Neurathen Castle

Neurathen Castle
Neurathen Castle
Creation time :	around 1250
Castle type :	Höhenburg, rock castle
Conservation status:	Wall remnants, rock chambers
Standing position :	Knight , nobility
Place:	Rathen , Lohmen
Geographical location	50 ° 57 '42.2 "  N , 14 ° 4' 28.5"  E Coordinates: 50 ° 57 '42.2 "  N , 14 ° 4' 28.5"  E

The rock castle Neurathen is the ruin of a medieval rock castle in the Elbe Sandstone Mountains in Saxony . It is located in the municipality of Lohmen above the Elbe valley in the Bastei rocks near Rathen in the Saxon Switzerland National Park . Neurathen is the largest medieval rock castle in Saxon Switzerland . The castle, first mentioned in 1289, was owned by various Bohemian noble families until it passed into the possession of the Saxon electors in 1426 and after several battles finally in 1469 . As their buildings, like most of the rock castles in the Elbe Sandstone Mountains, were largely made of wood, only the hewn-out rooms, passageways, the cistern and the beam supports of the former wooden structures have been preserved. Since 1906, the area has been archaeologically examined several times, during the last excavations between 1982 and 1984 parts of the spacious castle complex were reconstructed as an open-air museum .

Location and geology

View from the bastion to the Neurathen Castle

Neurathen Castle is located on a rock ridge that is around 100 m wide at its widest point, which stretches on the north bank of the Elbe from the bastion eastwards towards Rathen and is also known as the bastion reef . To Bastion out are Elbe Sandstone interrupted by ravines, whose widest spanned by the Basteibrücke Marder Telle is. To the north of the castle cliffs, which are steep on almost all sides at 50 to 60 m, lies the Wehlgrund . Only to the east does the slope drop a little flatter towards Rathen.

Geologically, the castle rocks as well as the entire Elbe Sandstone Mountains were created from shallow marine deposits of a Cretaceous sea, which deposited up to 400 m thick clastic sediments in the Turonium and Coniacium . According to the original petrographic-morphological classification by Friedrich Lamprecht, the Rathener Burgfelsen belong to the large-banked horizon of the "sandstone stage d" belonging to the Schrammstein formation, which is the most powerful sandstone stage in the Elbe Sandstone Mountains at 50 to 80 m. The castle rocks, made of pebbly cemented quartz sandstones, are therefore characterized by the high and steeply sloping walls typical of stage d, which hardly show any typical weathering forms of the sandstone such as hourglasses or honeycombs. The rock heads were formed by weathering wool sacks, but the buildings of the castle and the use of the area since then have in some cases significantly influenced the original forms.

history

middle Ages

Castle courtyard and cistern

The origins of the rock castle Neurathen, which was built on the northern border of the Kingdom of Bohemia , are in the dark, but archaeological finds in the area of ​​the castle suggest a settlement as early as the Bronze Age . Historians suspect that it was formed in the course of the border security of the Mark Meißen against Bohemia under Heinrich the Illustrious around 1245. In that year Heinrich received the Wehlen Castle , which lies a few kilometers downstream. There is neither written nor archaeological evidence for a partially assumed origin as early as the 11th century. The castle was first mentioned indirectly on 29 November 1261 in a document, according to which Pope Urban IV. The provost of St. Thomas in Leipzig commissioned it, a dispute between the Bishop of Meissen and various Bohemian vassals, including Teodoricus de rates over to settle the misappropriation of episcopal goods. From the second documentary mention from 1289 in an exchange contract between the Bohemian King Wenzel II and Friedrich Clem , Lord of Dresden , it is explicitly stated for the first time that there was a castrum in Rathen . At that time the castle complex was a Bohemian fiefdom, which it remained until 1426.

Seal of Emperor Charles IV.

Neurathen Castle and Altrathen Castle at a lower level formed a double castle; the names of both part castles as Altrathen and Neurathen are of modern origin. The documented mentions therefore leave it unclear which of the castles they refer to. Contrary to its name, Neurathen is considered to be the older facility. The name of the castle and the place goes back to the Old Sorbian first name * Ratěn / * Ratan, which is a short form of the first name * Ratibor. Meiche interprets the name as Burg des Ratin or Burg des Ratimer (who was famous for the war). A connection with the Czech word hrad (dt. 'Castle') is unlikely.

One hundred years after they were first mentioned, in 1361, two castles were named for the first time in a document from Emperor Charles IV with ambo castra Ratny . At that time Neurathen belonged as a free rule to the Lords of Michelsberg . Peter von Michelsberg symbolically submitted to the emperor by opening the gates of the two partial castles to him. Two years later, in his capacity as the Bohemian king, Karl allowed the Michelsbergers to share property between their duobus castris rachny and their estate in Auscha . These are the only medieval documents that explicitly name both castles. All other sources leave open whether Alt- or Neurathen or both castles are meant. For the year 1388 Rathen was mentioned in the invoice for the delivery of stones by a Dresden bridge master, evidence of the early use of the sandstone broken in the area.

Coat of arms of the Berken von der Duba

In 1406 Rathen was bought by the Michelsbergers to Berken von der Duba , Hinko Berka von der Duba the Elder became the new owner. In 1410, he divided his possessions among his five sons. Benesch Berka von der Duba received Rathen, but did not take over the property until after his father's death in 1419.

Duke Albrecht of Saxony

The Berken von der Duba, who had intensively promoted the expansion of the rock castles and castle wardrobes in today's Saxon Switzerland , especially from Hohnstein Castle , were in constant feud with the Meissen margraves from the Wettin house during this time . After the death of Emperor Charles IV, under his weak son Wenceslaus IV, they gradually expanded their sovereignty to the areas of the various Bohemian noble families. Margrave Wilhelm I had already conquered Dohna Castle from the Burgraves of Dohna in the Dohna feud in 1402, and in 1408 the Königstein Fortress fell to Meißen.

Friedrich von Oelsnitz , Vogt on the Königstein and feudal man of Friedrich I of Saxony , who was promoted to electoral prince in 1423 , conquered the castle in 1426 on his behalf. He was named lord of the castle in 1428; the Berken von der Duba were forced to pay hereditary homage to the margrave and elector in the same year . Nevertheless, there was another dispute in the following years. Albrecht Berka von der Duba , owner of the Wildenstein estate , recaptured Rathen in 1438 and brought it back into the possession of the Berken von der Duba. In the following year Friedrich von Oelsnitz fought back the property again in 1439, probably with the support of Elector Friedrich II of Saxony . A peace treaty that was supposed to place the ownership of the property in the hands of the emperor was soon broken. In the ensuing battles, Benesch Berka fell from the Duba. As a result of the capture of Wildenstein Castle, Albrecht Berka and his supporter Jan von Wartenberg fell into the hands of Friedrich von Oelsnitz, who locked them in the Rathen castle dungeon. After her release, the disputes continued and could only be settled with an atonement contract signed on March 10, 1441. Rathen remained in the hands of Friedrich von Oelsnitz, the Berken had to give up their property. In the Treaty of Eger , Rathen finally fell to the Wettins, even if it remained under the Bohemian suzerainty until the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806. From 1450 at the latest, Rathen also served as a customs office for shipping on the Elbe. This year the city of Dresden sent a messenger to Rathen to arrange for the duty-free transport of stones.

In the years that followed, Rathen became a robber knight's castle under Friedrich's son Hans von Oelsnitz, who appeared as the owner in 1466 , as reported in the chronicle of Johannes Lindner . Elector Ernst of Saxony and his brother, Duke Albrecht , took action against Hans von Oelsnitz from 1467 and began to siege the two castles. It was only after more than a year that the margravial troops succeeded in setting fire to the castles and conquering them in May 1469. Hans von Oelsnitz was able to flee. His attempts to get the castle back through the intercession of King Matthias Corvinus were unsuccessful. However, the elector allowed him to resettle in Saxony, and he also received financial compensation. Rathen was drawn in as a forfeited fiefdom and assigned to the office of Pirna . The castle fell to Duke Albrecht of Saxony when Leipzig was divided in 1485. Both castles were in ruins just 60 years after the conquest.

Early modern age

Neurathen Castle is said to have been in ruins as early as 1530. As late as 1593, however , the first Saxon national map drawn up by Matthias Oeder shows a "Castle of the New Raden" - the first documented mention of the current name - and a guard house near Rathen.

The rooms of the ruined castle later served as a refuge for the population in times of war. During the Thirty Years' War in 1639, many Pirna citizens are said to have sought refuge in the rocks of the castle for fear of the Swedes. A rock inscription added in 1706 during the Northern War also testifies to the people's fear of the Swedes: CHRISTOPF HASE - In 1706, TER SWETE IN LANTE ES KUSTETE VIL GELT. At the end of the 18th century, individual parts of the castle were still preserved. In 1755 there were still stone pillars of the earlier bridge over the Mardertelle below the bastion , which was located on the site of today's Bastei bridge and serves as an access from the west . This gorge, about 50 m deep, lies between the bastion and the rock tower, now known as a slingshot , which was originally part of the castle fortifications. The castle gate facing the valley in the south-east also had a vault. Wilhelm Leberecht Götzinger also reported on this goal in 1804 .

19th and 20th centuries

The wooden Bastei bridge from 1826 with a view of the rocks "Steinschleuder" (center) and "Neurathener Felsentor" (left), both of which were part of the castle complex (engraving by Christian Gottlob Hammer )

The stone Bastei Bridge from 1851 from the same direction of view

As the first tourist development of the bastion, the Forstadjunkt Auerswald had a staircase with 487 steps built in 1814, which led up from Rathen to the bastion on the rock walls of the Vogeltelle , a gorge north of the bastion. Around 1821, using medieval stone pillars, two simple wooden bridges were built between the Neurathener Felsentor , a rock tower that had served as a castle gate in the Middle Ages, and the rock tower called a slingshot , which can be seen on an etching made by Ludwig Richter in 1823 .

In 1826 the rock group and its complex passed from the Hereditary Court of Rathen to the possession of the Kingdom of Saxony . In the same year a wooden bridge was built over the Mardertelle. Together with the two smaller bridges between the slingshot and the Neurathener Felsentor, it enabled the transition from the bastion to the rock castle for the first time since the castle was destroyed. Until then there was only one access from Rathen through the steep forest slope below the castle, roughly in the course of today's Basteiweg. Due to structural problems, the wooden bridge was replaced by the current stone bridge in 1851. This bridge follows the original entrance to the castle, but is a little higher.

Since the end of the 19th century, individual rocks in the castle area were used as climbing peaks , the Mönch as the first from 1874 . The slingshot and the Neurathener Felsentor soon followed in the area of ​​the Bastei bridge . There were also a few smaller rock towers below the castle rocks. Was at the castle rock itself and is in accordance with the Saxon climbing rules the climbing prohibited.

The doctor Herbert Beschorner examined the facility for the first time archaeologically in 1906. In addition to various beam folds and carved rock spaces, the cistern, which was previously only known from older records, was discovered and uncovered. Between 1932 and 1934 Alfred Neugebauer carried out further archaeological excavations in the castle complex. In doing so, he discovered the battlements, which until then had been hidden under the humus that had accumulated on the rock heads over the centuries. He was also able to recover various ceramic and brick finds. The battlements were reconstructed in 1934 to an initial length of 120 m for use by visitors. From 1938 the castle rocks belonged to the Bastei nature reserve . In 1956, the NSG was legally upgraded through the establishment of the Saxon Switzerland landscape protection area . The archaeological work since then in the area of ​​the rock castle was therefore only possible as an exception.

The battlement fell into disrepair during the war and was therefore renovated in 1953. Archaeological excavations were carried out again between 1982 and 1984. Experts examined the cistern and the water supply to the castle in particular. In addition, the walls of the battlements were reconstructed again; Sebnitz mountain climbers supported the renewal of the entire metal tour. At the same time, further archaeological excavations were made and the former rock castle was expanded into an open-air museum. The castle area has been in the core zone of the Saxon Switzerland National Park since 1990 . The area of ​​the castle and all the rocks in front of it may therefore only be entered on appropriately marked paths and paths.

Castle complex

The Mönchsloch, shelter for guard posts at the rock castle

As with most rock castles in Saxon Switzerland, the buildings were either hammered out of the rock or built as half-timbered buildings. As a result, almost nothing has been preserved from the wooden corridors and half-timbered buildings. A reconstruction is therefore based on the archaeological findings from the excavations, individual masonry as well as the surviving beam holes, rabbets and abutments, in which the wooden beams, struts and planks were anchored.

Access and outdoor facilities

The main entrance to the castle was a wooden bridge that led from the bastion over the Mardertelle to the former castle gate . The stone Bastei Bridge has been in its place since 1851. When attempting a storm, the wooden bridge could be destroyed under the feet of the attackers. This is said to have been successful many times, with many soldiers falling to their deaths. It is from this that the gorge was supposedly given its original name Martertelle , which Alfred Meiche referred to as "fable". There was also a castle gate on the valley side on the Basteiweg, which is now used as the entrance to Rathen.

In front of the main entrance, in the area of ​​today's bastion and the buildings there, there were pre-fortifications, of which, however, hardly any traces can be found and which have been preserved mainly in the site names. On the rocky pulpit of the bastion, weathered floor folds can still be seen, which probably served as an anchorage for a wooden tower. In addition to the bastion, there is also a rock ridge at the access to Ferdinandstein , which is located between Mardertelle and Vogeltelle above the Wehlgrund , and is known as the Schanze .

Today's climbing summit Neurathener Felsentor formed the actual castle gate. A drawbridge was attached to it as the last part of the entrance . The passage had been carved out of the rock so wide that it was passable for cars. There are still scratch marks on the side of the wagon axles in the rock gate. Upstream there was an outpost on the rock tower, now known as a slingshot , about in the middle of the Bastei bridge. Well visible from the Basteiweg are the partly heavily weathered stone steps carved into the north side of the rock tower, which served as access. Stone balls and floor folds were discovered on the rock itself, which is why it was long considered the location of a blide . However, due to the lack of space for loading and the insufficient dimensioning of the anchoring, this is unlikely. The stone spheres found inside the castle are now considered to come from the Bliden used by the attackers during the various sieges. Additional posts were built on various rocks around the castle to provide security. On today's Mönch climbing summit, east of the castle, a niche was cut in the head of the summit for the guards , the Mönchsloch about 1.75 m high and about 1.3 m deep . This position could probably be reached via ladders and wooden walkways. Another post was at the so-called Kanapee , a rock spur south of the castle at today's entrance to the valley with a good view of the Elbe valley and the bastion. Farther below this post, the builders of the castle also built a guard room carved out of the rock, a little above today's view on the Tiedgestein . Adjacent to this room, at the beginning of a cliff, was the castle gate on the valley side, of which part of the masonry has been preserved, but not the archway mentioned in 1755. Bearings carved out of the rock for the gate and other barriers can be seen in the cliff. This area outside the actual castle has not yet been examined more closely archaeologically. The Rahmhanke , a narrow, exposed ledge that leads from the tied rock about halfway below the castle rock on the Elbe side to behind the bastion, was probably also moved into the outdoor area.

Overall, the castle site from the bastion to Altrathen has a length of about 700 meters, the width of the castle rocks is a maximum of 100 meters. The actual rock castle Neurathen covers an area of ​​about 220 × 100 m.

Core castle

Map of the Neurathen Castle, its current state

View over parts of the battlements, in the background the control room over the Wehlgrund

Almost all parts of the core castle can be viewed on the tour. In addition to the battlements , it mainly consists of the remains of the various buildings that are grouped around a small courtyard and a large courtyard to the west.

Battlement

The battlements were mainly on the north-west and north-east side of the castle; only smaller locking bars in the gaps in the rock were discovered towards the Elbe valley. For the first few meters behind the castle gate, the walk to the Mardertelle was sometimes even duplicated in order to better secure this endangered area. Today's steel walkways largely follow the old battlement, along which smaller buildings were located. Some of them were used for residential purposes, as indicated by finds of utility ceramics and traces of fireplaces. At the northernmost point of the battlement above the Wehlgrund there was a built-in control room. To the east of this, the battlements spanned several rock towers, on the so-called bridge tower with an approximately 11 m long wooden bridge. In its place there is now a steel bridge. There was also a living room on the bridge tower, documented by finds of pieces of brick and ceramics .

At the southwestern end of the battlements, with a view of the post on the Mönch , traces of a wall ring with an irregular floor plan were discovered on the summit of the rock head there. Inside was a second wall ring made of clay and broken granite. This was probably the foundation of a timber-framed signal or watchtower. The steps leading to this rock head were not created until 1934. The palisades between the main castle and the Basteiweg are not part of the battlements, they only serve to separate the chargeable open-air museum from the generally accessible path.

buildings

Reconstructed beam fixtures in the hall in the courtyard

Above the ticket booth for the open-air museum, the castle tower stood on a rock, which was also built on a half-timbered wall foundation. There is a small log cabin there today. The castle tower was probably two to three storeys high and decorated in a representative manner. Remnants of slug panes , traces of a fireplace or stove as well as broken clay and glass suggest this. To the west of the rock and directly on the battlement there are traces of another building, remains of masonry and ceramics were found there.

There were other buildings in the large courtyard to the southeast. An exact reconstruction is difficult, as not all joist rebates were used at the same time and probably have to be assigned to different construction phases. There was certainly a 50 m², originally two-story hall building, the basement of which was uncovered during the excavations in the early 1930s. Inside it was a layer of fire rubble about 2 m thick. From the remains of wood, nails and mud bricks found in it, it could be seen that the hall had been placed on the basement as a half-timbered construction. The approximate proportions of the building can be seen from the reconstructed ceiling beams and fixtures. Adjacent to the hall there was another room, which, due to traces of a stove and slug panes found, probably also served representative residential purposes.

Further to the south-east there was the so-called Sweden Room, named after the rock inscription there from 1706, and a room that was previously regarded as the castle chapel . A cross is carved into the rock above the staircase, which serves as an entrance, and there is also a wall niche that could have been used as a storage space for sacred objects. The remains of stove tiles and a stove foundation that were also found give rise to the assumption that there was another heated living room there.

The castle kitchen was probably located at the highest point between the hall and the battlements, east of the hall. For them, an approximately 6 × 5.6 m large room was carved out of the rock and closed on the open sides with half-timbering. In the ravine below this room, bones from pigs, deer and cattle, as well as broken dishes, were recovered.

North of the kitchen and south of the bridge tower is the small courtyard, the development of which has not yet been satisfactorily clarified. It is inaccessible and can only be viewed from the battlements.

cistern

View from the south into the castle courtyard and the covered cistern

In the large courtyard below the castle tower is the cistern that should ensure the water supply to the castle. A natural water supply via a spring does not exist in the arid sandstone rocks. Due to the location on the high and relatively small rock, it was not possible to secure the water supply by building a well , a problem that arose on all rock castles in the Elbe Sandstone Mountains. The only exception is the well construction of the neighboring Königstein Fortress , which was only built about 100 years after the destruction of Neurathen Castle . This is located on a table mountain with a much larger area, which is suitable for a well construction due to the structure of the dividing surface . However, sinking the well there was associated with considerable expenditure of time and technology. On Neurathen, as on other rock castles, a cistern was built to collect rainwater from the roofs of the surrounding buildings. A construction that is unique for the rock castles of Saxon and Bohemian Switzerland is their execution with water extraction after filtration in a gravel bed.

The bottom of the cistern received a funnel driven into the Elbe sandstone , 0.78 m deep with an upper diameter of 2.40 m. This results in a volume of around 1.18 m³. In the lower part of the cistern the base area is 4.10 × 2.4 m and at a height of 2 m (above the deepest level) it measures 3.75 × 5.60 m. On the west side the cistern has a total depth of 6.87 m and on the east side of 6.32 m. It is the largest water collection basin in a rock castle in Saxon Switzerland. The cistern could hold a maximum of 135,000 liters of water. The funnel was probably used to collect the last reserves and to separate out impurities that were washed up in it.

The cistern was carved directly into the rock, which can be recognized by several grooves leading to the funnel. Brick walls made of sandstone on the north and south sides enabled a larger storage volume. A roof protected the water from pollution. Apparently, the water was not drawn through a bucket, but through a kind of drainage pipe. A corresponding breakthrough could be detected in the lower area of ​​the cistern. From there, the water ran through a gravel ditch to be filtered to the actual tap. A wooden tap or bung was probably attached to this tap, as well as to the opening through the cistern wall.

Excavation finds

The various archaeological excavations in the castle area have produced a large number of finds dating back to the Bronze Age. Some of the excavation finds are exhibited in the open-air museum, especially ceramics.

In addition to ceramics, the archaeologists found a granite millstone from the Bronze Age . Ceramics were also found at the north foot of the castle rock towards the Wehlgrund.

The finds from the time of the medieval castle from the 13th to the 15th century are much more extensive. Some of the pottery found comes from Bohemia, mainly from North Bohemian workshops, including broken pieces from Lewin crockery . Pot tiles and glazed dishes in various colors date from the late period of the castle. In addition to utility ceramics, the excavation workers found building materials, bricks, roof tiles, burnt clay, remains of charcoal, beam nails and parts of door fittings. The destruction of the castle in 1469 was also reflected in the excavations through fire rubble and the remains of weapons such as stone balls and arrowheads contained therein.

The most important finds include two swords discovered as early as the 19th century and two small medieval clay figures excavated in 1934, a Madonna and a cradle with a child. Both figures are probably consecration gifts from the 14th or 15th century. In 1982 the archaeologists discovered ceramic goods and a spindle whorl in the courtyard .

open air museum

Open-air museum plan

Reconstructed slingshot

In the second excavation period from 1932, the battlement was partially reconstructed in 1934. Since then, visitors have been able to explore the rock castle. In 1953 and 1984 the gears were renewed, but made of steel. To protect existing medieval steps, these were usually covered with steel steps.

On the tour, you can see the remains of the castle that are still visible, such as the joists and the various rooms carved out of the rock, the few remaining masonry remains, the reconstructed cistern including a roof and stone balls found from medieval slingshots or catapults . Display boards provide information on the individual stops on the tour. A reconstructed slingshot has been in the rock castle since 1986. A model of the rock castle, as it probably looked until it was destroyed in 1469, is also on display.

The preservation of the remaining castle ruins is problematic, especially because of the weathering of the sandstone . As early as 1936, an overturned boulder bearing traces of beam seams had to be blown up. On the north side of the castle, the original drainage of the cistern contributed to the erosion and washed away and eroded the cleft wall that was built towards the Wehlgrund. For protection, it is not possible to walk into these endangered areas.

Say

After their destruction, various legends grew up around the castle rock towering high above Rathen. Alfred Meiche collected and published part of it around 1900.

The construction of the castle, which is barely comprehensible in the written sources, is also reflected in it. According to legend, the castle was built by the Sorbs and conquered under Emperor Heinrich IV in the 11th century . The Germans would have surprised the Sorbs, whereupon they should have thrown themselves in their horror into the abyss, today's Mardertelle. The name of the gorge can be traced back to the dead Sorbs. At that time, a leather bridge spanned the gorge. The legend of the castle's destruction in the Hussite Wars is also not historically proven and refuted by the sources .

Another legend, which takes up the widespread motif of the hard-hearted lord of the castle, connects the rock castle with the neighboring rock group of honey stones . It is said to have got its name from the resident wild bees that had their hives in the cliffs. The rocks are therefore still covered with honey on the inaccessible sides. The lord of the castle of Rathen once forbade the residents of the village to collect the wild honey. One day when he caught two old people collecting and had them rushing with his dogs, the bees fell upon him in dense swarms. The knight jumped out of the window out of fear and perished.

literature

• Alfred Meiche: Historical-topographical description of the Pirna Office , Dresden 1927, Verlag Buchdruckerei der Wilhelm und Bertha v. Baensch Foundation. (PDF; 32.1 MB)
• Anne Müller, Matthias Weinhold: Rock castles of Saxon Switzerland. Neurathen - Winterstein - Arnstein. Series of castles, palaces and fortifications in Central Europe, Volume 23, Verlag Schnell and Steiner, Regensburg 2010, ISBN 978-3-7954-2303-2 .
• Alfred Neugebauer: Felsenburg Neurathen , Lohmen Municipality Council, 1984.
• Königstein area, Saxon Switzerland (= values ​​of the German homeland . Volume 1). 2nd Edition. Akademie Verlag, Berlin 1985.

Web links

Commons : Felsenburg Neurathen  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files

• Description by Neurathen
• Reconstruction drawing by Wolfgang Braun

Remarks

1. ↑ Lamprecht further elaborated this structure, developed in his dissertation in 1928 using the example of the Great Winterberg, in the following years; it is comprehensively presented in Friedrich Lamprecht: The layer storage of the Turon in the Saxon-Bohemian Elbe Sandstone Mountains. Reports of the mathematical-physical class of the Saxon Academy of Sciences Leipzig 86, 1934, pp. 155–186.

Individual evidence

1. ^ Anne Müller, Matthias Weinhold: rock castles of Saxon Switzerland. Neurathen - Winterstein - Arnstein. Series of castles, palaces and defensive structures in Central Europe, Volume 23, Verlag Schnell and Steiner, Regensburg 2010, ISBN 978-3-7954-2303-2 , p. 16.
2. ^ Gerhard Cheap, Heinz Müller: Castles. Witnesses of Saxon history , Verlag Degener & Co., Neustadt / Aisch 1998, ISBN 3-7686-4191-0 , p. 191.
3. ↑ Lithostratigrafisches Lexikon Deutschlands: Schrammstein-Formation ( Memento of the original from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (accessed on March 7, 2012). 
4. ↑ B. Niebuhr, M. Hiss, U. Kaplan, K.-A. Tröger, S. Voigt, T. Voigt, F. Wiese & M. Wilmsen: (2007): Lithostratigraphie der Norddeutschen Oberkreide. SDGG, 55, 136 pp., Hanover, 2007.
5. ↑ TU Dresden, Department of Forest Sciences, Chair for Regional Culture and Nature Conservation (Ed.): Excursions Guide National Park Saxon Switzerland , Dresden 2004/2008, p. 3 ff.  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically defective marked. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (accessed on March 7, 2012; PDF; 7.3 MB).  
6. ↑ GEO montan, Society for Applied Geology mbH Freiberg (edit.): Analysis of potential for inclusion of parts of Saxon-Bohemian Switzerland as a UNESCO World Heritage Site; Part geology / geomorphology (investigation of the extraordinary universal value and integrity in the sense of the UNESCO World Heritage Convention ) final report , on behalf of the Association of Friends of the Saxon Switzerland National Park, funded by Deutsche Umwelthilfe, Freiberg 2006, pp. 24, 39. ( Memento of the original dated December 2, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (accessed on March 7, 2012; PDF; 6.7 MB).  
7. ↑ ^{a b c d} Peter Rölke (Ed.): Hiking and nature guide Saxon Switzerland, Volume 2, Vordere und Südliche Sächsische Schweiz , Berg- & Naturverlag Peter Rölke, Dresden 2000, ISBN 3-934514-09-X , p. 54 -55.
8. ^ ^{A b} Alfred Neugebauer: Felsenburg Neurathen , Council of the community Lohmen, 1984, p. 5 f.
9. ^ Gerhard Cheap, Heinz Müller: Castles. Witnesses of Saxon history , Verlag Degener & Co., Neustadt / Aisch 1998, ISBN 3-7686-4191-0 , p. 190.
10. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l} Alfred Meiche: Historisch-Topographische Beschreibung der Amtshauptmannschaft Pirna , Dresden 1927, Rathen, p. 270 ff. (Accessed on January 31, 2012; PDF; 32.1 MB).
11. ^ ^{A b c d e f g} Anne Müller, Matthias Weinhold: Rock castles of Saxon Switzerland. Neurathen - Winterstein - Arnstein. Series of castles, palaces and fortifications in Central Europe, Volume 23, Verlag Schnell and Steiner, Regensburg 2010, ISBN 978-3-7954-2303-2 , pp. 14-16.
12. ^ Ernst Eichler / Hans Walther : Historical book of place names of Saxony. Vol. 2, Berlin 2001. pp. 255f.
13. ^ Alfred Neugebauer: Felsenburg Neurathen , Council of the community Lohmen, 1984, p. 11.
14. ↑ ^{a b c} Alfred Neugebauer: Felsenburg Neurathen , Council of the Municipality of Lohmen, 1984, p. 18 ff.
15. ↑ Dietmar Heinicke (Ed.): Climbing Guide Saxon Switzerland, Wehlener area, Rathener area, fire area , Berg- & Naturverlag Rölke, Dresden 2003, ISBN 3-934514-06-5 .
16. ↑ Nature Conservation Chronology of Saxon Switzerland on the website of the National Park Administration ( Memento of the original from October 31, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (accessed February 17, 2012).  
17. ^ Alfred Neugebauer: Felsenburg Neurathen , Council of the Municipality of Lohmen, 1984, p. 23.
18. ↑ ^{a b c} Anne Müller, Matthias Weinhold: rock castles of Saxon Switzerland. Neurathen - Winterstein - Arnstein. Series of castles, palaces and fortifications in Central Europe, Volume 23, Verlag Schnell and Steiner, Regensburg 2010, ISBN 978-3-7954-2303-2 , p. 17.
19. ^ Anne Müller, Matthias Weinhold: rock castles of Saxon Switzerland. Neurathen - Winterstein - Arnstein. Series of castles, palaces and fortifications in Central Europe, Volume 23, Verlag Schnell and Steiner, Regensburg 2010, ISBN 978-3-7954-2303-2 , p. 20.
20. ^ Anne Müller, Matthias Weinhold: rock castles of Saxon Switzerland. Neurathen - Winterstein - Arnstein. Series of castles, palaces and fortifications in Central Europe, Volume 23, Verlag Schnell and Steiner, Regensburg 2010, ISBN 978-3-7954-2303-2 , p. 18.
21. ^ Alfred Neugebauer: Felsenburg Neurathen , Council of the Municipality of Lohmen, 1984, p. 17.
22. ↑ Hartmut Goldhahn: The cream hank . In: History and Nature of Saxon Switzerland , accessed on June 30, 2016
23. ^ ^{A b c d} Alfred Neugebauer: Felsenburg Neurathen , Council of the community Lohmen, 1984, pp. 20-22.
24. ^ Alfred Neugebauer: Felsenburg Neurathen , Council of the Municipality of Lohmen, 1984, p. 10.
25. ^ Anne Müller, Matthias Weinhold: rock castles of Saxon Switzerland. Neurathen - Winterstein - Arnstein. Series of castles, palaces and defensive structures in Central Europe, Volume 23, Verlag Schnell and Steiner, Regensburg 2010, ISBN 978-3-7954-2303-2 , p. 24.
26. ^ Anne Müller, Matthias Weinhold: rock castles of Saxon Switzerland. Neurathen - Winterstein - Arnstein. Series of castles, palaces and fortifications in Central Europe, Volume 23, Verlag Schnell and Steiner, Regensburg 2010, ISBN 978-3-7954-2303-2 , p. 23.
27. ^ Anne Müller, Matthias Weinhold: rock castles of Saxon Switzerland. Neurathen - Winterstein - Arnstein. Series of castles, palaces and fortifications in Central Europe, Volume 23, Verlag Schnell and Steiner, Regensburg 2010, ISBN 978-3-7954-2303-2 , p. 13.
28. ↑ ^{a b c} Anne Müller, Matthias Weinhold: rock castles of Saxon Switzerland. Neurathen - Winterstein - Arnstein. Series of castles, palaces and defensive structures in Central Europe, Volume 23, Verlag Schnell and Steiner, Regensburg 2010, ISBN 978-3-7954-2303-2 , p. 26.
29. ^ ^{A b c} Alfred Neugebauer: Felsenburg Neurathen , Council of the community Lohmen, 1984, pp. 14-16.
30. ^ ^{A b} Alfred Meiche: Sagenbuch der Sächsische Schweiz and their peripheral areas Reprint of the revised 2nd edition from 1929, Altis-Verlag, Berlin 1991, ISBN 3-910195-02-4 , p. 126.
31. ^ Alfred Meiche: Sagenbuch der Sächsische Schweiz and their peripheral areas reprint of the revised 2nd edition from 1929, Altis-Verlag, Berlin 1991, ISBN 3-910195-02-4 , p. 96.

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