Kennel (Braunschweig)
The Kennel , and kennel area or kennel ponds , is an ensemble artificial ponds in the Braunschweiger Okeraue south of the iron Poppenbütteler weir . The area west of the Oker opposite Richmond Castle was included in the planning of the castle park in the 18th century and redesigned in various stages.
The first pond-like expansion of the Oker took place at the beginning of the 19th century in the course of the construction of New Richmond . Today's two kennel ponds, one of which is used as an outdoor pool, were diked in 1883 for the Braunschweig water supply, which was present in this area until the 1960s. The Spielmannsteich located below the castle was only dredged around 1960, and the pillar temple was erected in 2000.
The kennel area connects the Braunschweiger Bürgerpark with the South Sea area to the south to a recreational area and is partly part of the Richmond Park.
geography
Location and landscape
The kennel is located in the Feldmark Wilhelmitor, which is part of the Brunswick core city, west of the Oker and borders on Feldmark Rüningen in the south and Melverode in the southeast . Both places are now part of the Braunschweig urban area. The historical field name Auf der Doven Hufe in the southwestern kennel area indicates unproductive land, the name Papendieck or Papenbruch in the area of today's ponds indicates swampy terrain.
To the north are the Eisenbütteler Wehr, the exhibition grounds in the former catchment area of the old train station and an allotment garden association. The landscape is shaped by the up to 20 meter high railway embankments with their bridges running in a west-east direction, of which the high, arched southern Oker Bridge with its distinctive echo is the most striking. The dams cut off the Okeraue area optically and in terms of climate from the Bürgerpark and Braunschweig city center. Between the dams there is a parking area that was occasionally used for open-air concerts in the past .
In the south of the Rüninger area in 1965 the section of today's A 39 federal motorway, known as the southern bypass , was built. The material required for the dam was obtained from the resulting South Pacific. Road embankments and bridges on the motorway now border the area to the south. The Braunschweig – Bad Harzburg railway line runs along the western edge , so that only in the east there is a natural landscape delimitation by the Oker and the Zuckerberg .
Geology and altitude information
The Okeraue is characterized by modern deposits of silt , sand, gravel and clay. It is naturally flat and lies in the kennel area at an altitude between 71 and 72 m above sea level. NHN . The Richmond Castle is about 82 m above sea level. NHN located on the west side of the Zuckerberg, where clay and marlstone from the Cretaceous period stand. According to the geological hiking map , this is assigned to the Albium , according to the Braunschweig Environmental Atlas, the Santonium . The area naturally belongs to the Börßum-Braunschweiger Okertal .
In the entrance area of today's Kennelbad and at the high ropes course , the terrain rises to 74 m above sea level. Above sea level , in older maps even 75 meters are given. It is probably the remains of the island that was built here earlier.
History of the kennel pond
Richmond Castle Country Park
In the 18th century, the landscape from the Zuckerberg still offered numerous lines of sight to Braunschweig city center, Broitzem and the Harz foreland , which was decisive for the location of the castle and the layout of the park. The railway line, which has been running in the west since 1838, is almost at ground level and, in contrast to the later traffic routes, barely interfered with the landscape that was determined by the Okeraue.
The kennel area below the castle on the left bank of the Oker was acquired together with the Zuckerberg from the then Duke for his wife Augusta of Hanover and Lancelot "Capability" Brown included it in the planning of a landscape garden. From 1768 the castle park extended mainly on the slopes of the Zuckerberg, on the Oker a covered boat dock has been handed down.
Later a round temple followed on the bank and a hermitage on the wooded southern slope. No remodeling of the landscape on the other side of the Oker is known from this period. Landscape pictures from the early 19th century show a more romanticized agricultural use.
New Richmond and the Kennel Pond
Richmond Castle and Park initially lost their importance after the Duchess escaped in 1806. The complex gained renewed appreciation after Duke Charles II was expelled from Braunschweig Castle in 1830 and his brother Wilhelm moved into Richmond quarters as the new regent. He managed to expand the park by buying up land, also to the north on the current property of the Braunschweig-Kolleg. New Richmond was built there with the buildings of the Ducal Villa and the Williamscastle Cavalier House.
The court gardener Johann Christian Burmester planned the redesign of the Papendieck meadow area , which was located in both Braunschweig and Rüningen, into a pond landscape. The Oker and a spacious pond with a wooded island are sketched on a "situation plan", which was probably created around 1850. The southern bank of this extension runs in a strikingly straight line along the border with the Rüninger Feldmark, although the area on the Rüninger area has also been designated as Ducal Meadows .
The location of the island corresponds to the elevation in the northern area of the Kennelbad that still exists today. The island received a boat dock and around 1842 a bathing grotto. The park area around New Richmond received a canal with a small oker harbor and a boathouse. A larger pond on the right side of the Oker has also been handed down. A bath house was built for the duke on the north bank of the kennel pond. By 1846 the entire park, including the Charlottenhöhe, had reached its greatest extent of around 60 hectares.
With the expansion of the Braunschweig – Magdeburg railway line in 1870, a several-meter-high embankment was raised in a west-east direction south of the Eisenbütteler weir, which artificially delimited the castle park to the north and represented a radical change in the landscape. The certainly not silent tram depot in Eisenbüttel was built in 1897.
As early as 1848, the Duke's interest in New Richmond waned, and the park was becoming increasingly overgrown. In 1901 the buildings were finally cleared and demolished in 1906.
The Kennelgut
The scenic name Kennel is not included on old land maps and city maps before 1830, rather the area southwest of the Eisenbütteler weir is named Ihlenpfuhls Camp and further west with Bergfeld and south with Papendieck . The name Kennel has only appeared on the planning map of the Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel railway line since Neu-Richmond was built, with the area clearly shown as a settlement area compared to the other unspecified parts of the landscape. The Oker extension to the pond has not yet been recorded there, but the southern border of the marked area north of Old Richmond runs in a straight line in a west-east direction, roughly along today's kennel ponds.
A cluster of buildings is outlined in the area. These buildings, including a windmill, are also shown on different views, for example that of Täubert around 1840. On the Schadt map from 1840, the pond is also present with its straight border. The name Kennel already refers to the entire area up to the corridor Die Große Trift , along which the field mark border between Wilhelmitor and Rüningen runs until the 19th century.
To the north of the kennel pond, the ducal dairy is shown on the above-mentioned site plan from 1850 , for example on the site of today's car park. According to Tute / Köhler, a pheasant farm has been handed down since 1833, and later the dairy farm. The location corresponds to that on the railway map and is in the property listing from 1870 under this name as well as under “Herzogl. Oeconomie Kennel ”with the address Eisenbüttel 6. Tute / Köhler also mention a lease of the kennel property to Dr. Wolters for ice extraction between 1912 and 1924. The buildings had to gradually give way to the railway embankments.
On the city map from 1898, the area is mistakenly named Kendel , which, similar to the Rhenish Kendel or the Swiss word Kennel, could indicate the origin of a canal or channel. The origin of the English word "Kennel" for dog kennel is also possible.
Use for the Braunschweig water supply
Dumping ponds from 1883
In 1865, the river waterworks in the Bürgerpark began operations, and the Oker water was drawn from two ponds . They were located opposite the waterworks on the western bank in what was then the railway park at the height of today's pedestrian bridge at the former railway bathing establishment. The retention time of the Oker water in the ponds was two days. The pre-cleaned water was pumped into the city's drinking water network after another filter pass at the waterworks.
Just 15 years after it was put into operation, the number of inhabitants increased by half to 75,000, so that the water supply had to be expanded. Although the laying of a Harz water pipeline was already being discussed at that time, the city's magistrate decided to continue using the river waterworks. This required more powerful sedimentation ponds, which were created two kilometers upstream in 1883 on the grounds of the kennel pond. Three raised earth dams separated two "clarification basins" from the pond, which could take up three times the daily consumption of the city, around 45,000 m³. The pre-cleaned water flowed from them via a free slope pipe to the existing Bürgerpark waterworks. These basins are the two kennel ponds that still exist today.
A few years later (around 1900) the expansion no longer met the requirements. The problem was not only the increased demand due to the population increase, but above all the strong chemical and biological pollution of the Oker by the wastewater from industry and sugar factories. Purely mechanical cleaning through sedimentation could not remove this pollution, which is why the groundwater works on Bienroder Weg were built in 1901 and the Bürgerpark river waterworks with the kennel ponds were only available for emergencies.
Rüningen waterworks from 1911
Even the new waterworks could not meet the drinking water requirements due to the increasing number of inhabitants. Additional groundwater resources were found from 1905 in the Rüninger Flur southwest of the kennel ponds. There, on May 15, 1911, the Rüningen waterworks started operations, of which there is still a building on Schrotweg right at the intersection of the railway line and the motorway. 51 wells were sunk in the kennel area, which delivered the raw water from a depth of 30 meters to the waterworks, where it was pumped by electrically driven pumps through its own filter system to the Bürgerpark waterworks. The water transport to the Bürgerpark was carried out by an above-ground 650 mm thick pipe to the middle dam of the two kennel ponds and from there into the existing 600 mm thick, over two kilometers long free slope pipe to the Bürgerpark.
The pumps in the Bürgerpark were reactivated and two electric pumps were added, which, like the pumps in the Rüninger waterworks, draw their electricity from three newly built turbines at the Eisenbütteler weir with a total output of 208 hp (corresponding to 153 kW). The clarification ponds have not been needed since then and were leased in 1912.
The well fields in the kennel area, including the waterworks, were expanded from 1939 and remained the main source of supplies in Braunschweig despite severe war damage. Numerous new wells were sunk in 1959. Starting in 1943, the construction of the Eckertalsperre made it possible to direct fresh Harz water to Braunschweig, which has since flowed from Thieder Lindenberg to the Rüningen waterworks. As early as 1957, 40% of the drinking water requirement was covered by the Harz Mountains. Drinking water from the Granetalsperre has also been fed to Lindenberg since 1973, and as a result the Rüningen waterworks was shut down and dismantled. The main line into the urban area still runs through the kennel area.
Development in the 20th century
Silting up of the kennel pond
The installation of the clarification ponds, the above-ground water pipes and the laying of power cables transformed the former landscape garden into an industrial area. Around 1915, the Braunschweigische Landeszeitung reported that the rest of the kennel pond was increasingly silting up and that no boat tours around the island were possible. In addition, the Ducal General Hofintendatur demanded that the dams of the clarification ponds be up to 71.2 m above sea level. Above sea level and the water pipes and the valve shafts are to be laid deeper. The ponds were also criticized and the piercing of the dams suggested in order to flood the original kennel pond again. According to Tute / Köhler, however, these measures were not implemented, rather the area was later turned into a sports field.
Kennelbad
The clarification ponds, which were no longer needed since 1911, were already being used as a bathing establishment in the 1920s, and the term Kennelbad established itself on city maps and in Brunswick language. The city of Braunschweig bought the Kennelbad in 1935 , which was supplemented by a 25-meter swimming pool with a diving tower in the 1950s . The pool existed until shortly before the intended closure of the entire Kennelbad in 2002. Since then, an association has been operating the site and the natural water bathing pond, which is still popular. Other leisure facilities include a mini golf course , canoe rental, a campsite and, since 2010, a high ropes course.
The bathing lake receives its inlet from the pre-pond east of the Oker, which is still used as a settling pond for the Oker water. The inlet can be regulated with a gate valve or closed in the event of high water. Since natural growth conditions prevail in the bathing pond, the wild growth of algae and grass is prevented by grass carp .
Sports facilities
The city of Braunschweig took over the entire Richmond and Kennel area in 1935 and transferred part of the site to the NSDAP . From 1936 the building of the academy for youth leadership took place in Neu-Richmond , for which a sports facility was built on the site of today's Spielmannsteich. The city map from 1945 and the Bollmann map from 1954 also contain a very long, south-extending, rectangular basin, the northern border of which corresponds to that of today's pond and that in addition to the “Kennel-Bad” as a “bathing pond” “Was designated.
The western area of the former kennel pond, which was partially silted up since 1915, is marked on the city map from 1937 with further tributaries, but was no longer marked as a body of water as early as 1945.
This area was transformed by the city into a sports facility and inaugurated as a Kennel Sports Park in 1964. The operator was MTV Braunschweig , which initiated further running activities in the entire kennel area. The area with four soccer fields could not be used cost-effectively in the long term, so the city leased it to the Eintracht Braunschweig association in 2012 , which has set up a youth training center there.
The entire local recreation area of Kennel and Südsee is a popular area for joggers and walkers as well as leased waters for fishing.
Echo bridge
The imposing arch of the southern railway bridge at the Kennelbad is known as the echo bridge, because there a clear and clearly delayed echo is thrown back to the person calling. This is created by the smooth concrete arches and the underlying water surface of the Oker.
The bridge was built in the course of the new construction of the Braunschweig marshalling yard between 1943 and 1956. The newly laid out marshalling yard required a three-track entry area. For this purpose, an over 18 meter high embankment was raised and the striking 41 meter wide bridge over the Oker was built. Most of the embankment consists of rubble and the dredging of the Spielmannsteich. This is shown in an aerial photo from 1960, which also shows the swimming pool in the area of the Kennelbad. In the course of the construction of the embankment, the remains of the former kennel , i.e. the former dairy, have also disappeared. In their place there is only an area enclosed by dams behind the Kennel parking lot.
The bridge is no longer used for rail traffic because the entire marshalling yard has been closed. All tracks have already been removed. The other bridges on the route over the A 395 have also been dismantled. It is planned to use the bridge for the Ringgleis cycle path .
The Oker, which until the 1950s curved in an arch below Neu-Richmond, was straightened towards the new bridge and a bridge that had existed until then, which connected the Kennelweg to Wolfenbüttler Strasse, was demolished.
Minstrel pond
The Spielmannsteich was dredged in the 1950s, but has only been included in the landscaping in Richmond Park since 1988. This included tree planting and a natural remodeling of the north-eastern shore line with seating and relaxation areas as well as regular mowing of the lawns. Since 1962, the Braunschweig Ship Model Club has been allowed to navigate the pond with its boats. In 1968 the association built a jetty on the north side of the pond, which was expanded in the 1980s. In the early 1970s, the city banned the use of internal combustion engines on the pond. In the following years regattas were held regularly on the pond.
Pillar temple
The eight-column round temple on the west side of the Spielmannsteich was built there in 2000. To a certain extent, it is a quotation of the building that originally existed below the palace, which was removed when the Academy for Youth Leadership was built in the 1930s and the park was then redesigned. The existing temple probably comes from salt dahlum . The last owner in the Gifhorn district donated it to the city of Braunschweig. The Braunschweig craftsmen restored and rebuilt it. From the castle there is an attractive line of sight over the Oker and Spielmannsteich to the temple.
literature
- Heinz-Joachim Tute, Gert-Dieter Ulferts, City of Braunschweig (ed.): Richmond. Images from 225 years of history. Meyer, Braunschweig 1993, ISBN 3-926701-18-8 .
- Heinz-Joachim Tute, Marcus Köhler, Wolf-Dieter Schuegraf (Ed.): Garden art in Braunschweig. From the princely gardens of the Baroque to the public park of the Wilhelminian era. City library, Braunschweig 1989, ISBN 3-87884-037-3 (= Braunschweiger Werkstücke. 76 / Series A. Publications from the city archive and the city library. Volume 26).
- Wilhelm Appelt, Theodor Müller : Water arts and waterworks of the city of Braunschweig. (= Braunschweig workpieces. 33). Orphanage printing house, Braunschweig 1964, OCLC 5037379 .
Web links
Individual evidence
- ^ City of Königslutter, Natural History Society of Hanover and Lower Saxony State Office for Soil Research (ed.): Geological hiking map 1: 100,000 Braunschweiger Land. Hanover 1984, OCLC 605202699 .
- ↑ City of Braunschweig, Environment Agency, Dept. of Environmental Planning and Prevention (Ed.): Environmental Atlas Braunschweig. Braunschweig 1998, OCLC 64642115 .
- ^ A b Heinz-Joachim Tute, Marcus Köhler, Wolf-Dieter Schuegraf (ed.): Garden art in Braunschweig. From the princely gardens of the Baroque to the public park of the Wilhelminian era. City Library, Braunschweig 1989, ISBN 3-87884-037-3 .
- ^ Wilhelm Pätz : Braunschweig general view from the south. around 1825, lithograph, place of discovery: Braunschweig - the image of the city in 900 years. Braunschweig Municipal Museum 1985.
- ^ H. Hoffmann: Map of the situation of the ducal possessions at Richmond. Scale 1: 3000, probably around 1850, Lower Saxony State Archives in Wolfenbüttel. Location of Heinz-Joachim Tute, Gert-Dieter Ulferts: Richmond - Images from 225 years of history. Braunschweig 1993.
- ↑ A. Werth (lithography) and C. Wicker (architect): Map of the railway from Braunschweig to Wolfenbüttel. Schenck'sche Kunsthandlung in Braunschweig, without a year, printed in Braunschweig Central Station in 1960. Federal Railway Directorate Hanover et al., Braunschweig 1960.
- ^ W. Schadt: Plan of the city of Braunschweig and the surrounding area around 1840. Braunschweig site - the image of the city in 900 years. Braunschweig Municipal Museum 1985.
- ^ Institute for Comparative Urban History Münster: German Historical City Atlas No. 4 Braunschweig. Münster 2013, CD supplement "Directory of estimates of the rental value of residential buildings in the city of Braunschweig 1875ff".
- ^ Wilhelm Appelt, Theodor Müller: Water arts and waterworks of the city of Braunschweig. Orphanage printing house, Braunschweig 1964.
- ↑ Braunschweiger Zeitung of November 7, 1957: Daily over 40,000 cubic meters , Manfred Gruner archive.
- ↑ Braunschweiger Zeitung of August 2, 2013: Grass carp keep the bathing water in the kennel clean.
- ^ Verlag Georg Westermann Braunschweig: Westermanns Plan von Braunschweig, scale 1: 12,500. Braunschweig 1945, bilingual edition.
- ^ Berlin State Library: Topographical Map 1: 25000, sheet 2026, 1937 edition. In German Historical City Atlas of the Institute for Comparative Urban History, Münster, 2013.
- ↑ Neue Braunschweiger from May 13, 2012: MTV leaves Kennelpark ( Memento of the original from February 1, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. on neue-braunschweiger.de (August 8, 2013)
- ↑ Wolfenbütteler Zeitung of August 8, 2012: The bridge that can speak .
- ↑ Bundesbahndirektion Hannover (Ed.): Central Station Braunschweig 1960. Published jointly for the opening of the new Braunschweig Hauptbahnhof on October 1, 1960 by the Federal Railway Directorate Hannover, the City of Braunschweig and the Braunschweig Chamber of Commerce and Industry , Braunschweig 1960, ill. P. 83.
- ↑ Braunschweiger Zeitung of December 8, 2008: The old railway bridge at the Kennel is to become a pedestrian and cycle path .
- ^ Logbook of the ship model club Braunschweig e. V., (January 24, 2014) on smc-braunschweig.de
- ↑ Braunschweiger Zeitung of June 14, 2000: Round Temple for Richmond , Manfred Gruner archive.
- ^ City of Braunschweig, Department of Urban Greenery and Sport: The Richmond Park. Leaflet, Braunschweig 2012.
Coordinates: 52 ° 14 ′ 27 ″ N , 10 ° 31 ′ 17 ″ E
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Arboretum | Medicinal Plant Garden | Botanical garden | Bürgerpark | Franz's field | Gaussberg | Green area at the Westbahnhof | Heidbergsee and Park | Hermann-Löns-Park | Inselwallpark | Kennel | Kiryat Tivon Park | Monastery garden | Monastery park | Lion Wall | Museum park | North Park | Riddagshausen nature reserve | Oil Persee | Prinz-Albrecht-Park and Nussberg | Ring track | Richmond Park | School and community garden | City Park | South Seas area | Südstadtpark | Theater park | Vieweg's garden | West Park
Planned: Park on Münchenstrasse | Formerly: Castle Park