Johann Jakob Rischer

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Rischer's design for Wiser Castle in Leutershausen

Johann Jakob Rischer (born July 12, 1662 in Feldkirch ; † 1755 in Mannheim ) was a German architect and, alongside Alessandro Galli da Bibiena , Johann Adam Breunig and Franz Wilhelm Rabaliatti, is one of the four most important baroque builders in the Electoral Palatinate .

Life

He was born in Feldkirch in 1662 and initially worked as an architect in Baden .

In the then royal seat of Baden-Baden , Rischer was called in as master builder and foreman for the renovation of the Jesuit college (today's town hall) and the margravial renaissance castle . As a result, however, he attracted the jealousy of the responsible margravial building director Domenico Egidio Rossi , who apparently did not want to tolerate Rischer's competition. In 1701 Rischer complained - not for the first time - about Rossi's harassment to Margrave Ludwig Wilhelm : "[...] he had my sword torn from my side with the order to throw me into the tower, [...] with him So that I hardly get sick and have to use Doctor and Barbirer to amuse myself. ” Ultimately, this threatening conflict situation with Rossi led Rischer to emigrate and to pursue his profession in the Electoral Palatinate.

Johann Jakob Rischer made a name for himself above all in Heidelberg as an architect of various baroque city ​​palaces and other important buildings (hospital, court pharmacy, etc.). Furthermore, Rischer was also active as a builder in Mannheim and other places, especially in the Electoral Palatinate.

Two sons are known of Rischer. On the one hand Benedikt Rischer , who was initially a monk and from 1743 to 1763 abbot of the Gengenbach Imperial Abbey , for which his father built a church tower from 1714 to 1716 and helped out with a larger loan. And on the other hand his second eldest son Johann Adam Simon Rischer , who like his father became a master builder and also participated in some of his construction projects. Johann Adam Simon Rischer later achieved the title of Elector Palatine captain and march commissioner .

In 1755 Johann Jakob Rischer died very old in Mannheim.

Created structures

Buildings in Heidelberg

In 1701, Rischer created his first documented work in Heidelberg with the building of the court pharmacy. From 1707 he has documented further construction activities in a continuous sequence.

Kurpfälzische Hofapotheke

Electoral court pharmacy

The Kurpfälzische Hofapotheke has existed on the south side of the market square since 1403 at the latest. It was a fiefdom given by the Elector . The pharmacy had the privilege of supplying the electoral court with medicines. After the destruction of the Palatinate War of Succession, one of the earliest baroque buildings in the old town was built in 1701 by Johann Jakob Rischer on the elongated medieval floor plan. The entrance of the prestigious residential and commercial building decorated in explosive gable which, however, only under Elector Karl Theodor led alliance coat of arms . Above the ground floor, which is structured with three arched openings, there are two residential floors and a mansard roof with a large dwelling . The opulently executed sandstone details are typical for Rischer . The obvious intention of the architect to create a counterpart to the Renaissance facade of the Hotel zum Ritter St. Georg with the court pharmacy is unmistakable . When Elector Karl Philipp moved his residence to Schwetzingen and then to Mannheim, the pharmacy went into private ownership and ceased to be a fiefdom of the Electorate of the Palatinate. Even if the pharmacy was no longer a court pharmacy, it still carried the name. Towards the end of the 19th century, the pharmacy was relocated to a building on Bismarckplatz, the surroundings of which had meanwhile developed into the pulsating center of the city of Heidelberg. Regardless of this, the previous pharmacy building on Marktplatz (Hauptstrasse 190) still bears the name Hofapotheke today.

House Rischer

Since the Middle Ages , the Sinsheimer Klosterhof has been located on the site of today's Haus Rischer (Untere Str. 11) and the two adjoining houses in Untere Strasse . This was destroyed in the Palatinate War of Succession . Johann Jakob Rischer acquired one of the rubble plots with the cellars that had been preserved and, following Genoese models, built his own house in an unusual location in 1711 in the style of an Italian palazzo with a strict but richly decorated facade. The narrow main facade has only three window axes. It is noticeable that the ground floor and the top, mezzanine-like floor are particularly emphasized. All openings are framed by strong profiles. On the second floor, the side stone consoles on the windows and the decorated lintels grow into the eaves. Men's heads adorn the keystones on the simpler central windows . Inside there is an original staircase courtyard.

After Rischer's death, the house changed hands several times and was not always used as a residential building. Around 1820 it served the university as a fencing floor. It was later bought by the master baker and confectioner Adam Fischer, who wanted to build a larger bakery for his bakery in the neighboring house (Untere Straße 13). For this purpose, he used the then larger courtyard of the property. In 1959 the non-hitting student union Stauffia bought the house. Since then it has been used as a dormitory by their students.

St. Anna Hospital

St. Anna Hospital

Rischer's largest construction project in Heidelberg was the construction of a new hospital building. After the hospital in the Dominican monastery had fallen into disrepair during the Palatinate War of Succession and the monastery buildings had been returned to the Dominicans, a provisional solution was initially found for the hospital operation on Friesenberg, below the castle. From 1703, however , Elector Johann Wilhelm was building a new hospital building from Düsseldorf . For this purpose, the area around the St. Anna Chapel in Plöck was acquired, which was available for a low price. The new building was financed. a. from the proceeds of a specially organized lottery . In 1715 the hospital was completed and was ready to move into. Rischer also completed the construction of the associated St. Anna Church , which was designed by Theodor Sartori and Johann Adam Breunig .

Similar to the Old Hospital , the St. Anna Hospital was not a hospital, but rather a dormitory for all kinds of needy people. Until 1750 the building served as a general citizens' hospital for members of all denominations. By the middle of the century, Heidelberg had partially recovered from the disaster of the War of the Palatinate Succession. The increasing number of residents meant that the number of those who wanted to be accommodated in the hospital also increased. Since the St. Anna Hospital could no longer meet the increased demand on its own, a Reformed Hospital was founded. Henceforth, when billeting in hospitals, a distinction was made between denominations.

House Jungwirth

The house of Jungwirth's personal physician and privy councilor, with 42 rooms, several kitchens and two large halls, is the largest baroque residential building in the city and was built by Rischer in 1719. While the entrance is normally in the center of buildings with a central projection , here the risalit is flanked on both sides by an entrance portal. From 1730 to the 1750s, the property housed a Jesuit seminary. In the course of the house expansion in 1738, the Klingentor built in 1650 , one of the few remaining gates of the medieval city fortifications, was rebuilt and added on by Sigismund Zeller . In 1818 the building came into the possession of the furniture manufacturer Breitwieser, who ran a private theater here.

Palatinate Court

From 1721 to 1724 Rischer constructed the building of the former Pfälzer Hof inn in today's Hauptstrasse. 127. With the hipped mansard roof, it still has the narrow, high shape of a gabled house. The baroque facade design, however, refers to the Rastatt building school around Domenico Egidio Rossi. The framing of the facade field on the first and second floors by the cornice strip adorned with semi-balusters above the ground floor, the corner pilasters and the cornice under the eaves, into which the upper window frames grow, is interesting. The windows on the first floor are covered with gables . The red paint on the sandstone also emphasizes the framing.

House Buhl

House Buhl

The owner of this property , which was built in 1722, was the court judge and mathematics professor Friedrich Gerhard von Lünenschloß . A compact, rectangular floor plan and the hilted mansard roof make the building appear solitary despite its extensions . The high plinth may be due to the basement construction of a previous building. There are two flights of stairs on both sides of the central corridor, which unite on the upper floor on the exit landing to the south-facing balcony. The building was built next to the no longer preserved Carmelite monastery . Between 1770 and 1784 the palace underwent a decisive redesign in the Louis-seize style. Outside, the double staircase and the portal framing changed.

The predecessor building of the property was the house of the court judge of the Electoral Palatinate, Johann Friedrich Pastor , a stately half-timbered house , the external appearance of which is handed down on an engraving from 1683. After the Thirty Years' War it was inhabited by Court Marshal Johann Friedrich von Landas . In the Palatinate War of Succession, it was then destroyed by the French. After the war, the Carmelite monastery and church were built on the site, followed by the later Buhl house (Hauptstrasse 232–234).

From 1889 the house was owned by the lawyer and university professor Heinrich Buhl , who donated it to the university in 1907. Since then it has served as a university guest house, where concerts and theater performances also take place. In 1986 the Bel Etage was restored in the style of the late 18th century.

House Neukirch

The baroque palace was built in 1724 by Rischer as the residence of the Palatinate court judge and city school council (official responsible for the elector at the head of the city) Burkhard Neukirch . The gable portal of the courtyard passage (mid-18th century) is framed by Tuscan pilasters . The window frames cranked on all sides and the iron balustrades on the upper floor are striking . An open staircase begins immediately at the entrance to the courtyard. It ends in a vestibule on the first floor of the Bel Etage . There is a rich stucco decoration with several overhangs , probably from the workshop of Joseph Anton Pozzi . There is also an elaborately designed toilet room on the upper floor, in contrast to its tranquil size.

In addition to the shops (built-in shops in the 19th century) on the ground floor, the house in Hauptstr. 120 used today by the Sociological Institute of the University and the College for Jewish Studies. The Dean's Office of the Faculty of Philosophy and History is also housed here.

The property had at least two previous buildings. We know about the first of the two, based on a document dated July 25, 1564, that at that time it belonged to the heirs of Peter Engelhardt, who was in the service of the elector. In 1588 by Balthasar Weidenkopf and his family, the property passed into the possession of Jonas Kistner, who was a councilor of the city and mayor in 1613, between 1588 and 1598. In 1614, Kistner had a new one built on the site of the previous building. After Kistner died in 1618/19 without leaving a son, the elector's personal physician and professor of medicine Peter de Spina II bought the house. After his death, the property passed to his son Peter de Spina III. who passed it on to his two eldest daughters in 1655. For this purpose, the house was divided into two halves, with Klaudine Elisabeth von Spina receiving the eastern half (Hauptstrasse 120) and Agathe Agnes von Spina the western half (Hauptstrasse 118). In 1689 the eastern half of the house was damaged in the Palatinate War of Succession. After the death of Agathe Agnes von Spinas in 1691, the western half was taken over by Burkhard Neukirch and his wife Anna Maria geb. Cochem is inhabited. On February 15, 1699, Neukirch first bought the eastern part and on April 11, 1699 also the western part. At the beginning of the 18th century he built the house that still stands today.

Middle gate

The central gate marked the western end of the actual old town on the main street and was originally part of the city fortifications. The gate was only given the name Mitteltor when the city later expanded further to the west. After the gate was destroyed in the War of the Palatinate Succession, it was rebuilt in Baroque style with the participation of Rischer. In 1827 the middle gate was demolished as a traffic obstacle. Today, a plaque attached to the building of the former Upper Rhine Landesbank commemorates the gate.

Old bridge

Furthermore, Rischer was involved in the reconstruction of the Old Bridge, which was destroyed in the War of the Palatinate Succession.

Providence Church

From 1659 to 1661 the church of the Lutheran community was built at the behest of Elector Karl Ludwig and at the instigation of his strictly Lutheran wife Marie Luise von Degenfeld . A few decades later, Johann Jakob Rischer built the church tower between 1717 and 1738. The Providenzkirche is located in today's Hauptstrasse. 90a.

Town hall and St. Sebastian on Mannheim's market square

Buildings in Mannheim

Rischer built the connected building complex with the town hall (built 1700 to 1711) and the Sebastianskirche (built 1706 to 1710), which was not completed until 1723. Here he took up the scheme of the arrangement of two buildings connected by a central tower, which is characteristic of Mannheim, as was previously used in the Konkordienkirche of the 17th century and later in the department store on Paradeplatz.

He was also involved in the construction of the Mannheim Palace .

Other structures

St. Bartholomew in Wieblingen

Rischer was also responsible for a few other structures, especially in the Electoral Palatinate:

literature

  • Karl Lohmeyer: The origin of the builder Johann Jakob Rischer from the Electoral Palatinate . In: New Archive for the History of the City of Heidelberg and the Electoral Palatinate , Vol. 13, 1928. P. 374–376
  • Karl Lohmeyer: Johann Jakob Rischer, a Vorarlberg master builder in the Palatinate . In: Kurpfälzer Jahrbuch , 1925, pp. 155–172.
  • Elfriede Alaike, Peter-Anselm Riedl: The Buhl House and its outbuildings . In: Peter Anselm Riedl (Ed.): Semper Apertus , Vol. 5. Berlin 1985. pp. 311–322
  • Eva Hofmann, Gabriele Hüttmann: The house at Hauptstrasse 120 . In: Peter Anselm Riedl (Ed.): Semper Apertus , Vol. 5. Berlin, 1985. pp. 211-222
  • Walter Donat-Crumstadt: The apothecary tower of the Heidelberg Castle . In: New Archive for the History of the City of Heidelberg , Vol. 9, 1911. P. 146–148.
  • Konrad Erbacher: Johann Jakob Rischer (1662–1755), the builder of the Frankenthal Catholic parish church . In: Monthly publication of the Frankenthaler Altertumsverein . 1932, pp. 41-43

swell

Web links

Commons : Johann Jakob Rischer  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Journal for the History of the Upper Rhine , Volume 133. 1985 (accessed on September 3, 2009)
  2. ^ Karl Lochner, Palatinate Society for the Promotion of Science: Oggersheim Castle and Garden, 1720-1794 , Volume 41 of publications by the Palatinate Society for the Promotion of Science in Speyer on the Rhine. Publishing house of the Palatinate Society for the Advancement of Science, 1960 (accessed on September 3, 2009)
  3. ↑ Forstnersches Haus in Rastatt (PDF) accessed June 28, 2009
  4. ^ Wiser Castle in Leutershausen (accessed June 28, 2009)
  5. ↑ Dreifaltigkeitskirche in Frankenthal ( Memento of the original from January 16, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (accessed on June 28, 2009) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.frankenthal.de
  6. ↑ henrifloor.nl Denis André Chevalley, Otto Braasch: Lower Franconia: ensembles, monuments, archaeological site monuments , Volume 6 of monuments in Bavaria . Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 1985, ISBN 3-486-52397-X (accessed September 3, 2009)
  7. ↑ Evangelical Church in Ziegelhausen (accessed June 28, 2009)
  8. ^ Office building in Rastatt (PDF) accessed June 28, 2009
personal data
SURNAME Rischer, Johann Jakob
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German baroque architect
DATE OF BIRTH July 12, 1662
PLACE OF BIRTH Feldkirch
DATE OF DEATH 1755
Place of death Mannheim