Gino Luzzatto

Gino Luzzatto (born January 9, 1878 in Padua , † March 30, 1964 in Venice ) was one of the most important Italian economic historians . Initially active as a teacher in southern Italy, he taught at an economic institute in Trieste and from there in 1922 moved to the University of Venice , where he became rector . He had already joined the Socialist Party in 1906 . After Mussolini's fascists came to power , Luzzatto was only able to publish with difficulty. In 1925 he was imprisoned for several months, and in 1938 due to the Italian race laws - Luzzatto came from a Jewish family - he retired against his will. After the end of the war he became rector again and headed the institute until 1953.

In his scientific work, under the initial influence of Werner Sombart , whose main work he translated himself, he increasingly concentrated on the urban economy, especially of the late Middle Ages - his main focus was on Venice - and in doing so, cleared the dealers from the rulers and the manorial section of the Economy has a significantly increased influence. He became one of the best experts on the holdings of the Venetian State Archives , which he visited almost every day from 1922 to 1964.

Live and act

Gino Luzzatto was born the fifth and last son of Giuseppe and Amelia Salom. His mother came from Venice, his father from Gorizia . He began his studies in humanities (Lettere) in 1894, as was customary for students from Venetian families at the time, at the University of Padua , but also heard legal history from Nino Tamassia . After graduation , he moved to Florence to the Istituto Superiore Giovanni Marinelli , where he is especially for investigations of geographers Giuseppe Pennesi (1851-1909) to the expeditions interested. However, his doctoral thesis on a historian of the 17th century shows no particular economic direction.

Southern Italy, turning away from “heroic” historiography

Luzzatto moved to a high school in Potenza , southern Italy , and wrote studies on recent history, such as the brigands in Basilicata after the Italian state was founded in 1860, an investigation that was never completed. Nevertheless, this already shows the inadequacy of the individualistic, “heroic” historiography , which concentrated particularly on the deeds of individuals, on the major state actions .

Karl Lamprecht

Karl Lamprecht's works prompted Luzzatto to deal with the history of feudalism , with society and less with the “court”. Nonetheless, it was important to him, when turning away from political-dynastic historiography, not to slip into merely statistically comprehensible points of view. Individual decisions, the situation and the uniqueness of the constellation were just as important to him as the eye for the supra-individual forces. His polemics against the uncontrolled, methodologically unsubstantiated use of statistics made him known in wider circles for the first time. Without wanting to underestimate the importance of the numerical recording of historical conditions and processes, he rejected the “mania of numbers”.

Urbino, Pisa, Bari, turning to urban and commercial history (1902–1919)

In 1901, Luzzatto moved from Grosseto , where he had taught, to Urbino , where he continued his studies on the brands . He later enrolled in Urbino for law in order to train himself methodically and to develop a kind of counterbalance to the methods that were common at the time - without changing the métier. He dealt with Jewish bankers in the ducal Urbino , but also with the current economic development in Russia .

In 1902, Luzzatto was one of the first to work for the magazine Le Marche , which was mainly geared to local research by its editor Amedeo Crivellucci (1850-1914). When Luzzatto went to Pisa in 1910 , he continued his work there. For the first time, the possibilities and interests of Luzzatto became apparent in his studies of the "subjugation" of the rural nobility by the municipalities in the Marche. This topic, the concentration of the market and handicrafts in the city, the forced relocation of the feudal landed gentry to the communes and the creation of law on their own have kept him busy. But he turned to his work on the Servi largely of city history, both by considering the dominance of Curtes , the operation manorial off.

Rather, he saw the urban impulses as the stronger, and in turn the role of the merchants as outstanding. This is particularly evident in his later writings on the economic history of the Republic of Venice , which focused on trade. In 1910 he was appointed to the Istituto Superiore in Bari . His trade history (Storia del Commercio), published in 1914, is already exactly in line with the chosen line. This also applies to his study of the small brand town of Matelica . In doing so, he analyzed a fiscal organization, drew conclusions from it about the political economy and finally about the internal structure of the political elite (s). In doing so, he had moved far away from the customary examination of the legal status, for example on the basis of legal texts and statutes , which make claims, but mostly without showing whether the desired statuses had actually been achieved.

Member of PSI (from 1906)

Gaetano Salvemini , right, during a session of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences in New York, founded in 1889 , in 1935

Luzzatto had already joined the Socialist Party in Pisa in 1906 , but was never able to warm to its collectivism and internationalism . He remained an individualist and believed in the importance of the individual, but was at the same time a moderate patriot and stood up for the rights of the "forgotten classes". From 1911 to 1920 he published numerous articles in Salvemini's L'Unità . After 1918 he admitted that he had seen the materialistic orientation too exclusively and that he had underestimated morality - both collective and individual - about it. It was not for nothing that he saw behind the struggles between Ghibellines and Guelphs more than just the struggle between the papal and imperial parties.

Luzzatto believed in a positive interaction between experiences as a historian and as a political person. In this way he realized that protectionism and colonialism in Italy were closely related. They protected - without economic justification - the domestic industries and agriculture and only served to make raw materials cheaper. In addition, they distracted from social problems, whereby Luzzatto was not so much the Mezzogiorno ( southern Italy ) at heart, although he had lived in Bari. As early as 1912, he was discussing the cost of conquering Libya and the role of irredentismo .

Trieste, Venice, economic history (from 1919)

The Cà Foscari, headquarters of the University of Venice

In 1919 he moved from Bari to Trieste , teaching economic history at the Istituto superiore di scienze economiche e sociali at the University of Ca 'Fòscari in Venice, one of eight national economic institutes that were subordinate to the Ministry of Economics, not the Ministry of Education. Fabio Besta , Luigi Armanni and Tommaso Fornari knew how to turn the economic institute into a university with several faculties in a number of small steps, one of which was probably the establishment of the Bocconi economic institute in Milan (1902), another, the first large-scale industrialization plans under Mayor Riccardo Selvatico . During the First World War , the institute briefly moved to Pisa in 1917. 1921 Luzzatto was at the University of Venice appointed .

Fascism (1922–1943 / 1945)

In 1922 the Mussolini party came into power; in Venice the fascists under Davide Giordano had already won the elections in 1920. The fascists of Venice were hostile to Luzzatto's institute for political reasons, but it was only with the consolidation of power after internal disputes that the pressure grew from the regime, which was not afraid to proceed with bogus resignation requests that Luzzatto had never made. They were accepted anyway.

Luzzatto secretly continued his work. In 1927, the former fascist mayor Davide Giordano took over the acting management of the Scuola superiore di economia at the University of Venice . On April 25, 1928, Luzzatto was arrested - one of his students did not dare to say hello to the man who was being taken away to the train station - and taken to Milan. However, he was released in May for lack of evidence.

In 1925 he had signed the Benedetto Croce manifesto against the fascists, which had been published in Il Mondo . From that year he was director of the institute and published his 418-page translation of Werner Sombart's modern capitalism from 1902. On November 4, 1925, the socialist politician Tito Zaniboni was arrested. The prosecution accused him of planning an assassination attempt on Mussolini. The government immediately took advantage of this process to intensify the reprisals against its opponents and to incite the public. In Venice, Luzzatto's colleagues Silvio Trentin and Ernesto Cesare Longobardi were threatened with violence by fascist students in the courtyard of the Ca'Foscari if they did not distance themselves from Luzzatto. On November 16, Luzzatto was forced to resign under pressure from the Ministry of Economic Affairs. He was succeeded by Ferruccio Truffi (until November 1927). Silvio Trentin went into French exile at the end of January 1926. In 1928 the economic institute was subordinated to the Ministero dell'Educazione Nazionale , the Ministry of Education. Nevertheless, the institute, as the only one of the original eight institutes of this type, retained considerable independence. But the university tried to defend itself and, under the direction of Luigi Armanni, initiated a series of lectures on the theory of civil liberties, which Luzzatto recalled in his inaugural address after the end of the war in 1945. From 1932, however, Luzzatto said, it became too dangerous to speak out about the regime in public, and the knowledge of permanent surveillance threatened to destroy the students' free thinking, which the intimidated lecturers were supposed to teach them. This was all the more true for the 20 months of occupation by the National Socialists.

From 1930 to 1942, Luzzatto headed the Nuova Rivista Storica , but had to give up this position because of the Italian race laws of 1938. In 1929 he had written a comprehensive work on the loans from the Republic of Venice. In 1932 he provided an overview of recent economic history work in Italy and numerous contributions to the Enciclopedia Italiana . This enormous work, initiated in 1925 by Giovanni Treccani at the instigation of numerous scholars, was directed from 1925 by Giovanni Gentile , editor of the Manifesto degli intellettuali fascisti , the manifesto of the fascist intellectuals. Benedetto Croce had distanced himself from this manifesto and published a counter- manifesto , the Manifesto degli intellettuali antifascisti . Gentile headed the Scuola Normale Superiore in Pisa from 1928 , but remained scientific director of the Treccani Institute until 1938 and its vice-president until 1938. Luzzatto published, despite political differences, mostly from 1929 to 1935 in the Treccani encyclopedia.

Giovanni Gentile presents the Enciclopedia italiana to Benito Mussolini in the Roman Palazzo Venezia , 1937

In 1931, Luzzatto signed the oath of allegiance that the regime required of all university teachers. But until the end of fascism in Italy, Luzzatto felt the lack of inspiration from political life, even though he was one of the leading figures of the Giustizia e Libertà group and his house on Campo San Gallo (above the Cinema Olimpia not far from St. Mark's Square ), that he lived in with his sister was open to opponents of the fascists. As early as January 1938, Luzzatto suspected in a letter to his colleague Corrado Barbagallo that the fascists were not just about intimidation, but that they were facing a long-prepared plan to achieve “concrete results”.

In this way he revived something that he had been emphasizing for a long time, the preference for the individual and the individual in the area of sources , i.e. the decisions of the council and court judgments, the wills and contracts over international agreements and theoretical treatises. He demonstrated this in his work on loans from the Republic of Venice . With this study, he stood in sharp contrast to Fabio Besta's research, which sought to show the balance and harmony of the state and financial apparatus according to old Venetian tradition. Luzzatto, along with Tommaso Bertelè , Roberto Cessi u. a., show that it was precisely the tendency of the nobility to evade the financing of state tasks that brought the system of loans to finance costly state tasks (war, grain supply) to collapse. Yes, a permanent, direct taxation system was practically enforced by their refusal. He regarded the contrast between the interests of the class and the incipient state as a main force. His investigation of the census of 1379 showed how much the nobility had split into a small wealthy and a large impoverished group. Of the 1,200 heads of households recorded in the census, around two thirds were poorly wealthy, and many were not at all able to participate in the financing of state tasks, which was the reason for the survey. A century later, Marino Sanudo lamented that of the 3,000 nobles most lived in utter modesty.

In 1934 he dealt with the legal framework represented by the specifically Venetian form of society, the commenda .

In 1936, Luzzatto translated the economic history of Italy into Italian by his colleague Alfred Doren, who was also Jewish . Significantly, Luzzatto had to publish his study of the economic activities of the Venetian patriciate in 1937 in the French Annales .

In 1938 he was forced to retire because of the Fascist racial laws, his chair was Amintore Fanfani , he had suggested itself. From that year he published under the pseudonym Giuseppe Padovan . His educational work The Middle Ages (313–1492) could no longer be published due to the racial laws, the second part of his economic history of modernity and the present appeared under the fictitious year 1938, although it was only printed in 1939 to circumvent the said laws . His translation by K. Robert Greenfield on the economy in the Risorgimento (1940) appeared without mentioning his name. Many of his contributions in Popolo or in the Rivista di storia econornica , which he published as G. Padovan or Giuseppe Padovan , did not appear until 1954 in his Studi di storia economica . In 1961, Luzzatto wrote a contribution on the economic situation of the Jewish communities between the March on Rome and the Italian race laws of 1938.

Luzzatto dealt on the one hand with didactic works, on the other hand mainly with the 12th and 13th centuries, when the forms of rule were even less aristocratic and the contribution of the small traders to the overall wealth of the city was considerably greater than that of big capital .

In addition, during these years he took care of the Jewish community , of which he was vice-president. He could not prevent the marginalization and ultimate destruction of the Jewish community. For example, the Venetian Olga Blumenthal-Secrétant (often also Secrétant-Blumenthal), born on April 20, 1873, who had taught German literature and language at the university and was married to the lecturer in Italian literature Gilberto Secrétant from 1908 to 1922, one of the victims of the deportations . She was arrested on October 30, 1944, then deported to the Risiera di San Sabba camp in Trieste, and then to the Ravensbrück concentration camp on November 28 . She died there on February 24, 1945.

With the end of the dictatorship , Luzzatto, who was staying with his sister in Champoluc, a district of Ayas in the Aosta Valley at the time of Mussolini's arrest , was to be reappointed on September 1, 1943, but this prevented the Republic of Salò , the short-lived re-establishment of the fascist regime. So he stayed with his colleague Raffaele Ciasca , who was a lecturer in economic history at the University of Genoa .

Rector of the University (1945–1953), Querini Stampalia Library, local politician

After the war ended, Luzzatto returned to Ca 'Foscari and was elected rector on July 6, 1945 , an office he held until 1953. His inaugural address was rediscovered in 2015. From 1946 to 1951 he was also financial assessor for the Partito Socialista Unitario , until 1958 Consigliere . There he had the opportunity to deal with the specific issues that had been bothering him for so long. He benefited from the fact that this preoccupation with comparatively “topical” issues was not so strange, as his work on the economic change in Lombardy from 1860 to 1922 shows.

Since 1947 corresponding member of the Accademia dei Lincei , Luzzatto became a full member in 1950 (socio nazionale) . In 1947 he joined the Partito socialista dei lavoratori italiani .

In 1949 he published an economic history of Italy, which he never continued or revised due to numerous other tasks. These tasks included his presidency of the Biblioteca Querini Stampalia , which he held from 1950 to 1964. Nevertheless, he continued to write articles, such as in Il Mondo , an important weekly newspaper, but also in Critica sociale or in Il Caffè on the "Crisis of Social Democracy", or on Achille Loria in the Rassegna mensile di Israel . He also made occasional comments on Israel , for example on the economic situation.

In 1952 he took over again the seat of the director of the Nuova Rivista Storica, which had been given up ten years earlier under pressure from racist legislation . He headed the magazine until 1963 and worked on it until shortly before his death.

Economic history of Venice from the 11th to the 16th centuries (1958–1961)

When Luzzatto ventured into the economic history of the Republic of Venice in 1958 , he was almost eighty years old. His main interest had never been in production , not even consumption, but trade - and certainly not in the guilds' dispute over responsibilities and privileges . In a work with such a comprehensive title, this deficiency is immensely significant, even more in view of the fact that Luzzatto believed less in the statutes than in the relics of economic reality that arose every day. This blocked his otherwise very precise view of the economic constraints and motives behind the conquest of the northern Italian mainland. This conquest was not a break with the previous approach - it had already taken place in the decades around 1350 - but was the result of the political and above all economic dilemma of the decades around 1400. Nonetheless, his work, the Storia economica di Venezia dall , published in 1961, is 'XI al XVI secolo , become fundamental.

Late writings

In his last years Luzzatto dealt with numerous economic questions, including the economic history of Venice from 1797 to 1866, the economic consequences of the First World War, which he discussed at the RAI broadcaster , together with his friend and colleague Frederic Lane he published a treatise on "Public Debt “Venice (it was more of a“ pending debt ” called Monte , which was fed from compulsory and voluntary loans that earned interest), as well as introductions to various works and numerous reviews. He was already unable to bring the economic history of Italy to an end from 1861 to 1914.

The list of publications begun by Angelo Tursi in 1949 and compiled after Gino Luzzatto's death includes 277 articles, plus the 236 reviews and 65 unpublished articles for the Treccani encyclopedia that are not included here . Andrea Caracausi also put together a list and came up with 772 titles.

The estate

Luzzatto's estate, which gave many gifts to colleagues and friends, is in the library for economics at Ca'Foscari, S. Giobbe, Cannaregio 873. The holdings came into public ownership in 1965 and were cataloged by Omar Mazzotti. In 18 busts it contains 1,236 letters from the period from 1935 to 1964, which were numbered by Luzzatto's niece during a first attempt at capturing them. In addition, there are letters distributed in further busts . The virtual inventory is intended to help develop the stocks. Giovanni Zalin's contribution to the correspondence with Luigi Einaudi from 2004 shows that they can be important for researching other biographies .

effect

In 1988 Carlo Cipolla named Luzzatto next to Marc Bloch and Henri Pirenne as the most important economic historian. Its effect on research into the Venetian economy, especially of the late Middle Ages, can hardly be overestimated, especially since it did not remain at the level of institutional and legal history and thus all too often of claims, but made extensive use of sources that arose in the economic sphere itself. He viewed society as a whole as a source of inspiration, as Karl Lamprecht attempted (cultural history). Therefore he refused to look at society by merely examining the history of law and that of the institutions, such as Georg von Below represented him in Germany .

The shocks of World War I by no means spared the historical sciences, which can be seen in the history of institutions, such as the closure of the Prussian Historical Institute in Rome in 1915. This demolition was continued by the rule of first the Italian and then the German fascist regime, the an economic history had no interest. In addition, the main focus of German historiography of Italy, on the one hand on the conflict between the emperor and communes or pope, and on the other hand on the question of the continuity between late Roman institutions and those of the Italian communes, limited the preoccupation with Venice - and thus with Luzzatto and his subjects .

Luzzatto has the merit of having made some of the most important historiographical works of the German-speaking area known in Italy through his translations. In the opposite direction, i.e. when translating Luzzatto's main works into German, there is a lot of catching up to do, even if the main works of his most important students have been translated into English and German.

These students continued his work within Venice, which was Luzzatto's main research area for decades. These included, above all, Frederic C. Lane and his pupil Reinhold C. Mueller . At the same time, Luzzatto's work influenced the Anglo-Saxon, and since the late 1970s, the German-speaking area, for example through Gerhard Rösch .

Major works

• Storia economica dell'età moderna e contemporanea. Padua 1920.
• I prestiti della Repubblica di Venezia (Sec. XIII-XV). Introduzione storica e documenti. Padua 1929.
• Studi di storia economica veneziana. Padua 1954.
• Breve storia economica dell'Italia medievale. Dalla caduta dell'Impero romano al principio del Cinquecento. Turin 1958, 1993, ISBN 88-06-04572-5 .
• Storia economica di Venezia dall 'XI al XVI secolo. Venice 1961.
• Il debito pubblico della Repubblica di Venezia. Dagli ultimi decenni del XII secolo alla fine del XV. Milan 1963, reprint of I prestiti from 1929.
• Storia economica d'Italia il Medioevo. Florence 1967.

literature

• Marino Berengo : Profilo di Gino Luzzatto , in: Rivista Storica Italiana 76 (1964) 879-925.
• Frederic Lane : Gino Luzzatto's contributions to the history of Venice: an appraisal and atribute , in: Nuova Rivista Storica 49 (1965) 49-80.
• Marino Berengo: Gino Luzzatto, Corrado Barbagallo e la censura fascista , in: Studi in onore di Paolo Alatri , II: L'Italia contemporanea , Naples 1991, pp. 261-274.
• Ferdinando Milone : Gino Luzzatto: Discorso commemorativo pronunciato dal liceo Ferdinando Milone nella seduta ordinaria del 10 gennaio 1970 , Accademia nazionale dei Lincei, 1971.
• Paola Lanaro:  Luzzato, Gino. In: Mario Caravale (ed.): Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (DBI). Volume 66:  Lorenzetto – Macchetti. Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, Rome 2006.
• Gino Luzzatto, storico dell'economia tra impegno civile e rigore scientifico , Atti del Convegno di studi, Venice, 5. – 6. November 2004, published by Paola Lanaro, in: Ateneo Veneto 192, terza s., 4 / I (2005).
• Paola Lanaro: Gino Luzzato storico dell'economia veneziana , Nota di Lavoro 08 (2006), Dipartimento di Scienze Economische, University of Venice 2006 ( online , PDF).
• Gino Luzzatto, Presidente della Querini Stampalia (1950-1964) , Ed .: Fondazione Querini Stampalia, Venice 2015.

Web links

• Gino Luzzatto, profilo biografico
• Bibliography ( Memento from January 18, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
• Nota di aggiornamento bibliografico
• Opac des Servizio Bibliotecario Nazionale (447 entries on November 18, 2016)
• Giannantonio Paladini: Profilo Storico dell'Ateneo , published by Università Ca 'Foscari, 1996
• Luzzato, Gino. In: Enciclopedie on line. Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, Rome. Retrieved January 5, 2016.
• Archivio Gino Luzzatto
• Istituto Statale di Istruzione Superiore Gino Luzzatto , Portogruaro

Remarks

1. ↑ GL | Profilo Biografico , Storia di Venezia.
2. ↑ Cenni intorno alla vita e alle opere storiche di Girolamo Brusoni , in: Ateneo veneto 21 (1893) 273–306 and 22 (1899) 6–26 and 226–244.
3. ↑ La reazione borbonica in Basilicata, nel 1861 , Potenza 1900, first chapter of a work based on sources from the Provincial Archives of Potenza.
4. ↑ Un tentativo di storia psicologica , in: La scienza sociale, Sassari 1903, pp. 80–86, A proposito del volume: Karl Lamprecht, On the recent German past , Berlin: Gaertner 1902.
5. ^ Luigi De Rosa: L'avventura della storia economica in Italia , Bari 1990, p. 96.
6. ↑ Un tentativo di storia psicologica , in: La Scienza sociale 6 (1903) 80-86.
7. ↑ Marino Berengo: Profilo di Gino Luzzatto , in: Rivista Storica Italiana 76 (1964) 879-925, here: p. 885 (or p. 7 in the PDF , see literature).
8. ↑ So he published Comune e principato di Urbino nei secoli XV e XVI , in: Le Marche V (1905) 187–199 and notes e documenti sulle arti della lana e della seta in Urbino , in: Le Marche VII (1907) 185– 210.
9. ↑ When exactly is not mentioned in the literature, probably the year 1905.
10. ^ I banchieri ebrei in Urbino, nell'età ducale. Appunti di storia economica, con appendice di documenti , Padua 1902.
11. ^ Lo sviluppo economico della Russia contemporanea , in: Rivista italiana di sociologia, Rome 1902.
12. ↑ Le sottomissioni dei feudatari e le classi sociali di alcuni comuni marchigiani (sec. XII e XIII) , in: Le Marche 1 ns (1906) 114–145.
13. ↑ Servi can mean unfree servants (servi non casati) , but also a multitude of legal degrees up to the slaves. Luzzatto dealt with the mostly difficult to recognize transitions between these groups in the manors. In addition to those who did not have their own farm, there were Servi cottidiani , who sat on their own farms near the manor farms and had to work as day laborers on the manor farm.
14. ^ I servi nelle grandi proprietà ecclesiastiche italiane dei secoli IX e X , Pisa 1910.
15. ↑ Le finanze di un castello nel secolo XIII , in: Vierteljahrschrift für Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte XI (1913) 45–128 ( digitized version ).
16. ↑ L'evoluzione economica della Lombardia dal 1860 al 1922 , in: La Cassa di Risparmio delle Provincie Lombarde nella evoluzione economica della Regione, from 1823 to 1923 , Milan 1923, pp 447-526.
17. ↑ Le spese della Conquista . In: L'Unità , February 10, 1912, again: Sulle spese della conquista di Tripoli . Reprinted in: L'Unità , ed. v. Gaetano Salvemini, Beniamino Finocchiaro, Venice: Neri Pozza Editore 1958, pp. 303-307.
18. ↑ L'irredentismo adriatico . In: L'Unità , June 1, 1912.
19. ↑ This institute was founded in 1868 on the initiative of three men: Luigi Luzzatti , who was himself a Venetian, Francesco Ferrara , who headed the institute for three decades, and the President of the Province Edoardo Deodati.
20. ↑ Director from 1914 to 1917.
21. ↑ Director from 1919 to 1922.
22. ^ Il capitalismo moderno. Esposizione storico-sistematica della vita economica di tutta l'Europa, dai suoi inizi fino all'età contemporanea , Vallecchi Editore, Florence 1925.
23. ↑ La rivista e la sua storia , website of the Rivista Storica Italiana .
24. ^ I prestiti della Repubblica di Venezia. (Sec. XIII-XV). Introduzione storica e documenti , Padua 1929 (R. Accademia dei Lincei. Documenti finanziari della Repubblica di Venezia, editi dalla Commissione per gli Atti delle Assemblee Costituzionali Italiane, series III, vol. I, parte I).
25. ↑ Tbe study of medieval economic bistory in Italy. Recent literature and tendencies , in: Journal of Economic and Business History 4 (1932), pp. 708-727.
26. ^ Gabriele Turi: Giovanni Gentile: una biografia , Florence 1995.
27. ↑ He wrote numerous articles on Central European city histories , such as Altona (storia) , Amburgo (storia) , Amsterdam (storia: fino all'assedio di Anversa) , Lega Anseatica , Anversa (storia) , Brema (storia) , Bruges (storia: fino al 1900) , Lipsia (storia) , Lubecca (storia) , to terms like Schiavitù (medioevo ed età moderna) , Spezie (medioevo ed età moderna) , Banca , Compagnia (commercio) , as well as to German historians ( Dopsch, Alfons , Doren, Alfred or Dümmler, Ernst Ludwig ).
28. ^ Renzo Biondo, Marco Borghi: Giustizia e libertà e Partito d'azione. A Venezia e dintorni , Venice 2005, p. 154.
29. ^ I prestiti della Repubblica di Venezia (sec. XIII – XV) , Padua 1929.
30. ↑ La commenda nella vita economica dei secoli XIII e XIV. Con particolare riguardo a Venezia , in: Mostra bibliografica e Convegno internazionale di studi storici del diritto marittimo medioevale, Amalfi, July-October 1934, Atti a cura dell'Avv. LA Senigallia, Naples, published by the Comitato regional di Napoli dell'Associazione italiana di diritto marittimo, 1934, Vol. I, pp. 139–164.
31. ^ Alfred Doren: Storia economica dell'Italia nel Medio Evo (Economic history of Italy in the Middle Ages). It was reprinted in 1937 by the Boccone Institute in Milan. Luzzatto reviewed it in the Nuova Rivista Storica of 1936.
32. ↑ Les activités économiques du patriciat vénitien
33. ↑ Il Medioevo (313-1492) , Carlo Signorelli Editore, Milan 1938 thought to be the first band of the Corso di storia per i licei e gli istituti magistrali , hgg. Augusto Lizier and Gino Luzzatto.
34. ↑ Storia economica dell'Età moderna e contemporanea , second part: L'Età contemporanea , Padua 1938.
35. ↑ Economia e liberalismo nel Risorgimento. Il movimento nazionale in Lombardia, dal 1814 al 1848 , Laterza, Bari 1940.
36. ↑ Gli ebrei in Italia dalla Marcia su Roma alle leggi razziali: appunti sulla loro situazione economica, sociale e politica , in: Gli ebrei in Italia durante il Fascismo. Quaderni della Federazione giovanile ebraica d'Italia, Turin, April 25, 1961, Milan; Tip. S. Pinelli, 1961, pp. 8-13.
37. ↑ L'inurbamento delle popolazioni rurali in Italia, nel secoli XII e XIII , in: Studi di storia e diritto in onore di Enrico Besta , per il XL anno del suo insegnamento , Milan 1938, Vol. II, pp. 183-203.
38. ^ In 1950 he published: Sulla condizione economica degli ebrei veneziani, nel sec. XVIII , in: Scritti in onore di Riccardo Bachi. La Rassegna mensile di Israel , Città di Castello, Tip. dell'Unione Arti Grafiche, 1950, pp. 161–172.
39. ↑ Olga Blumenthal-Secrétant ( memento from January 26, 2016 in the Internet Archive ), website of the University of Venice. Luzzatto still believed that she had died shortly after the deportation. She had donated 1,500 books to the university (Dono Olga Blumenthal-Secrétant).
40. ^ Ca 'Foscari dopo la Liberazione, il discorso di Luzzatto , website of the University of Venice.
41. ↑ Gino Luzzatto: L'evoluzione economica della Lombardia dal 1860 al 1922 . In: La Cassa di risparmio delle provincie lombarde nella evoluzione economica della regione: 1823–1923 , Milan 1923, pp. 447–526.
42. ↑ Michele Donno: Giuseppe Saragat e la socialdemocrazia italiana 1947–1952 , Diss., Bologna 2007, p. 129, note 282 ( online , PDF).
43. ↑ Storia economica d'Italia . Vol. I .: L'Antichità e il Medioevo , Edizioni Leonardo, Rome 1949.
44. ^ Gino Luzzatto: Crisi della socialdemocrazia? , in: Il Caffè, Milan 1955, pp. 27–31. This edition remained the only one.
45. ↑ Gino Luzzatto: Achille Loria (1857-1943) , in: Rassegna mensile di Israel XXIII (1957), pp. 249-253.
46. ^ Gino Luzzatto: L'economia di Israele: Un paese trasformato , in: Il Mondo, December 6, 1960.
47. ↑ La rivista e la sua storia , website of the Rivista Storica Italiana .
48. ↑ Gino Luzzatto: L'economia veneziana dal 1797 al 1866 , in: La civiltà veneziana nell'età romantica, Sansoni, Florence 1961, pp. 85-108.
49. ↑ Gino Luzzatto: Conseguenze economiche e sociali della Guerra mondiale 1914-1918 , in: "Terzo programma della Radiotelevisione italiana", Rome 1962, fasc. 2, pp. 41-49.
50. ^ Il debito pubblico della Repubblica di Venezia. Dagli ultimi decenni del XII secolo alla fine del XV. Con una appendice del Prof. FC Lane . Istituto Editoriale Cisalpino, Milan / Varese 1963.
51. ^ Gino Luzzatto: L'economia italiana dal 1861 al 1914 , Vol. I: (1861-1894), Banca Commerciale Italiana, Milan 1963.
52. ↑ Scritti di Gino Luzzatto . In: Nuova Rivista Storica, LXIX, fasc. I – II (Jan. – April 1965) pp. 185–211 (see web links).
53. ↑ It can be found on the website of the University of Venice under Bibliografia di Gino Luzzatto ( Memento of November 4, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF, 412 kB) a cura di Andrea Caracausi.
54. ↑ You are in busta 7 ( Memento from October 16, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) and busta 7 bis ( Memento from October 16, 2009 in the Internet Archive ).
55. ↑ It can be found here ( Memento from October 16, 2009 in the Internet Archive ).
56. ^ Giovanni Zalin: Lettere di Luigi Einaudi nell'epistolario di Gino Luzzatto (1937-1946) , in: Nuova Rivista Storica 78 (2004), p. 415.
57. ^ Carlo M. Cipolla: Tre maestri , in: Rivista Storica Italiana . Saggi di storia economica e sociale, Bologna 1988, pp. 167-171, here: pp. 167f.
58. ^ Arnold Esch : The founding of German institutes in Italy 1870-1914. Approaches to institutionalizing humanities research abroad . In: Yearbook of the Academy of Sciences in Göttingen 1997, pp. 159–188.

This version was added to the list of articles worth reading on November 27, 2009 .