Chamois sausages

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Chamois sausages
Lime chamois (Doronicum glaciale subsp.calcareum)

Lime Gämswurz ( doronicum glaciale subsp. Calcareum )

Systematics
Euasterids II
Order : Astern-like (Asterales)
Family : Daisy family (Asteraceae)
Subfamily : Asteroideae
Tribe : Senecioneae
Genre : Chamois sausages
Scientific name
Doronicum
L.

The Doronicum ( Doronicum ), also Gamswurzen and Gemswurzen called, are a genus within the family of the daisy family (Asteraceae). The approximately 35 species are distributed in Eurasia and North Africa. Varieties of fewer species are used as ornamental plants for parks and gardens in temperate latitudes.

description

Illustration from Storm of the Creeping Chamois ( Doronicum pardalianches )
Flower heads from the side with the bracts of the involucrum of Doronicum carpetanum
Illustration from the Atlas of the Alpine Flora , 1882 of the Austrian chamois ( Doronicum austriacum )
Flower head with yellow ray and tubular flowers of Doronicum orientale
Achenes from Doronicum orientale

Vegetative characteristics

The chamois species are perennial herbaceous plants that usually reach heights of 10 to 60 (rarely up to 90, and only in exceptional cases over 150) centimeters. They usually form rhizomes . The stems are simple or not very branched.

The stalked or sessile leaves are basal or alternate on the stem. The simple leaf blade is mostly elliptical, lanceolate, ovate-circular or ovate, rarely elongated, violin-shaped or spatulate. The leaf surfaces are glabrous or cobweb-like to soft, sometimes with glandular and downy hairs, especially along the leaf veins . The leaf margin is smooth, notched or serrated.

Generative characteristics

The mostly relatively large cup-shaped inflorescences stand together individually or in groups in umbrella-like overall inflorescences on often long, glandular-downy hairy inflorescence shafts. The inflorescence envelope is bell-shaped to hemispherical or wider and 22 to 40 millimeters in size. The 21 to over 30 durable, upright to spreading bracts are in two to more than three rows, free or almost free, lanceolate to linear or awl-shaped, more or less the same, the edges of which are often ciliate but rarely dry-skinned. The inflorescence bases are convex to hemispherical and contain no chaff leaves , but often short hair.

The flower heads always contain tubular and ray flowers . At the edge there is a row of seldom 13 to, mostly 21 to over 40 (with double-flowered cultivars there are more) ray florets that are female and fertile. Inside there are rarely 50 to, usually 100 to over 250 tubular flowers (= disc flowers) that are hermaphrodite and fertile. The five yellow petals are fused with tubes.

The flattened, broadly obovate achenes are five- or ten-ribbed, glabrous or hairy. The durable pappus consists of 40 to 60 white to straw-colored bearded bristles that stand in one or two rows. Sometimes a pappus is missing in ray florets, for example in the creeping chamois ( Doronicum pardalianches ).

The basic chromosome number is x = 30.

ecology

The spread of the diaspores , they are the achenes, is done by wind.

Doronicum orientale cultivar 'Little Leo'

Occurrence

The wide distribution area of ​​the genus Doronicum includes Eurasia and North Africa ( Morocco and northeastern Algeria ). About twelve species are native to Europe. In the German-speaking countries, Austrian chamois ( Doronicum austriacum ), Clusius chamois , also shaggy chamois ( Doronicum clusii ), heart-leaved chamois ( Doronicum columnae ), large-flowered chamois ( Doronicum grandiflorum ) and creeping chamois ( Doronicum pardalian ).

Doronicum species thrive in forests, on open rocky locations with moist soils , meadows and near running water at altitudes of 0 to 5000 meters.

Some species are used as ornamental plants and sometimes go wild. In North America there are only stocks of feral species: Doronicum orientale , Doronicum plantagineum , Doronicum pardalianches .

Habit and flower heads of the Austrian chamois ( Doronicum austriacum )
Doronicum carpetanum
Clusius chamois ( Doronicum clusii )
Habit and flower heads of the heart-leaved chamois ( Doronicum columnae )
Leaves and flower heads of Doronicum corsicum
Habit and flower heads of the large-flowered chamois ( Doronicum grandiflorum )
Caucasus chamois ( Doronicum orientale )
Flower head in detail from Doronicum turkestanicum

Systematics and distribution

The genus name Doronicum was 1753 Carl Linnaeus in Species Plantarum , 2, page 885-886 first published . Type species is Doronicum pardalianches L. The generic name Doronicum was used for at least six plant species before Carl von Linné.

The oldest evidence of the origin of the generic name Doronicum is the Middle French word deronic in a poem translated by Olivier de La Haye ( Poème sur la Grande Peste ) from 1425, which supposedly goes back to an Arabic-Persian source. The Arabic and Persian names probably only referred to golden yellow flowers. In this way, the name can be derived from the old Persian daraniya for gold.

The genus Doronicum belongs to the tribe Senecioneae in the subfamily Asteroideae within the family Asteraceae .

There are 26 to 35 or up to 40 Doronicum species (selection):

  • Doronicum altaicum Pall. (Syn .: Aronicum altaicum (Pall) DC.. , Doronicum bargusinense Serg. , Doronicum bargusinense var. Pilosum C.H.An ): Its distribution area in Central Asia ranges from Turkistan and the Altai region to Lake Baikal and Siberia about Mongolia , the Inner Mongolia to Shaanxi and northern Xinjiang .
  • Austrian chamois ( Doronicum austriacum Jacq. ): It occurs with two subspecies in the mountains of Europe , the Carpathian Mountains , the Balkan Mountains , the Alps , the Apennines and the eastern Pyrenees and also in Turkey.
  • Doronicum briquetii Cavill. : It isnative tocentral and southern China in the provinces of Sichuan , Tibet-Qinghai and Yunnan as well as in the Himalayas . According to the Flora of China, it does not occur in all of China.
  • Doronicum cacaliifolium Boiss. & Hero. : It is located in southern Turkey in the provinces of Antalya and Konya .
  • Doronicum calotum (Diels) Q.Yuan (Syn .: Doronicum limprichtii Diels , Doronicum thibetanum Cavillier ): It thrives on alpine mats, in thickets and on stony slopes at altitudes of 3400 to 4200 meters in Tibet and in the Chinese provinces of Qinghai , southern Shaanxi ( Qin Ling only), southwest to western Sichuan and northwest Yunnan.
  • Doronicum carpaticum (Griseb. & Schenk) Nyman : It is native to the Carpathian Mountains .
  • Doronicum carpetanum Boiss. & Reut. ex will. & Lange : The four subspecies thrive in the mountains in the center of the Iberian Peninsula and some scattered populations north of it:
    • Doronicum carpetanum subsp. diazii (Pérez Morales & Penas) Alv. Remote. : It only occurs in Spain.
    • Doronicum carpetanum subsp. kuepferi (R. Chacón) Alv. Remote. : It only occurs in Spain.
    • Doronicum carpetanum subsp. pubescens ( Pérez Morales & al.) Aizpuru : It occurs in Portugal and Spain.
    • Doronicum carpetanum subsp. carpetanum : It occurs only in Spain.
  • Torrent chamois ( Doronicum cataractarum Aries ): It is endemic to the Koralpe .
  • Clusius chamois , also shaggy chamois ( Doronicum clusii (All.) Tausch , Syn .: Arnica clusii All. , Aronicum clusii (All.) WDJKoch , Doronicum hirsutum Lam. , Arnica stiriaca Vill. , Doronicum stiriacum (Vill.) Dalla Torre , Doronicum clusii subsp. stiriacum (Vill.) Soják , Doronicum clusii subsp. villosum (Beck) Vierh. , Doronicum clusii var. villosum Beck ): It grows in the Alps and Carpathians.
  • Heartleaf Gämswurz ( doronicum columnae Ten. , Arnica wulfeniana Pollini , Aronicum cordatum Schur , doronicum caucasicum Vis. , Doronicum caucasicum var. Elatior Ambrosi , doronicum columnae var. Cordifolium (Sternb.) Fiori & Paol. , Doronicum columnae var. Elatior (Ambrosi) Fiori & Paol. , doronicum columnae subsp. lucidum (Bernh. Pantoc ex.) Rouy , doronicum columnae var. pilosum (Simonk.) Rouy , doronicum cordatum Sch.Bip. , doronicum cordatum K.Koch , doronicum cordifolium Sternb. , eriorrhizon doronicum Guss. , Doronicum lucidum Bernh. Ex Pantoc. , Doronicum nendtvichii Sadler , Doronicum orientale Rchb. , Doronicum pilosum (Simonk.) Simonk. , Doronicum wulfenianum (Pollini) Poir. ): The main area of ​​distribution is in the Balkan Mountains, there are also occurrences in the central Greece, the Carpathian Mountains, the Alps and the Apennines.
  • Doronicum conaense Y.L.Chen : It was first described in 1998. This endemic thrives in the thicket on hills at altitudes of 3800 to 3900 meters only in Cona in Tibet.
  • Doronicum corsicum (Loisel.) Poir. : This endemic occurs only in Corsica .
  • Doronicum dolichotrichum Cavill. (Syn .: Doronicum hakkiaricum J.R.Edm. , Doronicum hyrcanum Widder & Rech. F. ): It iswidespreadin northeastern Turkey and in the Caucasus region to the south of the Caspian Sea .
  • Doronicum falconeri C.B. Clarke ex Hook. f. : The distribution area extends from central-western China (provinces Tibet-Qinghai and Xinjiang ) via Mongolia , Turkistan , Pamir to the Himalayas. According to the Flora of China , it does not occur in all of China.
  • Doronicum gansuense Y.L.Chen : It was first described in 1998. It thrives on grassy slopes and in the undergrowth of forests at altitudes of about 3100 meters in Gansu .
  • Glacier chamois ( Doronicum glaciale (Wulfen) Nyman , Syn .: Doronicum cordifolium Stokes , Doronicum calcareum Vierh. ): There are two subspecies. It thrives in the central Eastern Alps at altitudes of 1000 to 2800 meters.
  • Doronicum grandiflorum ( Doronicum grandiflorum Lam. , Syn .: Aronicum scorpioides (Lam.) WDJKoch , Aronicum viscosum Freyn & Gaut. , Doronicum halleri exchange , Doronicum portal vein Chabert , Doronicum pyrenaicum (Godr.) Rivas Mart. , Doronicum scorpioides Lam. , Doronicum viscosum (Freyn & Gaut.) Nyman , Aronicum scorpioides var. pyrenaicum Godr. ): It is distributed in two subspecies in central Western Europe.
  • Doronicum haussknechtii Cavill. (Syn .: Doronicum tobeyi J.R.Edm. ): The home is in northern and central Turkey in the provinces of Giresun , Kayseri and Maraş .
  • Doronicum hungaricum C.Rchb. (Syn .: Doronicum longifolium Griseb. & Schenk non Rchb. , Doronicum hungaricum subsp. Praehungaricum Pénzes ): It occurs in the Balkan Mountains , in the Carpathians and in the Ukraine .
  • Doronicum kamaonense (DC.) Alv.Fern. (Syn .: Doronicum roylei DC. ): It thrives in the Himalayas at altitudes of 2900 to 4600 meters from Kashmir to Nepal as well as Bhutan and Tibet.
  • Doronicum macrophyllum fish. (Syn .: Doronicum balansae Cavill. , Doronicum macrolepis Freyn & Sint. ): There are about two subspecies:
    • Doronicum macrophyllum fish. subsp. macrophyllum : It occurs in Turkey, Armenia , Azerbaijan , Georgia and in the Caucasus region.
    • Doronicum macrophyllum subsp. sparsipilosum (JR Edm.) Alv. Remote. : It only occurs in Turkey.
  • Doronicum maximum Boiss. & A.Huet : The range extends from eastern Turkey to south of the Caucasus and south of the Caspian Sea.
  • Doronicum oblongifolium DC. : It occurs in Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Siberia and Xinjiang only in Hami .
  • Caucasus chamois ( Doronicum orientale Hoffm. , Syn .: Doronicum caucasicum M.Bieb. ): It is native to the eastern Mediterranean from Sicily and Greece to the Caucasus.
  • Creeping chamois ( Doronicum pardalianches L. , Syn .: Doronicum cordatum Lam. , Arnica scorpioides L. , Doronicum matthioli Tausch ): It is native to the northeast Iberian Peninsula and Central Europe.
  • Plantain Gämswurz ( Doronicum plantagineum L. , syn .: Doronicum subcordatum H.J.Coste , Doronicum willdenowii (Rouy) AWHill ): It is about four subspecies:
    • Doronicum plantagineum L. subsp. atlanticum (Rouy) Greuter (Syn .: Doronicum atlanticum Rouy , Aronicum atlanticum Chabert ): It occurs in Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia.
    • Doronicum plantagineum subsp. emarginatum (HJCoste) P.Fourn. (Syn .: Doronicum emarginatum H.J. Coste ): It occurs in Portugal and France.
    • Doronicum plantagineum subsp. tournefortii (Rouy) Cout. (Syn .: Doronicum tournefortii Rouy ): It occurs only in Portugal.
    • Doronicum plantagineum subsp. plantagineum
  • Doronicum reticulatum Boiss. ( Doronicum thirkei Boiss. , Doronicum bithynicum J.R.Edm. ): It is native to western and central Turkey in the provinces of Bolu , Bursa and Konya.
  • Doronicum stenoglossum Maxim. (Syn .: Doronicum souliei Cavillier , Doronicum yunnanense Franch. Ex Diels ): It thrives at altitudes of 2100 to 3900 meters in Tibet and in the Chinese provinces of Gansu, Qinghai, northwest to western Sichuan and northwestern Yunnan.
  • Doronicum turkestanicum Cavill. : It occurs in Kazakhstan , Siberia, Mongolia, Inner Mongolia and northern Xinjiang.

Historical medical application

According to John Gerard (1545–1612), chamois root (English name Leopard's Bane ) was poisonous for animals such as panthers, pigs and wolves, but not for humans. Tabor therefore assumes that the plant with which Imogen is put into a dead-like sleep in Shakespeare's Cymbeline could be chamois.

Nicholas Culpeper (1616–1654) classifies chamois (no species specified) as hot and dry. The root strengthens the heart and protects against the plague . It also helps with dizziness, against the bites of poisonous animals, after ingesting too much opium and against lethargy .

swell

  • Amy Trauth Nare: Doronicum . In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 20: Magnoliophyta: Asteridae, part 7: Asteraceae, part 2 (Astereae, Senecioneae). Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 2006, ISBN 0-19-530564-7 , pp. 611 (English). , online (sections Description, Distribution and Systematics).
  • Ines Álvarez Fernández: Systematics of Eurasian and North African Doronicum (Asteraceae: Senecioneae). In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Volume 90, No. 3, 2003, pp. 319–389, doi : 10.2307 / 3298534 , scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org (sections description, distribution and systematics).
  • Ines Álvarez Fernández, Javier Fuertes Aguilar, Jose L. Panero, Gonzalo Nieto Feliner: A phylogenetic analysis of Doronicum (Asteraceae, Senecioneae) based on morphological, nuclear ribosomal (ITS), and chloroplast (trnL-F) evidence. In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. Volume 20, No. 1, 2001, pp. 41-64, DOI: 10.1006 / mpev.2001.0954 , PDF file.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Ines Álvarez Fernández: Systematics of Eurasian and North African Doronicum (Asteraceae: Senecioneae). In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Volume 90, No. 3, 2003, pp. 319-389. doi : 10.2307 / 3298534 scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .
  2. ↑ Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum , 2, 1753, pp. 885-886 scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .
  3. ↑ Helmut Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. 3rd, completely revised and expanded edition. Nikol, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-937872-16-7 (reprint from 1996).
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h Yilin Chen, Bertil Nordenstam: Doronicum pp. 372–374 In: Tribe Senecioneae. Pp. 371–496 - the same text online as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven & Deyuan Hong (eds.): Flora of China , Volume 20 - Asteraceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2011. ISBN 978-1-935641-07-0
  5. ↑ a b c d e f g h Entry by Werner Greuter, Eckhard von Raab-Straube (Ed.): Compositae. In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity .
  6. ^ Entry in the Flora of Nepal .
  7. ↑ John Gerarde, The Herball or General Historie of Plantes. London, Norton, 1597, 619-622
  8. ^ Edward Tabor, Plant Poisons in Shakespeare. Economic Botany 24/1, 1970, 86
  9. ↑ Nicholas Culpeper, Culpeper's Complete Herbal, A book of remedies for ancient ills. Ware, Wordsworth 1995, 312

Literature for the species occurring in Central Europe

  • Manfred A. Fischer, Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 2nd, improved and enlarged edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2005, ISBN 3-85474-140-5 .
  • Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora . With the collaboration of Theo Müller. 7th, revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 1994, ISBN 3-8252-1828-7 .
  • Siegmund Seybold (Ed.): Schmeil-Fitschen interactive . CD-ROM, version 1.1. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2002, ISBN 3-494-01327-6 .
  • Hans Ernst Hess, Elias Landolt, Rosemarie Hirzel: Key to the flora of Switzerland. 3rd edition, Birkhäuser, Basel 1991, ISBN 3-7643-2606-9 .

Web links

Commons : Gämswurzen ( Doronicum )  - album with pictures, videos and audio files