Gershayim (trope)
Stress mark or accent unicode block Hebrew | |
---|---|
character | ֞
|
Unicode | U + 059E |
Gerschajim (ashk.) |
גֵּרְשַׁ֞יִם
|
Shene gerishin (seph. + Ital.) | שְׁנֵי גְרִישִׁ֞ין
|
Tarsin / Taren tirsin (Yemen.) | טַרְסִ֞ין
תְּרֵין טִרְסִ֞ין |
Gerzhayim | |||||||
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Biblical stress marks | |||||||
Sof pasuq | ֽ ׃ | Paseq | ׀ | ||||
Etnachta | ֑ | Segol | ֒ | ||||
Schalschelet | ֓ | Zakef katan | ֔ | ||||
Zakef gadol | ֕ | Tipcha | ֖ | ||||
Rewia | ֗ | Zinnorite | ֘ | ||||
Pashta | ֙ | Jetiw | ֚ | ||||
Tewir | ֛ | Geresch | ֜ | ||||
Geresch muqdam | ֝ | Gerzhayim | ֞ | ||||
Qarne para | ֟ | Telisha gedola | ֠ | ||||
Pazer | ֡ | Atnach hafuch | ֢ | ||||
Munach | ֣ | Mahpach | ֤ | ||||
Mercha | ֥ | Mercha kefula | ֦ | ||||
Darga | ֧ | Qadma | ֨ | ||||
Telisha qetanna | ֩ | Jerach ben jomo | ֪ | ||||
Ole we-Jored | ֫ ֥ | Illuj | ֬ | ||||
Dechi | ֭ | Zarqa | ֮ | ||||
Rewia gadol | ֗ | Rewia mugrasch | ֜ ֗ | ||||
Rewia qaton | ֗ | Mahpach legarmeh | ֤ ׀ | ||||
Azla legarmeh | ֨ ׀ | Kadma we-asla | ֨ ֜ | ||||
Maqqef | - | Meteg | ֽ | ||||
Gerschajim ֞ ( Hebrew גֵּרְשַׁ֞יִם) is a trope (from Yiddish טראָפּtrop) in the Jewish liturgy and is one of the biblical sentence, stress and cantillation symbols Teamim that appear in the Tanach .
In the Ashkenazi tradition it is called "Gerzhajim" ( Hebrew גֵּרְשַׁ֞יִם) called. In the Sephardic and Italian tradition, it is also called Schene Gerishin שְׁנֵי גְרִישִׁ֞ין, so called "two Geresch". In the Yemeni tradition it is also called "Tarsin" or "Taren tirsin" ( Aramaic תְּרֵין טִרְסִ֞ין).
description
symbol
Gerzhayim | Geresch | Geresch muqdam |
---|---|---|
֞ | ֜ | ֝ |
The symbol of Gereshayim consists of the doubled symbols of Geresch , which is placed above the first letter of the stressed syllable (גְּבִ֞יר). Another variant of Geresch is Geresch muqdam (גֵּרֵשׁ מֻקְדָּם֝) that appears slightly before the stressed syllable.
grammar
Gerschaajim appears as a substitute for Geresch on words that are stressed on the last syllable and only when there is no kadma preceding it, i.e. no kadma we-asla . Gerzhajim often stands alone and can have a Munach as the only conjunction.
Gerschajim and Munach
In addition, if another preceding word refers to the word with the accent Gerschajim , then the predecessor is given the conjunctive accent Munach .
Melodies
According to The Jewish Encyclopedia 1901–1906 Volume III , Francis Lyon Cohen (1862–1934) - author of The Handbook of Synagogue Music (1889) and Song in the Synagogue in The Musical Times (London, 1899) - describes numerous individual melodies for Gerschajim :
- Pentateuch : Ashkenazi, Sephardic, from Morocco, Egypt and Syria as well as from Baghdad.
- Prophets and Haftara : Ashkenazi, Sephardic and Baghdad.
- Esther : Ashkenazi, Sephardic.
- Lamentations : Ashkenazi, Sephardic as well as from Morocco, Egypt and Syria.
- Ruth : Sephardic
Occurrence
The table shows the occurrence of Gerzhayim in the 21 books.
Part of the Tanakh | Gerzhayim |
---|---|
Torah | 510 |
Front prophets | 428 |
Rear prophets | 447 |
Ketuvim | 341 |
total | 1726 |
literature
- William Wickes: A treatise on the accentuation of the twenty-one so-called prose books of the Old Testament (1887)
- William Wickes: A treatise on the accentuation of the three so-called poetical books on the Old Testament, Psalms, Proverbs, and Job , (1887)
- Arthur Davis: The Hebrew accents of the twenty-one Books of the Bible (K "A Sefarim) with a new introduction (1900)
- Francis L. Cohen: Cantillation. In: Isidore Singer (Ed.): Jewish Encyclopedia . Volume III, Funk and Wagnalls, New York 1901-1906, pp. 542-548 .
- Solomon Rosowsky: The Cantillation of the Bible. The Five Books of Moses . The Reconstructionist Press, New York 1957.
- James D. Price: Concordance of the Hebrew accents in the Hebrew Bible . Volume I: Concordance of the Hebrew Accents used in the Pentateuch. Edwin Mellon Press, Lewiston (New York) 1996, ISBN 0-7734-2395-8 .
- Joshua R. Jacobson: Chanting the Hebrew Bible. The art of cantillation . 1st edition. Jewish Publication Society, Philadelphia 2002, ISBN 0-8276-0693-1 .
- Joshua R. Jacobson: Chanting the Hebrew Bible . Student Edition. The Jewish Publication Society, Philadelphia 2005, ISBN 0-8276-0816-0 ( books.google.co.uk ).
Individual evidence
- ^ Jacobson (2002), p. 3: Trop. «In Yiddish, the lingua franca of the Jews in Northern Europe […], these accents came to at known as trop . The derivation of this word seems to be from the Greek tropos or Latin tropus ».
- ↑ Solomon Rosowsky: The cantillation of the Bible . The Five Books of Moses. The Reconstructionist Press, New York 1957 .: "Cantillation proceeds according to the special graphic signs - tropes or accents - attached to every word in the Bible."
- ^ Jacobson (2005), Gereshayim: Esther 180, Festival Megillot 160, Haftarah 132, High Holiday 207, Lamentations 105, Torah 70, 73.
- ↑ Dalman, p. 449: תְּרֵין - two
- ↑ נוסח תימן Yemenit . Tradition on YouTube.com
- ^ Price, p. 231.
- ↑ Two Words in the Gereshayim segment in Jacobson f (2005), pp 70th
- ^ Francis L. Cohen: Cantillation. In: Isidore Singer (Ed.): The Jewish Encyclopedia. Volume III, KTAV Publishing House, New York 1901-1906, p. 544: Graschayim, double expulsion. Text archive - Internet Archive
- ↑ James D. Price: Concordance of the Hebrew accents in the Hebrew Bible: Concordance…. 1st volume, p. 5.