stuttgart, Verlag Eugen Ulmer, 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3538-8 , page 222.
  5. ^ Georg Friedrich Walz. Contribution to the chemical investigation of the asparagine family . In: Yearbook for practical pharmacy. Ludwigshafen, 4th year (1841), p. 3–7 (digitized) 5th year (1842), p. 284–291 (digitized) 6th year (1843), p. 10–21 (digitized)
  6. ^ Friedrich Wilhelm Hermann Delffs . Analysis of Paridin's and Digitalin's. In: In. New Yearbook for Pharmacy. Speyer, Volume 9, Issue 2, February 1858, pp. 25-27 (digitized version)
  7. ↑ GF Walz. About Paris quadrifolia and its components, especially the Paridin and Paristyphnin. In: New Yearbook for Pharmacy, Volume 13 (1860), pp. 355–362 (digitized version )
  8. ↑ August Husemann and Theodor Husemann : The plant substances in chemical, physiological, pharmacological and toxicological terms. For doctors, pharmacists, chemists and pharmacologists. Springer, Berlin 1871, pp. 1042-1043 (digitized version )
  9. ^ JB Henkel (translator). Alexander Willem Michiel van Hasselt . Handbook of poison science for chemists, doctors, pharmacists and court officials . Vieweg, Braunschweig 1862, part I General poison theory and the poisons of the plant kingdom , p. 210 (digitized version )
  10. ↑ Otto Gessner . Poisonous and medicinal plants from Central Europe. 3rd edition, edited and edited by Gerhard Orzechowski . Carl Winter, Heidelberg 1974, pp. 162-163.
  11. ↑ Epistolarum medicinalium, Conradi Gesneri… Libri III . Froschauer, Zurich 1577, p. 53r (digitized version )
  12. ↑ Vitus Auslasser : Herbal Book 1479, Fig. 36 (digitized version)
  13. ↑ Hieronymus Bock : Herb book 1539, Part I, Chapter 102: Wolffsbeer. Star herb (digitized)
  14. ^ Leonhart Fuchs : New Kreuterbuch . 1543, chapter 30: Wolffswurtz (digitized version )
  15. ^ Pietro Andrea Mattioli : Commentarii, in libros sex Pedacii Dioscoridis Anazarbei, de medica materia. Translation by Georg Handsch, edited by Joachim Camerarius the Younger , Johan Feyerabend, Franckfurt am Mayn 1586, sheet 382v: Einbeer. Herba Paris (digitized version)
  16. ^ Johann Schröder : Pharmacopoeia medico-chymica ... Ulm 1644, p. 117 (digitized version)
  17. ↑ Johann Schröder. Complete and useful pharmacy ... J. Hoffmann, Nuremberg 1693, p. 377: Pulvis Saxonicus (digitized version ) ; Pp. 1085–1086: Paris (digitized)
  18. ↑ Peter Jonas Bergius : Materia medica e regno vegetabili … Stockholm 1778, Volume I, pp. 311–313 (digitized version ) 2nd edition 1782, Volume I, p. 327–329 (digitized version )
  19. ↑ JGJ of Schlechtendahl . Paris . In: Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Medicinal Sciences . Published by the professors of the medical faculty in Berlin: Dietrich Wilhelm Heinrich Busch , Johann Friedrich Dieffenbach , Ernst Horn , Johann Christian Jüngken , Heinrich Friedrich Link , Joseph Müller (1811–1845), Emil Osann . Veit, Berlin, Volume 26, 1841, p. 380 (digitized version)
  20. ^ Georg Friedrich Walz : About Paris quadrifolia and its components, especially the Paridin and Paristyphnin. 13 (1860), pp. 355–362 (digitized version )

Web links

Commons : Berry ( Paris quadrifolia )  - album with pictures, videos and audio files
Wiktionary: one berry  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations