Teutoburgium fort

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Teutoburgium fort
Alternative name Τευτοθούργιον , Teutoburgium , Teutiburgium , Tittoburgum
limes Pannonian Limes
Dating (occupancy) late Iberian / early claudic
to 5th century AD
Type Equestrian fort
unit a) Ala II Hispanorum Aravacorum
b) Ala I Praetoria civium Romanorum
c) Ala I Civium Romanorum
d) Equites Dalmatae
e) Cuneus equitum Dalmatarum
f) Vexillation of Legio VI Herculia
size unknown
Construction a) wood-earth? (analogous to other early fort locations)
b) Stein
State of preservation Damaged by runoff, almost completely destroyed after a brick factory was built.
place Dalj
Geographical location 45 ° 30 '1.6 "  N , 19 ° 0' 15.3"  E Coordinates: 45 ° 30 '1.6 "  N , 19 ° 0' 15.3"  E
height 87  m. i. J.
Previous Fort Ad Novas (north-north-west)
Subsequently Cornacum Fort (southeast)
Backwards Mursa Castle (northwest)

The Teutoburgium fort was a Roman military camp , the crew of which was responsible for security and surveillance tasks on the Limes Pannonicus . In ancient times, the facility was located directly on the Danube . The river formed the Roman frontier in large sections. The remains of the fort, largely destroyed today, were located in the Croatian village of Dalj in the Osijek-Baranja County .

Location and history

The location of Teutoburgium on the Pannonian Limes

Dalj is known for his finds from the early Iron Age , mostly not from regular excavations , which were made in an urn necropolis . In particular, the prehistoric gold find by Dalj, which came into the possession of the Berlin museums in 1906 , made the region famous and is still controversial today.

The fort was built on a stretch of land traversed by many tributaries and oxbow lakes of the Danube, which shaped the largely flat surrounding area. Around 50 kilometers north of Teutoburgium, a prominent, west-east oriented elongated range of hills, the around 100 meters high Banska kosa, which the Romans called Aureus Mons (Golden Mountain), formed an important landmark . In addition to the Danube, the mouth of the Drava coming from the northwest could be controlled from Teutoburgium . One of the main tasks of the fort crew was to monitor the settlement area of ​​the Sarmatian Jazyans , which had been built on the opposite bank of the Danube since the 1st century AD , who, after initial experience, assessed Rome as a very dangerous enemy and which several times in history with their archery cataphracts deeply penetrated the Roman Neighboring provinces invaded. The Jazygen culture, which remained a threat until the war of the emperor Valentinian I in the years 374-375 AD, apparently did not survive the fourth century after mixing with other tribes and peoples.

The remains of the fort, already heavily damaged by the side erosion of the Danube, were apparently almost completely destroyed in the course of the construction of a brick factory. During the 1950s, the profile of the two fort ditches could still be observed on the steep bank of the Danube. Nothing has yet been published about official excavations at the fort, the appearance of which is completely unknown.

It is conceivable that the fortification, analogous to the development of other fort locations on the Pannonian Limes, was initially built as a rectangular wood-earth warehouse and was renovated in stone in the 2nd century. Likewise, as has been established elsewhere, there will have been warlike destruction, rebuilding and alterations. There must have been a military bath near the fort, which was part of the standard equipment of all permanent military locations on the Roman imperial borders.

Surname

Since the 19th century, scientists and scholars have invested more time in analyzing the name Teutoburgium than in exploring the long-unknown location of the fort. The name is first mentioned in the 2nd century AD by the geographer Claudius Ptolemy as Τευτοθούργιον . It can then be found in the Itinerarium Antonini , an imperial street directory from the 3rd century, as Teutiburgium and on the Tabula Peutingeriana , a cartographic representation of the Roman road network in the 4th century, as Tittoburgum . The Notitia dignitatum , a late Roman state manual from the first half of the 5th century, also knows the place as a Teutiburgium . Many researchers like the German scholar Tibor Lénárd tend to follow the research of his colleagues Adolf Bach (1890–1972) and Ernst Schwarz (1895–1983) and ascribe a clear Germanic origin to the name, whereby Schwarz pointed out that “that 'Volksburgen' Teutoburgium were called “. Etymologically, “teut” is equated with “German”.

Troop

Several salvaged soldiers' grave stones and the remains of military objects are important for scientific research. There were always cavalry units in Teutoburgium.

Time position Troop name comment
before 99 AD Ala II Hispanorum Aravacorum A grave stele was made for the Hispania derived Decurio built (Schwadronführer) Tiberius Claudius Valerius, who died at the age of 50 years after a service life of 30 years. His unit, the Second Hispanic Aravacer Cavalry Regiment , had originally been raised near Madrid . The stone is dated to the middle of the 1st century AD. Another Decurio of the Ala II Hispanorum Aravacorum , whose name was not preserved, died as a veteran. His stone is also dated to the middle 1st century.

As two aces found in Dalj , which were counterstamped in the late Iberian or early Claudian times, suggest that the unit probably established itself here during this time (see also the chapter on finds ). The regiment was later transferred to the province of Moesia inferior (Lower Moesia ), where it is mentioned in a military diploma from the year 99 AD.

2nd century AD Ala I Praetoria civium Romanorum The “First Praetorian Cavalry Regiment Roman Citizenship” was moved from the province of Lower Germany to Pannonia around 84/85 and came to the province of Upper Moesia at the end of the 1st century. This is evidenced by a military diploma from the year 93 AD. According to a constitution found at the fort Ad Militare , the regiment is still 103/106 in this province and is later relocated to Teutoburgium.

The unity is proven, among other things, by the funerary inscription of their Decurios Marcus Ulpius Super in Teutoburgium, who died after 16 years of service at the age of 32.

around 200 AD Ala I Civium Romanorum After their deployment in the Dacer Wars, the "First Cavalry Regiment of Roman Citizenship", stationed very early in Pannonia, was ordered back to the province of Pannonia Inferior - probably in the years 113/114 - and probably transferred to the Danube fort Rittium (Surduk). Their location in the province between 118/119 and 138 cannot yet be located, but it could have been Burgenae. The Ala could then have been barracked up to 176 in the Intercisa fort on the Danube Limes. 149 a vexillation of the troops took part in the war of the emperor Antoninus Pius in Mauritania . From Intercisa the Ala possibly came to Őcsény-Szigetpuszta and stayed there until around 200. The next location was Teutoburgium. In 252 the troops took part in the Persian War of Emperor Trebonianus Gallus .

Stone documents for the regiment were left behind in Teutoburgium by its commander, Prefect Caius Aurelius Martinus and the retired Duplicarius Veturius Dubitatus, who in the 2nd century AD placed a consecration stone for Mithras , the god of light , found in 1910 on Limanska ulica .

4th / 5th Century AD Equites Dalmatae, Cuneus equitum Dalmatarum, part of Legio VI Herculia As the Notitia Dignitatum reports, Dalmatian horsemen were first in garrison during late antiquity, followed by the Cuneus equitum Dalmatarum . A vexillation of the Legio VI Herculia is also documented.

Caius Oppius Bebius, a Beneficiarius consularis in Lauriacum barracks Legio II Italica piae fidelis Severiana (Second Italic legion, from, loyal severianisch) dissolved in 226 in Teutoburgium a vow to Jupiter one.

It is said that an altar for Hercules , which the knight and officer Titus Flavius ​​Magianus had set, also comes from Teutoburgium :

Deodorant
sancto
Herculi
T (itus) Fl (avius) Magi-
anus prae (fectus)
coh (ortis) I His-
pan (orum) eqq (uitatae)
trib (unus) coh (ortis)
II Aur (eliae) Dac (orum)
P (iae) F (idelis) | (miliariae) eqq (uitatae)
v (otum) s (olvit) l (ibens) m (erito)

Translation: “To the holy God Hercules; Titus Flavius ​​Magianus, (former) Prefect of the First Partially Mounted Cohort of Hispanics , Tribune of the Second Partially Mounted Double Cohort of the Dacians , "the Aurelian", from, faithful has fulfilled his vows gladly and for a fee. "

After an autopsy of the inscription, the archaeologist Julianus Egidius Bogaers (1926–1996) was able to determine that the older reading of the cohort honorary name as AVG (ustae) was wrong. Since then, the AVR (eliae) has prevailed. The existence of a Dacian cohort with the honorary name Augusta would have been very unusual in view of the conquest of Dacia during the reign of Emperor Trajan (98–117). The altar has disappeared since the Serbian invasion of Croatia in 1991. Instead of Magianus, the Tribune's cognomen could also have been Macianus . The older reading than Mac (ri) anus is considered less likely. The archaeologist Jenő Fitz (1921–2011) determined the location of the inscription in the last third of the 2nd century. The garrison location of this Dacian cohort is unknown.

Vicus

Nothing more is known about the appearance of the vicus built on the arterial roads of the fort . Noteworthy is an altar of consecration for Jupiter Optimus Maximus (the greatest and best), which the Decurio coloniae Marcus Aurelius Quintilianus, an alderman from Cibalae ( Vinkovci ) to the south-west, had salvaged for life in Dalj .

I (ovi) O (ptimo) M (aximo)
M (arcus) Aurel (ius) Quin (ti) -
lianus dec (urio) c-
ol (oniae) Cibal (ensium) qua-
estorius ob incolum-
itatem suam
suorumque
omnium
v (otum) s (olvit)
l (ibens) m (erito)

Marcus Aurelius Quintilianus owned a property (ager quaestorius) south of Teutoburgium . The border between the areas of the Mursa Major (Esseg) northwest of Teutoburgium and Cibalae was near Dalj.

Burial grounds

In addition to the already mentioned gravestones of military personnel, other inscriptions and fragments of graves were recovered, most of which will have belonged to the people living in the vicus , the camp village. The exact sites of the stone monuments are often unknown.

Finds

Bricks and ceramics

As early as the 19th century, brick stamps of the Legio I Adiutrix stationed in Brigetio in northern Pannonian were known from Teutoburgium . The finds also include ceramics, including amphorae stamped with the CRISPINILI brand , such as those found on the Magdalensberg in Carinthia . Other transport vessels with this name were also discovered in the rubble hill of the Carnuntum legionary camp and at the Rhaetian Danube fort Oberstimm . Another manufacturer with the brand OFFOCL (off. Ocl.) Is also known from Carnuntum , Vindobona and Sirmium with its amphorae in Pannonia . Further amphora stamps from Teutoburgian are OFF… DAS , and OFFCOSTINI . The off. Most likely stands for officina , which translates as factory or workshop .

Coins

From an unknown site in Dalj there are two between 16 and 2 BC. Aces minted in BC with counterstamps that are identical to three coins kept in Budapest. The AL-AR punch mark is equated with the Ala II (Hispanorum) Aravacorum located here in the 1st century AD . The period of counterstamping is presumed to be in the late Iberian or, at the latest, early claudic times.

Bronzes

The finds from Dalj also include the four-centimeter-long bronze statuette of a Hellenistic-inspired sphinx , which has been kept in Zagreb since 1906 , which provides an indication of the spread of Egyptian cults on the Pannonian Limes. The figurine depicted lying down has two female breasts and two wings on the shoulders. Furthermore, a fragment of a scale comes from Teutoburgium.

The most important militaria find concerns a largely complete three-part bronze horse forehead , which became known around 1920 and was acquired for the museum by the director of the Archaeological Museum in Agram (Zagreb), Victor Hoffiller (1877–1954).

Traces of settlement in the surrounding area

In Popovac, northwest of Teutoburgium on the Krasicabach - Baranyabán or Ban until 1920 - an inscription was discovered in the 19th century that is of great importance for Pannonian viticulture . Traces of settlement have been observed south of the village, including remains of tombs that are now kept in the Slavonian Museum in Osijek (Esseg) and brick stamps:

  • of COH (ors) VII BR (eucorum) - 7th cohort of Breuker,
  • the COH (ors) III ALP (inorum) - 3rd cohort of alpine residents,
  • and QVADRIBUR (gium).

In Popovac or west village Branjin Vrh (branj = vintage) Roman is Antianae locates suspected. The cultivation of wine on the Golden Mountain of the Romans, cultivated from the early 4th century, had a great tradition on the loess soils on the lower reaches of the Krasicabach until the Danube Swabians were expelled in 1945 and was then largely abandoned. It is not known whether the early modern vine cultivation can carry its traditional line into antiquity. However, wine was cultivated in the region from Roman times. This is attested by a consecration altar made of limestone, dedicated to the Liber Pater as the god of viticulture, which bears a badly damaged inscription. The following reconstruction and translation of the inscription is based on the digital publication by the archaeologist Friedrich Brein (1940–2011) published in the Forum Archaeologiae in 2006 .

Deodorant Lib (ero) patri.
Aur (elius) Cons [tanti] us
ex pro [c (uratore)] v [i] n [ea] r (um)
inst (ituendarum) qui viribus
5 suis inseruit
by instant (iam) Ve-
nanti (i) fili (i) sui
vineae ar (e) p (ennes) CCCC
ex his v (itibus) Cupenis
10 v (itibus) Terminis
v (itibus) Valle (n) sibus
v (itibus) Caballiori (s).

Translation: “To God the Father Liber! Aurelius Constantius, former procurator for the creation of vineyards, who with his means through the operation of his son Venantius has refined 400 arepennes (50 hectares) vineyards, including with Cupenian, Terminic, Vallensian, Caballiorian vines. "

As the archaeologist and epigraphist András Mócsy (1929–1987) noted, the name of the large landowner Aurelius Constantius was subsequently deleted. According to Mócsy, the dedicant may have fallen out of favor. Then his goods would have been confiscated by the state.

Post-Roman development

Only a little more than a decade after the final collapse of Roman rule in Pannonia in 433 AD, a richly decorated, probably Ostrogothic woman's grave was built, which is being investigated west of the evacuated fort town of Teutoburgium - on the other bank of the Danube - in Karavukovo (Bácsordas) could be. A newly found solidus , which was struck during the reign of Emperor Theodosius II (408-450) in 443, indicates the earliest point in time at which the burial place was established. The site also shows that there were other tribes on the former territory of the Jazygen.

Late Avarian belt sets were recovered from Dalj, suggesting an at least temporary presence of members of this ethnic group.

Lost property

Finds - especially the stone monuments from the Roman Teutoburgium and the surrounding area - can be viewed today in the Archaeological Museum in Zagreb and in the Slavonian Museum in Osijek (Esseg). Litter find material, most of which became known without giving a precise location, is also in Budapest .

Monument protection

Archaeological finds and sites as well as archaeological zones, landscapes and parts thereof are cultural assets of the Republic of Croatia and enjoy special protection. The Croatian Administrative Authority for Monument Protection in the Ministry of Culture in Zagreb is responsible. Law no. 01-081-99-1280 / 2 of June 18, 1999, with its subsequent additions and amendments, is governed by Article 89 of the Croatian Constitution. Damage, destruction and theft of cultural property must be reported to the competent authority immediately, but no later than the next day. Unannounced excavations are forbidden, violations of the export regulations are punished as a crime in the most serious case , and in the lightest case as an offense within the meaning of Croatian law.

See also

literature

Web links

Remarks

  1. ^ Edit B. Thomas , László Vértes: Archaeological finds in Hungary. Corvina, Budapest, 1956, pp. 116, 130.
  2. ↑ Max Ebert : The gold find from Dalj. In: Annual books of the Austrian Archaeological Institute . 11, 1908, pp. 259-276.
  3. ↑ Tibor Kemenczei: finds ostkarpatenländischen type in the Carpathian Basin. (Prehistoric bronze finds, Section XX, Volume 10). Steiner, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-515-08642-0 , p. 58 ff .; Carola Metzner-Nebelsick : The “Thraco-Cimmerian” circle of shapes from the perspective of the Urnfield and Hallstatt times in southeastern Pannonia. Marie Leidorf, Rahden 2002, ISBN 3-89646-505-8 , p. 650 ff.
  4. ↑ Sarmatians. In: Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde (RGA). 2nd Edition. Volume 26, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2004, ISBN 3-11-017734 X , p. 511.
  5. ↑ a b Mirjana Sanader: The border in Croatia. In: Limits of the Roman Empire. von Zabern, Mainz 2006, ISBN 3-8053-3429-X , p. 156.
  6. ^ Ptolemy, Geography 2, 15, 3.
  7. ↑ Itinerarium Antonini 243, 4.
  8. ↑ Notitia dignitatum occ. XXXII 4, 11. 30-31, 47.
  9. ^ Tibor Lénárd: The East Germanic aspect in the early history of the common name "German". Edition Praesens, Vienna 2002, p. 55; Footnote 169.
  10. ↑ Duden. The dictionary of origin. Etymology of the German language. Duden, Mannheim 2007, ISBN 978-3-411-04074-2 , p. 120.
  11. ^ Zsolt Visy : The Pannonian Limes in Hungary . Theiss, Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-8062-0488-8 , p. 127.
  12. ↑ CIL 3, 3271 .
  13. ↑ CIL 3, 10258 .
  14. ↑ a b Peter Kos: A Pannonian counterstamp of ala II Arvacorum. In: Germania. 62, 1984, pp. 47-54; here: p. 51.
  15. ↑ CIL 16, 45 .
  16. ↑ Margaret M. Roxan , Paul A. Holder (eds.): Roman military diplomas IV. University of London, Institute of Classical Studies, London 2003, ISBN 0-900587-93-8 , p. 390.
  17. ↑ Barnabás Lőrincz: The Roman auxiliaries in Pannonia during the Principate's time. Part I: The Inscriptions. Research Society of Vienna City Archeology. Vienna 2001, ISBN 3-902086-02-5 , p. 23.
  18. ↑ CIL 16, 39 .
  19. ↑ CIL 16,54 .
  20. ↑ CIL 3, 3272 .
  21. ↑ Barnabás Lőrincz : The Roman auxiliaries in Pannonia during the Principate's time. Part I: The Inscriptions. Research Society of Vienna City Archeology. Vienna 2001, ISBN 3-902086-02-5 , p. 18.
  22. ↑ CIL 3, 10256 .
  23. ↑ AE 1912, 129 .
  24. ↑ Notitia Dignitatum , occ. XXXII 23 and 30
  25. ↑ CIL 3, 3270 .
  26. ↑ CIL 3, 6450 .
  27. ↑ a b Julianus Egidius Bogaers: Auxiliaria. In: Jenő Fitz (ed.): Limes. Files of the XI. International Limes Congress, Székesfehérvár 1976. (Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1977), pp. 601–632; here p. 611.
  28. ↑ Mato Ilkić: Antické plombe iz Sotina (Cornacum). In: Radovi Zavoda za povijesne znanosti HAZU u Zadru, 48, 2006, pp. 57-80; here: pp. 64–65.
  29. ^ Jenő Fitz: The administration of Pannonia in Roman times, 4th Encyclopedia, Budapest 1995, ISBN 9638477008 . P. 838.
  30. ↑ AE 1980, 725 .
  31. ↑ M. Bulat: Godišnjak za kulturu i suvremena Drustvena i Ekonomska pitanja. 9, Vinkovci 1980, pp. 263-167, cited in AE 1980, 725 .
  32. ↑ Tamás Bezeczky, Sándor Jósza: Amphora finds from Magdalensberg and from Pannonia. A comparison. State Museum for Carinthia, Klagenfurt 1994, ISBN 3-900575-11-8 , p. 51.
  33. ^ Mathilde Grünewald: The finds from the rubble hill of the legion camp of Carnuntum. Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1983, ISBN 3-7001-0597-5 , p. 35.
  34. ^ Hans Schönberger : Fort Oberstimm. Mann, Berlin 1978, ISBN 3-7861-1168-5 , p. 274.
  35. ^ Fritz Krinzinger: Vindobona. Contributions to selected types of ceramics in their topographical context. Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 2005, ISBN 3-7001-3398-7 . P. 63.
  36. ↑ Márta Kelemen: Roman amphorae in Pannonia. North Italian Amphorae. In: Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 39, 1987, pp. 3-45; here p. 31.
  37. ^ Bernarda Perc: Contributions to the spread of Egyptian cults in the Balkans and in the Danube countries in Roman times. Munich 1968. p. 205.
  38. ↑ Brief reports in: Report on the VI. International Congress for Archeology, Berlin, 21. – 26. August 1939. de Gruyter, Berlin 1940, p. 172; Illustration: Fritz Graf : The image of the gods from the Taurerland. In: Ancient World. 10, 1979, pp. 33-41; here: p. 34.
  39. ^ Sándor Soproni : Tabula Imperii Romani . Aquincum, Sarmizegetvsa, Sirmium. Hakkert, Amsterdam 1968, p. 28.
  40. ↑ CIL 3, 10275 .
  41. ^ Friedrich Brein: Edelreben for the Golden Mountain (CIL III 10275). In: Forum Archaeologiae 38 / III / 2006 ( PDF ).
  42. ^ András Mócsy: Pannonia and the soldier emperors. In: Hildegard Temporini (ed.): The rise and fall of the Roman world. Volume II, 6. de Gruyter, Berlin, New York 1977, ISBN 3-11-006735-8 , pp. 557-582; here p. 578.
  43. ^ Joachim Werner , Giovanni Annibaldi: Ostgothic grave finds from Acquasanta, Prov. Ascoli Piceno (Marche). In: Germania. 41: 356-373 (1963); Danica Dimitrijević; Jovan Kovačević; Zdenko Vinski: Problemi seobe Naroda u Karpatskoj Kotlini. Matica srpska, Neusatz 1978, p. 36.
  44. ↑ Zdenko Vinski: Are there early Slavic ceramics from the time of the South Slavic conquest? In: Archaeologia Iugoslavica 1 (1954), pp. 71-82; P. 10; Arnulf Kollautz, Hisayuki Miyakawa: History and culture of a nomadic people during the migration period. The Jou-Jan d. Mongolia and the Avars in Central Europe. 1st part, Klagenfurt 1970, p. 272.
  45. ↑ The legal regulations on the website of the Croatian Ministry of Culture - http://www.min-kulture.hr/default.aspx?id=81 (in Croatian)