Lucid dream

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A lucid dream , even lucid dream (of Latin lux, lucis "light"), is a dream in which the dreamer is aware that he is dreaming. Paul Tholey , psychologist and the most important German lucid dream researcher, formulated this as follows: "Lucid dreams are dreams in which one has complete clarity about the fact that one dreams and can act according to one's own decision." With this definition Tholey relied on the philosopher Celia Green and the psychologist Charles Tart . Tholey and the American psychologist Stephen LaBerge are the two central pioneers in the field of modern lucid dream research. Everyone probably has the ability to experience lucid dreams, and one can learn to bring about this form of dreaming. There are various techniques for doing this. A person who can deliberately experience lucid dreams is also called Oneironaut (from Gr. Oneiros "dream" and nautēs "seafarer").

Scientific aspects of the lucid dream

Conceptual limitation

The definition of the term "lucid dream" is not uniform. In 1968 Celia Green suggested the following description: "A lucid dream is a dream in which the dreaming is aware of his dream." This minimum requirement is generally accepted today, but other authors require additional characteristics.

Tholey specified the difference between ordinary dreams and lucid dreams on the basis of seven clarity criteria:

  1. “ Clarity about the state of consciousness: about the fact that one is dreaming;
  2. Clarity about your own freedom of choice: about whether you B. runs away from a nightmare figure or tries to make friends with her;
  3. Clarity of consciousness: in contrast to the clouded state, confusion or twilight state;
  4. Clarity about waking life: about who you are and what you have chosen for this dream;
  5. Clarity of perception: of what one sees, hears, smells, tastes and feels;
  6. Clarity about the meaning of the dream ;
  7. Clarity about the memory of the dream : Note that this concept of clarity, unlike the others, only relates indirectly to the dream state. "

The fulfillment of these clarity criteria one to four is necessary for Tholey if one is to speak of a lucid dream, criteria five to seven can also be fulfilled. The aspect that the dreamer has clarity about the meaning of the dream represents for Tholey the real “royal road” to the unconscious - alluding to Sigmund Freud's dream interpretation . If the first signs of clarity are present, but these do not fully meet the first four criteria, one can speak of a pre-lucid dream . A dreamer can certainly ask himself whether he is dreaming without, however, arriving at the knowledge of the dream state - and the approach of clarity disappears.

By recognizing your own dream state, it is possible to intervene in the dream within certain limits and to act systematically in the dream event. Not only your own actions are then possible, but also - at least within mostly narrow limits - a certain influence on the dream environment and the dream characters. Mostly dream figures are influenced by linguistic communication and actions of the dreamer within the dream event. The perception of the dream action ranges from blurred and incoherent to realistic perception to “hyperrealistic perception”, in which the event appears “more realistic than reality itself”. Hallucinogens have a similar effect on sensory impressions. The cognitive abilities in the dream state are changed. For example, the dreamer often cannot solve complicated arithmetic problems. Research is currently being conducted into whether such restrictions can be overcome. The existence of lucid dreams has been scientifically proven. Knowledge of lucid dreaming is still not very widespread. Most people are convinced that they cannot take action in their dreams. However, some people spontaneously experience lucid dreams. Others use different techniques ( see below ), but despite intensive research, there is still no reproducible method to reliably evoke lucid dreams. The period between the beginning of practicing the appropriate techniques for generating lucid dreams and the first successes is also very different. Tholey reports of quick successes in achieving the first lucid dreams within a few days after starting the exercise, but also of lengthy exercise phases.

The lucid dream from a critical-realistic point of view

“Our life is like a dream. In the better hours we wake up to the point that we realize that we are dreaming. Most of the time we are in deep sleep. "
- Ludwig Wittgenstein

The fact that the surroundings and one's own body appear as realistic in the lucid dream as the surroundings and one's own body in the waking state requires a clear demarcation of these two worlds. Tholey describes these conditions from the point of view of critical realism , as it is also represented within gestalt theory . This is an epistemological - but not an ontological - dualism . In his sensorimotor approach, Tholey describes the perception and actions within the dream and waking state.

The critical-realistic model is the starting point for differentiating between a physical - also referred to as transphenomenal - environment and a phenomenal world of experience or perception. The latter is based on the sensual perception of the physical environment, including your own body. The physical environment is represented in this model in the so-called psychophysical level (PPN), on the basis of the sensory impressions processed there. The hypothetically assumed PPN can be understood as a networked system of different, not firmly localized areas of the cerebrum .

In the waking state, the phenomenal world is formed from the various sensory impressions, understood as an image of the physical world. Desired movements are converted from movement intentions into corresponding movements of the body. These movements are in turn reported back to the PPN via the senses. This establishes a so-called sensorimotor control loop between the physical and the phenomenal world. In the dream state, this control loop is broken. The phenomenal world is no longer the image of the physical world. Movement intentions are then no longer converted into corresponding movements of the physical body.

For Tholey, on this epistemological basis, a psychological explanation of lucid dreaming is possible. The “critical” - or better: “critical” - lucid dreamer can distinguish the physical conditions (his sleeping body in bed) from the phenomenal conditions (the dream scenery). So the lucid dreamer knows that he sleeps in the physical world. Tholey put it simply: The dream self does not forget the sleeper self. Everything that appears immediately is always a component of its own phenomenal world. Just as the PPN can intervene in the physical world via sensorimotor control circuits in the waking state, the inner, phenomenal world can be changed from the lucid dream state.

Lucid dreams and phases of sleep

The normal sleep stages of a night on the hypnogram
Hypnogram with a sleep cycle - after a short “lying awake” (W) there was some light sleep (N1), interrupted by waking up again, then some sleep in stages N2 and extensive deep sleep (N3) as well as 13 minutes of REM sleep (R).

Lucid dreams are predominantly observed in the REM phase of sleep . However, there are also reports from the so-called non-REM or NREM phases . Lucid phases in REM sleep are methodologically easier to detect. The empirical proof is carried out with the help of eye movements. The eye muscles remain in contrast to all other muscles of the body (clear) dream arbitrarily controlled. The lucid dreamer has the opportunity to carry out agreed movements with the eyes in front of the dream and thus to signal the lucid state to the experimenter “outwardly”.

Using this experimental paradigm , a research group at the University of Bonn was able to determine a change in the activity of the prefrontal cortex , which is responsible for the critical evaluation of events and which normally rests during sleep, in a series of experiments in a sleep laboratory during the lucid dream episodes .

A study by the Max Planck Institutes for Psychiatry and Cognitive and Neurosciences as well as the Charité in Berlin was able to prove activation of a specific cortical network in people in lucid dreams in 2012. Accordingly, in the clear state, the activity in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex , the frontopolar regions and the precuneus is increased compared to a normal dream . These areas of the brain are generally associated with self-assessment, the evaluation of one's own thoughts and feelings, and self-perception .

Frequency of lucid dreams

In a 2004 study, Schredl and Erlacher evaluated information from 444 psychology students (85% women and 15% men; age: early 20s) from the Mannheim , Heidelberg and Landau area on the frequency with which they experienced lucid dreams. The result is shown in the table.

M. Schredl, D. Erlacher: Lucid dreaming frequency and personality.
Occur proportion of
never 18.0%
less than once a year 7.5%
about once a year 10.9%
about 2 to 4 times a year 26.7%
about once a month 16.2%
2 to 3 times a month 10.3%
about once a week 8.0%
several times a week 2.5%

There are individual reports from different phases of life of dreamers in which a single, mostly pre-lucid dream occurred. Furthermore, people report regular lucid dream experiences and the like. a. since childhood or youth. The necromancers of different ethnicities should be able to consciously bring about lucid dreams in order to carry out " soul journeys into the world of spirits ".

To find an answer to the question of how many people have already had experiences with lucid dreams, various studies have been carried out over the past few years. According to these surveys, between 26% and 82% of the participants had at least one lucid dream in their life. This range can be explained by the different selection of test subjects ( random sample , interested parties, students, among others in psychology) as well as by the respective lucid dream definition (among other things, delimitation from the pre-lucid dream). The individual frequency of lucid dreaming has a large scattering on.

Phenomenological aspects of the lucid dream

False awakening

In the so-called “false awakening” the lucid dreamer experiences that he wakes up from his dream and changes to the waking state, although he actually continues to dream and this process only took place within his dream. Reports of false awakenings seem to be predominantly among lucid dreamers. This phenomenon confuses the dreamer because he mistakenly assumes that he is awake while dreaming on. It is also possible that a false awakening is caused due to lack of concentration on the part of the dreamer, or because he questions what has just dreamed or it scares him so much that he rejects it. It can also happen that false awakening occurs several times in quick succession.

Out of body experiences

An out-of-body experience is a neuroscientifically described state that is repeatedly replicated in the laboratory, in which the person concerned perceives himself as outside his physical body.

Various authors describe the possibility of introducing such an experience from a lucid dream, for example with the Hemi-Sync method ( binaural beats ) developed by Robert A. Monroe . Celia Green and Charles McCreery from the University of Oxford describe corresponding field reports in their book, whereby these out-of-body experiences were brought about with different techniques. Her research suggests that “out-of-body perceptions” - as well as visions, hallucinations, certain drug experiences and ecstatic states - are basically subject to the same physiological processes and mechanisms as lucid dreams. Even Susan Blackmore sees similarities between certain lucid dreams and out of body experiences.

However, within a critical-realistic worldview, the possibility of actually leaving the physical body is disputed. The dreamer can experience phenomenally that he leaves his body, but he dreams this process. Such a process can certainly be assumed within naive-realistic worldviews, whereby the existence of a kind of “soul” is postulated that can exist independently of the physical body. From a critical-realistic point of view, however, the phenomenal event - i.e. the experience of the dreamer - is confused with the physical (transphenomenal) event.

practice

Techniques for initiating lucid dreams

Various techniques are available to initiate a lucid dream; these can be roughly divided into three areas:

Awareness techniques

Techniques that gain clarity ( dream initiated lucid dreaming , DILD for short)

The dreaming becomes aware in the dream spontaneously or depending on the situation that he is dreaming. The Clear -Will takes place only in the course of the dream events. The usual procedure for this form of lucid dream induction is to practice a critical attitude towards one's own state of consciousness. To put it simply: You ask yourself seriously and several times a day: Am I awake or am I dreaming? This question and the corresponding "critical" attitude that is practiced during the waking state also recurs in the dream and can then lead to the triggering of a lucid dream. Such a consciousness in the dream can also take place through the recognition of regularly occurring dream inventory, thus of so-called "dream signs" . The knowledge of the dream state can also arise spontaneously if the dreaming - for example while he is floating weightlessly - the bizarre-surreal character of the dream scenario jumps in the eye.

In a review from 2012, Stumbrys et al. different initiation techniques , four DILD techniques turned out to be very successful:

  • LaBerges MILD technique ( mnemonically induced lucid dreaming) - a technique that uses prospective memory and involves a planned action or the intention to do something at a later point in time: I will realize in a dream that I am dreaming. The WBTB technique (wake-back-to-bed), in which the sleep cycle after ~ 3 REM periods (approx. 4.5 hours) for 30 min. is interrupted, can, combined with the MILD technology , be used successfully to initiate lucid dreams .
  • pure reality checks - critical reflection on the current state of consciousness: am I in dream or waking reality?
  • pure intention to experience a lucid dream at night - cf. Dream incubation
  • Tholey's combination technique - reality checks / reflection combined with the intention of experiencing a lucid dream
Techniques that preserve clarity ( wake initiated lucid dreaming , WILD for short)

The still awake person, who is aware of his waking state and of early dreaming, receives this clarity , while his body falls into natural sleep paralysis and he begins to dream. Stumbrys et al. (2012) found less convincing results for WILD techniques. WILD techniques have also proven difficult to learn for beginners, but they create more cases of sleep paralysis.

meditation

The significant relationship between regular practice of meditation forms and the frequency of lucid dreams has been found in several studies . Certain meditation states share similarities with lucid dreams; For example, a study by Stumbrys et al. (2015) found a connection between the practice of mindfulness meditation in the waking state and the accumulation of lucid dreams. In the western culture , the practice of "mindfulness" has become known, especially through its use in the context of various psychotherapy methods and is therefore not colored religiously, such as dream yoga .

External stimuli: electronic aids

Electronic aids can be used to induce lucid dreams. With their help, external stimuli are generated outside of the dream event, to which the dreamer is exposed and which serve as clues for the existing dream sleep. This is done by detecting the REM phase via sensors, the stimuli that follow can then induce a lucid dream. Such external stimuli are mostly visual (light signals) or auditory (words or sounds). Another method of lucid dream induction uses weak stimulation of the skull with alternating current . Stumbrys et al. (2012) found convincing results for the light stimulus induction method, while the auditory methods gave less convincing results.

Psychotropic aids

The REM phase is under cholinergic control and is associated with vivid dreams. Therefore, cholinergic substances such as galantamine , dimethylaminoethanol (DMAE), donepezil , rivastigmine , huperzine A , nicotine , choline and alpha-GPC can influence and induce lucid dreams. Furthermore, the influence on lucid dreams of bupropion , propranolol , the glutaminergic amino acids L- aspartic acid , L- glutamine and L- theanine , as well as the plants Silene undulata and Calea ternifolia are known. The author Thomas Yushak assumes a significant relief of the lucid dream state when dopaminergic and adrenergic stimulation occurs simultaneously with cholinergic and / or glutaminergic stimulation during the sleep state. A study from 2002 with twelve test persons showed that taking 250 mg of pyridoxine (vitamin B 6 ) daily before going to bed leads to a stronger dream experience after three days. These results were validated by a randomized , double-blind , placebo- controlled follow-up study (2018) with 100 test subjects; the dream memory of the vitamin B 6 group increased by 64% compared to the placebo group.

Stephen LaBerge was granted US patent US20040266659 on the method by which REM sleep can be influenced by psychotropic substances to induce lucid dreams . For induction by cholinergic substances, Stumbrys et al. (2012) less convincing results, as only one study with donepezil was included in the review, but Bazzari's review (2018) goes into detail on the induction of lucid dreams with the help of psychotropic and pharmacological substances.

Application of lucid dreams

Sports

The options for action during a lucid dream open up various options for the dreamer: Paul Tholey systematically used lucid dreams to optimize complex movement sequences . This enabled him to participate in physically demanding sports such as B. to train skateboard , artificial bike and snowboard in a dream and thus prepare anticipatory for the waking state or to perfect what has been learned through dream repetitions. There is more recent research here from the sports scientist Daniel Erlacher .

psychotherapy

The treatment of nightmares is a further field of lucid dreaming. In inexperienced dreamers, these often lead to the first experiences of lucidity . Celia Green and Stephen LaBerge have documented cases in which the dreamer became aware of his dream state through a nightmare and was thereby able to steer the further course of the dream - at least partially - in a positive direction. In the meantime, techniques have been developed that can transform the mentioned personal conflicts, which are perceived as frightening in the dream event, through the lucid dream into positive, personality-integrating resolutions. From this they draw the conclusion that lucid dreams u. a. can also be used in conjunction with the psychotherapeutic treatment of patients who suffer from post-traumatic stress disorders when they are plagued by nightmares after a traumatic experience.

Based on the assumption that all aspects of a dream and thus also those of a lucid dream are components of consciousness , a dreamer can come into contact with conscious and unconscious parts of his psyche in dialogical form. For example, he can ask dream figures about their meaning or the meaning of the dream and thus even achieve active dream interpretations in the dream. The advanced lucid dreaming can already reflect on the event itself while the dream is running and thus reaches a kind of “metaposition” within the dream.

Lucid dreams can contribute to solving repressed or unconscious personal conflicts or problems. Since the contents of lucid dreams are subjective views, solutions found there should be critically checked in everyday life and in wakefulness if they are to be used in the waking state.

history

Western world

Already in antiquity lucid dreams are mentioned by Aristotle , who remarked: "Often, when you sleep, something tells you in your consciousness: What appears to you is only a dream". The first serious work on dreams and dream control in the western world was published in 1867 by the French dream researcher Léon d'Hervey de Saint-Denys . For decades he recorded his nightly dreams and acquired the ability to control his dreams. Sigmund Freud were familiar with the work of Léon d'Hervey de Saint-Denys and thus the possibility of dream steering. In his work The Interpretation of Dreams he only deals with it briefly. The studies of Léon d'Hervey de Saint-Denys could not induce his generation of sleep and dream researchers to investigate this phenomenon more intensively - on the contrary. For the Briton Henry Havelock Ellis, for example, who also corresponded intensively with Freud, lucid dreams were not among the dreams. Only with the pioneering article by the Dutchman Frederik Willems van Eeden in Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research (1913) did lucid dream research gain its first recognition. Like Léon d'Hervey de Saint-Denys before him, he had kept a dream diary for years, learned how to control dreams and was able to draw on the wealth of experiences of his 352 lucid dreams in his article. Van Eeden coined the term lucid dreaming .

After that there were further publications by scientists and philosophers. But it was only with the book Lucid Dreams by Celia Green (1968) and the almost simultaneous republication of Van Eeden's essay by Charles Tart (1969) that the interest of science was awakened again. Celia Green's work on parapsychology, however, prompted “conventional” scientists to become more skeptical, and lucid dreams were pushed into the “esoteric corner”. Green's assessment that lucid dreaming would soon be detectable was also dismissed. In 1972 Carlos Castaneda published his book Reise nach Ixtlan , in which he reports on lucid dreams. Castaneda goes into the topic even more precisely in his books The Art of Stalking and The Art of Dreaming , where he also built in fantasy beings , so-called "dream scouts". These works, along with his others, played an important role in the New Age movement of the 1970s and 1980s.

Despite many other reports, researchers continued to dismiss lucid dreams as impossible or absurd. Ernest Hartmann's view that lucid dreams are not part of dreams, but rather a short wake-up, shared by some dream researchers. Lucid dreams were also interpreted as micro-awakenings . However, no evidence for this assumption could be produced.

Only Stephen LaBerge , inspired by Celia Green's book, and independently of him Keith Hearne, were able to prove the existence of lucid dreams based on voluntary eye movements by dreamers using systematic experiments with the help of the newly developed EEG and EOG . (In his first investigations, the dreamers also clenched their hands in the dream, which could be demonstrated by means of wrist EMG .) The targeted induction of lucid dreams, the maintenance of awareness of the dream state and the possible areas of application were the questions at the beginning of the systematic research . LaBerge suggests using lucid dreaming as a test case for “conventional” dream research, for example when supporting the so-called scanning hypothesis . Theories about the origin of dreams have to take into account lucid dreams, which they still don't do today. In the German-speaking world, Paul Tholey, who died in 1998, dealt with lucid dreams and their possible uses. For him, the concept is the clear dream back, with whom he lucid dream translated from English and clarified. His special field of research was motor learning without physical use of the body, i.e. without physical training. It is examined to what extent the training of the experienced body in the dream enables motor learning progress in the physical body.

Other cultures

Lucid dreaming is practiced in different cultures around the world. The goals that are associated with this differ considerably in some cases.

So the dream yoga part of the Six Yogas of Naropa and thus from the Buddhist Vajrayana originated practice. Within the Tibetan shamanistic Bon there is an independent transfer to Buddhist dream yoga. Dream yoga is an extended form of meditation and strives for mental clarity during otherwise unconscious phases; ultimately it is intended to serve the experience of the true nature of the mind - the Buddha nature . In Bön, which has some similarities to the Buddhist Nyingma school, the teachings go back to the Dzogchen system of Zhang Zhung Nyan Gyud, a teaching system which, according to the Bön's own tradition, is significantly older (origins are said to be well before Christ. lying) than the Buddhist dzogchen. Tongjung Thuchen, who lived in the 8th century and taught in the tradition of Bon, is said to have received his instructions, which led to the "practice of Chöd", in the lucid dream of dream yoga. Chöd means separating, cutting through and detaching everything that has adhered to it. This can happen, for example, in the systematic dismemberment and sacrifice of the dream body, the ego in the lucid dream. In western psychological parlance this can mean a split personality first , but if the dreamer confronts his personal conflicts and problems ( karmic entanglements ) in the dream, the split personality can be overcome when a nightmare is turned into a lucid dream through selflessness or expansion of the personal perspective.

It was disputed whether the Senoi people , an ethnic group in present-day Malaysia , have mastered a form of dream control such as lucid dreaming. The Senoi were discovered and described by the anthropologist Kilton Stewart in 1935. He describes the people in their daily dream work and the creative handling of lucid dreams, which play a central role in their lives. Ann Faraday and her husband John Wren Lewis refuted the Stewart reports in 1983 after a one-year stay with their findings.

The role of lucid dreaming in culture

Visual arts

Without knowing the term lucid dream or lucid dream, the surrealist René Magritte was the first to describe a lucid dream- like state of consciousness in the visual arts . He called it a half-sleep vision when he woke up in the morning, through which he solved essential compositional problems. He distinguished this form of dream from the night dreams that most other Surrealists put at the center of their attention. His work was about evoking the mystery that arises from the coincidental meeting of two foreign objects. According to Lautréamont's sentence “The encounter of a sewing machine and an umbrella on a dissection table”, he tried to approach the mystery in his work. Recognizing such bizarre, surreal situations in the dream is successful in evoking lucid dreams.

We find the following statement in René Magritte's “picture-in-picture themes” (easel picture with the same motif as window cutout): “This is how we see the world, we see it as an outside, although we have the idea of ​​it within us . "

Movie and TV

  • In 1961 one of the earliest and most disturbing examples was broadcast in the form of the episode Shadow Play from the series Twilight Zone , in which a convict tried in vain to convince those around him that his last hours were just a dream that actually ended after every execution - with slight variations - repeated.
  • 1984: Dreamscape - Infernal Dreams
  • In 1984 the A-Nightmare-on-Elm-Street horror film series began , in which teenagers have to defend themselves in their dreams against a supernatural serial killer.
  • Abre los ojos was released in 1997 . After a car accident, the protagonist is trapped in a dream until he becomes aware of it and wakes up again.
  • 1998: In the wake moments of the science fiction series Star Trek: Spaceship Voyager , Commander Chakotay saves the crew's life by putting himself in a controlled dream state.
  • 2000: The Cell is about an investigator who intrudes into the dream of a serial killer. She wants to find out where he is hiding his last (at the time still living) victim. In doing so, she temporarily forgets that she is in a dream and is trapped in it until she becomes aware of this again.
  • In 2001, Vanilla Sky, an American remake of Abre los ojos, was released in cinemas around the world.
  • 2001: Waking Life
  • 2006: paprika
  • In 2010 a remake of A Nightmare on Elm Street was released
  • 2010 Cinema film made Inception by director, screenwriter and producer Christopher Nolan lucid dreams to the base of a science fiction - Heist -Thrillers, which won four Oscars 2011th
  • 2013: Following Anchor 's fantasy series Teen Wolf , Stiles has a lucid dream after a ritual.
  • 2017: Lucid Dream

literature

  • Susan Blackmore : A theory of lucid dreams and OBEs. In: J. Gackenbach, Stephen LaBerge (eds.): Conscious mind, sleeping brain . Springer, New York 1988, ISBN 1-4757-0425-9 , pp. 373-387.
  • Frederik van Eeden : A Study of Dreams . In: Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research. Vol. 26, 1913, pp. 431-461.
  • AE Brown: Dreams in which the dreamer knows he is asleep. In: The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology. 31 (1) 1936, pp. 59-66. doi: 10.1037 / h0062105
  • Jayne Gackenbach, Stephen Laberge: Conscious Mind, Sleeping Brain. Plenum Press, New York 1988, ISBN 0-306-42849-0 .
  • Celia Green, Charles McCreery: Controlling Dreams Consciously. About the paradox of being awake in your sleep . Krüger, Frankfurt am Main 1996, ISBN 3-8105-0858-6 .
  • Brigitte Holzinger : The Lucid Dream: Research and Practice. 3rd, completely revised and exp. Edition. Facultas.wuv, Vienna 2014, ISBN 978-3-7089-1151-9 .
  • Brigitte Holzinger: Instructions for dreaming. Using dreams creatively. Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 2007, ISBN 978-3-608-86008-5 .
  • Ryan Hurd, Kelly Bulkeley: Lucid Dreaming: New Perspectives on Consciousness in Sleep. 2 volumes. 2014, ISBN 978-1-4408-2948-2 ( limited preview in Google Book Search).
  • Stephen LaBerge : Lucid dreaming: An exploratory study of consciousness during sleep. Dissertation. Stanford University, 1980. (University Microfilms International No. 80-24,691).
  • Stephen LaBerge, Howard Rheingold : Dream what you want to dream - the art of lucid dreaming. MVG Verlag, 2014, ISBN 978-3-86415-663-2 ( limited preview in Google book search); English edition: Exploring the world of lucid dreaming . Ballantine Books, New York 1990, ISBN 0-345-42012-8
  • Stephen LaBerge: Lucid Dreaming: Psychophysiological Studies of Consciousness during REM Sleep. In: RR Bootzen, JF Kihlstrom, DL Schacter (Eds.): Sleep and Cognition . American Psychological Association, Washington, DC 1990, pp. 109-126.
  • Simon Rausch: Oneironaut - The lucid dream practical manual . S. Rausch Trostberg / CreateSpace, Charleston, SC 2014, ISBN 978-1-4827-1224-7 .
  • Hervey de Saint-Denys : Dreams and the Ways to Direct Them: Practical Observations. 1867. (English version as PDF from 2016 ; Editors: Drs. Carolus den Blanken & Drs. Eli Meijer. Editor Latin Sentences: Prof. Dr. Jan van Gijn. Integral Edition, incl. Original covers, frontispiece, as well as the ( censored) Appendix. Original title: Les Rěves et les Moyens De Les Diriger: Observations Pratiques. ISBN 978-90-820963-6-1 )
  • Paul Tholey : lucid dreams as the subject of empirical research. In: Gestalt Theory. 2, 1980, pp. 175-191 (pp. 175 f.).
  • Paul Tholey, Kaleb Utecht: Dreaming creatively. The lucid dream as a way of life. How to cope with life in your sleep . 7th, unchanged edition. Westarp Verlag: Edition Klotz, Hohenwarsleben 2017, ISBN 978-3-86617-148-0
  • Paul Tholey: Epistemological and systems theoretical foundations of sensorimotor functions from a gestalt theoretical perspective. In: Sports Science. 10.1, 1980, pp. 7-35, pp. 10 ff.
  • U. Voss, R. Holzmann, I. Tuin, JA Hobson: Lucid dreaming: a state of consciousness with features of both waking and non-lucid dreaming. In: Sleep. Volume 32, Number 9, September 2009, pp. 1191-1200. PMID 19750924 , PMC 2737577 (free full text).
  • Jennifer M. Windt, Ursula Voss: Spontaneous Thought, Insight, and Control in Lucid Dreams. In Kieran CR Fox, Kalina Christoff (Ed.): The Oxford Handbook of Spontaneous Thought: Mind-Wandering, Creativity, and Dreaming. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2018, ISBN 978-0-19-046474-5 , pp. 385-410.
  • B. Baird, SA Mota-Rolim, M. Dresler: The cognitive neuroscience of lucid dreaming. In: Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews. Volume 100, 05 2019, pp. 305–323, doi: 10.1016 / j.neubiorev.2019.03.008 , PMID 30880167 , PMC 6451677 (free full text) (review).

Web links

Wiktionary: lucid dream  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations
Wikibooks: lucid dream  - learning and teaching materials
Wikibooks: “Am I dreaming or am I awake?” A journey through the spectrum of consciousness  - learning and teaching materials

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Paul Tholey: lucid dreams as the subject of empirical studies. In: Gestalt Theory. 2, 1980, pp. 175-191 (pp. 175 f.). See also the popular science publication by Tholey: Paul Tholey, Kaleb Utecht: Schöpferisch trachten. 3. Edition. Klotz, Eschborn 1997, ISBN 3-88074-275-8 , p. 61 f.
  2. ↑ Celia Green: Lucid dreams. Institute of Psychophysical Research, Oxford 1968; Charles T. Tart (Ed.): Altered States of Consciousness. New York 1969.
  3. ↑ Celia Green, Charles McCreery: Controlling Dreams Consciously. About the paradox of being awake in your sleep . Krüger, Frankfurt am Main 1996, ISBN 3-8105-0858-6 .
  4. ↑ a b c Paul Tholey: Do dream figures have their own consciousness? An experimental-phenomenological lucid dream study. (PDF file; 102 kB). In: Gestalt Theory. 7/1985. Krammer, pp. 29-46, ISSN  0170-057X Link
  5. ↑ Stephen LaBerge: Lucid Dreaming: Psychophysiological Studies of Consciousness during REM Sleep. In: RR Bootzen, JF Kihlstrom, DL Schacter (Eds.): Sleep and Cognition. American Psychological Association, Washington, DC 1990, pp. 109-126. link
  6. ↑ a b U. Voss, R. Holzmann, I. Tuin, JA Hobson: Lucid dreaming: a state of consciousness with features of both waking and non-lucid dreaming. In: Sleep. Volume 32, Number 9, September 2009, pp. 1191-1200. PMID 19750924 , PMC 2737577 (free full text).
  7. ^ Paul Tholey: lucid dreams as the subject of empirical studies. In: Gestalt Theory. 2, 1980, pp. 175-191 (pp. 185 f.).
  8. ^ Paul Engelmann, Ludwig Wittgenstein: Wittgenstein - Engelmann: letters, encounters, memories. Innsbruck 2006, ISBN 3-85218-503-3 .
  9. ↑ Wolfgang Köhler : Values ​​and facts. 1968, p. 22.
  10. ↑ Paul Tholey: Epistemological and system-theoretical foundations of sensorimotor functions from a gestalt theoretical point of view , Sportwissenschaft, 10, 1980, p. 10 ff.
  11. ↑ Jayne Gackenbach , Jane Bosveld: Ruler in the realm of dreams. Creative problem solving through lucid dreaming. Aurum, Freiburg im Breisgau 1991, ISBN 3-591-08298-8 , p. 215 f.
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