Belbuck Monastery

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The monastery Belbuck (in older literature often monastery Belbog ) was founded in the late 12th century, from 1208 also castrum Sancti Petri ( "Castle of St. Peter") called and to 1534 existing Canons Regular - pin of the Premonstratensian in Pomerania , near the city Trzebiatów (Treptow an der Rega) in today's Powiat Gryficki (Greifenberg district) in the Polish West Pomeranian Voivodeship .

Geographical location

The today only archaeologically tangible medieval monastery was in Pomerania on a hill in the northwest of Treptow on the right bank of the Rega , the few kilometers further north in the Baltic Sea opens. In modern times the village of Belbuck was located on the site, from which today's Treptow district of Białoboki emerged after the Second World War .

history

Origin of the place name

At the former location of the monastery on the hill near Treptow surrounded by water, a Wendish cult site is said to have been located before Christianization , where the god of light Bialbog was worshiped. The place name Belbog or Belbuck is traced back to it.

Foundations of monasteries from 1170/1180 and 1208

The foundation of the Belbuck monastery took place in connection with the Christianization of Pomerania, which had begun in the course of the 12th century, and the military expansion of Denmark into the southern Baltic region, which aimed at a subjugation of the Pomeranian dukes ; the dukes, in turn, were interested in re-populating and cultivating areas of land near the coast that had been depopulated and desolate by previous wars . The founding of monasteries there in the late 12th century were accordingly significantly influenced by Danish convents.

After the Grobe monasteries on Usedom and Broda near Neubrandenburg , Belbuck was the third premonstratensian foundation in Pomerania. The monastery was founded between 1170 and 1180 (the exact date is uncertain) by the Pomeranian Duke Casimir I and staffed with regular canons from the premonstratensic Trinity monastery in Lund , then Danish . The Duke assigned eleven villages to the monastery, ten of which were desolate and only Gunbin ( Gummin ) was still inhabited, and gave him half of the fishing weir in the Rega and the Niflose lake (Lievelose or the Eiersberger See) with the associated fishing village; in addition, the church in Treptow was to be incorporated into the monastery as soon as the local priest left. The monastery church was completed in 1181 and the altar was lowered.

The new monastery was abandoned by its founding convent as early as 1185, with a calendar that was brought to Belbuck via St. Trinity in Lund, along with other manuscripts, to the Cistercian monastery at Kolbatz .

In 1208 the Belbuck Abbey was revived at the same place by the Pomeranian dukes Bogislaw II and Casimir II , especially at the instigation of their pious mother Anastasia, the widow of Bogislaw I, and received after the remaining early monastery buildings with defensive walls, ramparts and Trenches had been surrounded by the name castrum sancti Petri . Remnants of the architecture could still be seen in the 19th century. This time it was occupied by Premonstratensians from the Mariëngaarde Abbey near Hallum in Friesland . According to the ducal deed of donation of 1208, ten of the eleven previously donated villages were still uncultivated at that time; in addition, a twelfth, also desolate village has now been donated.

Villages left to Belbuck Abbey in the period 1170–80 / 1208
Place name 1170–80 / 1177 Place name 1208 Modern place name State 1170–1180 and 1208 Remarks
Gunbin Rubber Rubber inhabited
Wistrouece Wistroweze Wustrow desolate
Mirolauece Miroslawece ? desolate not determinable
Wischou Wiscou Wischow desolate
Karcene Karzene ? desolate possibly Karnitz (formerly Carnitz )
Darsuue Darsuue Darsow desolate
Crumbs Crumbs not determinable desolate
Drosdowe Drosdoue Drosedow desolate
Kynowe or Chinowe Kynowe Kienow desolate
Harchouue Jarchowe Jarchow desolate
- Latin ? 1208 desolate not determinable
Strigotine Strigotine Along the way desolate

Settlers from Friesland were recruited and built up a community. A total of 16 churches, 32 villages and 2 nunneries were built in the vicinity of the monastery.

This was mainly made possible by the favor of the Pomeranian dukes: In 1214, the monastery received the village of Cossalitz am Gollenberg from Duke Bogislaw II as a donation, which received town charter in 1266 and became known as Köslin ; in addition, the duke exempted the settlers from Friesland from all services and taxes. A considerable increase in the area occurred when the dowager Anastasia donated 26 villages and other uses to the monastery from her personal belongings on July 7, 1224, with the condition that the nunnery founded in Treptow in the same year under the direction of the abbot was adequately equipped. The following villages are named: Prust , Dargislaff , Glansee , Zimdarse , Lewetzow and the desolate villages of Glowazo , Betzin (Betsin) and Pogerelitz . Also included are: Triebs , Topatel (Upatel?), Schwedt , Baldekow , Gervin , Jarchow , Scrilove (wüst), Darsow , Suckow , Molstow , Behlkow , Klätkow , Wefelow , Borntin , Görke , Woedtke , Zapplin , Gumtow , Zedlin and Bilowe (desert) as well as further villages in the country Kolberg , in the country Pyritz and in the country Stargard .

The nunnery, which was previously located south of the Wischow Church, was called Marienbusch , rubus sanctae Mariae (Latin rubus means strawberry bush), and between 1235 and 1240 canon women from the Mariëngaard subsidiary Bethlehem moved into it. Because of the numerous springs on the slope of the Rega, there was a pilgrimage site for a long time, where people with walking difficulties hoped to be cured.

At the request of a nobleman named Dobbeslaus (Dobizlaus), who may be identical to Heinrich von Eichstedt the Younger , Duke Wartislaw III gave a gift . Belbuck Monastery in 1228, the village of Necore and a river near the village of Derivante. In 1236 the same duke sold half of the land of Treptow to the abbot of the monastery for 140 marks. When the Duke stayed in Kammin in 1240, he gave the monastery the Riman Heath, including the villages of Roman ( Rymań ), Reselkow (Rzesznikowo) , Sternin (Starnin) and Lestin ( Leszczyn ). In 1242 the abbot of Wartislaw III. Treptow an der Rega and the villages of Nistreskow and Cricuz for 100 marks. In 1254, the monastery also received 600 German Hufen in Saretiz an der Drawe to create a monastery there. In 1255 the duke also donated the village of Carwou with 100 hooves of land. Since 1263 the monastery has received 15 marks annually from the duke. His property was in 1269 the monastery by Duke Barnim I confirmed. The monastery became one of the richest monasteries in Pomerania through further donations.

At the beginning of the 14th century, the monastery owned the entire stretch of coast on the Baltic Sea between Lake Niflose (Eiersberger See with the Lieblose drainage channel) and the later submerged village of Dwerin . The abbot exercised feudal sovereignty over a large number of knights who were obliged to provide services to him. The monastery had contributed to the fact that Treptow grew into a flourishing city; with the support of the abbot, the Treptow harbor at the mouth of the Rega in the Baltic Sea was moved further west. About half of the town belonged to the monastery, and the dukes did not hesitate to fief this part of the town from the abbot of the monastery.

In the twenties of the 14th century, the so-called 'Rega dispute' broke out between the city of Greifenberg and the Belbuck Abbey, a feud about free shipping on the Rega from the city of Greifenberg to the Baltic coast. For the operation of a water mill, water from the Rega had been channeled into a side canal and a reservoir under Abbot Nathan. On the one hand, the new side channel was impassable for ships; on the other hand, the construction work by Rega at the monastery had sunk so deep that the river bed there had become impassable for larger ships. In the course of the dispute, Pope John XXII. called, who was residing in Avignon at the time . Eventually, citizens of Greifenberg destroyed the dam, and the monastery was forced to replace the water mill with a series of windmills and mills powered by horses.

Around 1374 Duke Bogislaw V of Pomerania was buried in the abbey church at Belbuck .

The lands of the monastery bordered on the fiefdoms of the Manteuffel family , who had an ancestral home in Kölpin and owned a castle . In the 15th century there was a feud between the abbot of the monastery and the manor owner at the time, during which the Premonstratensians and citizens of the cities of Kolberg and Treptow conquered and destroyed the castle in 1432, with Heinrich Manduvel's death. Since the canons had won the victory on the day of Peter and Paul , from then on they celebrated this special day every year and then sang the Te Deum laudamus .

At the time of the Reformation, the monastery was headed by the abbot Johann Boldewan , who founded a theological educational institution that had never existed before for his convent. As a teacher he won a. a. also the enlightened Johannes Bugenhagen , around whom a Reformation group formed in the monastery. After the Reformation the monastery fell into disrepair and in 1523 it was completely abolished by the elderly Duke Bogislaw X , who remained true to the Roman Catholic faith until his death; the duke confiscated the property of the monastery.

Decay of the monastery buildings

During a visitation in 1558, the monastery buildings were in serious decline: all the windows were torn open and the walls and roofs fell into disrepair. On Easter Tuesday 1560, at 5 a.m., a fire caused by a lightning strike caused further destruction, especially at the monastery church or the church of St. Peter and Paul, which is said to have been once large and splendid, only the priory house was still habitable. The church tower remained standing for 56 years; it collapsed in broad daylight on Easter Tuesday 1616. Three years later, only the outer walls of the former church remained. Most recently, in 1633, a large number of the stones that had been destroyed were used for the new construction of the princely palace in Treptow. In 1676 the former monastery complex was described as a desert place. Only fragments of the wall survived occasionally into the 18th century.

There is no reliable historical knowledge about the later whereabouts of Duke Bogislaw V's grave in Belbuck Monastery. It has been assumed that a stone slab on the old altar of the Marienkirche in Treptow, which shows a male and two female figures and bears the inscription 'Bogislaus Vtus, ejus uxor Mechtildis et filia Margaretha', could be the grave slab, but this is from Oelrichs has been questioned for genealogical reasons.

Founding of subsidiaries

In 1224 a women's monastery, the Marienbusch monastery , was founded near the Belbuck monastery , but it was relocated to Treptow as early as 1286. It stood in the southeast of Treptow in what is now the Wyszkowo (Wischow) district .

The abbot of Belbuck was also responsible for the Stolp nunnery founded in 1288 . In 1669 Duke Barnim II moved in the property of this monastery and allocated certain income to the nuns. This enabled this church institution to continue to exist as a women's foundation.

Abbots

The following list of the abbots of the Belbuck Monastery is based on the compilation of Hermann Hoogeweg , unless otherwise stated .

Surname Government years Remarks
Dodo 1216-1219
Otto 1224-1243
Sigebodo 1243 only choice occupied
Hesselus 1251 Prior of Prague;
does not accept the election
Bavo 1251-1259 after 1259 Abbot von Grobe
Simon 1263
Wiardus 1265-1268 before and after Abbot von Grobe
Mauritius 1270
Thomas 1273
Albert 1279
Thidbold 1283-1290
Siegfried 1293
Nathan 1305-1310
Gerhard 1318-1319
Diethard 1320-1322
Arnold 1328-1341
Wilhelm 1350
Bernhard 1354-1373
Nicholas 1377-1380
Andreas 1383-1389
Bernhard Buckow
or Butzow		 1393-1409
Nicholas 1419-1421
or 1428
Nikolaus Volske 1428 or
1434-1435
Gregor 1436-1461
Nikolaus von Winterfeld 1467-1477 see. von Winterfeld's family history 1858
Konrad von Winterfeld 1480-1491
Stanislaus 1492-1503
Joachim 1504-1507
Heinrich Beggerow 1508-1516
Johann Boldewan 1517-1522 previously Abbot von Grobe for a short time;
after 1522 temporarily imprisoned

Other personalities

Belbuck Monastery Coat of Arms.

coat of arms

The crest of the convent Belbuck shows a diagonally from right bottom to left top arranged gate key, crossed with an underlying, diagonal from left to right overhead sword with handles down, the key bit obliquely rightwardly facing down above. The key and sword symbolize the roles of the two patrons of the monastery, the apostle Peter as gatekeeper at the gate of heaven and the apostle Paul as defender of the faith. The key symbol was later retained in the coat of arms of the city of Treptow aR.

literature

  • Anonymous ("...... r"): Belbog Abbey near Treptow an der Rega , in: Baltic Studies , Volume 2. First Issue, Stettin 1833, pp. 3-78 ( online ).
  • Heinrich Berghaus : Land book of the Duchy of Pomerania and the Principality of Rügen . Part II, Volume 6: Kreise Kamin and Greifenberg , Anklam 1870, pp. 1010-1047 ( online ).
  • Ernst Bahr, Roderich Schmidt : Belbuck . In: Helge bei der Wieden , Roderich Schmidt (Hrsg.): Handbook of the historical sites of Germany . Volume 12: Mecklenburg / Pomerania (= Kröner's pocket edition . Volume 315). Kröner, Stuttgart 1996, ISBN 3-520-31501-7 , pp. 162-164.
  • Marian Rębkowski: Kolbacz (Kolbatz) and Bialoboki (Belbuck). Archeology of two 12th century monasteries in Pomerania. In: Felix Biermann , Oliver Auge, Christopher Herrmann (eds.): Faith, power and splendor. Spiritual communities of the Baltic Sea region in the age of brick Gothic. (= Archeology and History in the Baltic Sea Region. Volume 6). Leidorf, Rahden / Westf. 2009, ISBN 978-3-89646-466-8 , pp. 125-140.
  • Marian Rębkowski and Felix Biermann (eds.): Klasztor premonstratensów w Białobokach. archeologia i historia = The Premonstratensian Abbey in Belbuck. Archeology and history. Szczecin 2015, ISBN 978-83-63760-47-2 .

Remarks

  1. ↑ Cf. Roderich Schmidt : The historical Pomerania. People - places - events. [first 2007]. 2nd edition, Böhlau-Verlag, Cologne / Weimar / Vienna 2009, ISBN 978-3-412-20436-5 , pp. 101-114
  2. ↑ Cf. Jürgen Petersohn : The southern Baltic region in the ecclesiastical-political interplay of forces of the empire, Poland and Denmark from the 10th to the 13th century. Mission, church organization, cult politics. Böhlau-Verlag, Cologne a. a. 1979 (East Central Europe in Past and Present, Volume 17), pp. 438–452.
  3. ↑ See Stella Maria Szacherska: The political role of Danish monasteries in Pomerania 1171–1223. In: Medieval Scandinavia, Volume 10, 1977, pp. 122-155; most recently Jens E. Olesen: The influence of Danish monasteries on the Baltic Sea area. In: Felix Biermann , Oliver Auge, Christopher Herrmann (eds.): Faith, power and splendor. Spiritual communities of the Baltic Sea region in the age of brick Gothic (Archeology and History in the Baltic Sea Region, Volume 6). Leidorf-Verlag, Rahden / Westf. 2009, ISBN 978-3-89646-466-8 , pp. 49-58.
  4. ^ Hermann Hoogeweg : The founders and monasteries of the province of Pomerania. Volume 1, Verlag Leon Sauniers Buchhandlung, Stettin 1924, p. 15 f.
  5. ↑ Cf. Alfons Zák: The Premonstrate Monastery of S. Trinitatis in Lund Sueviae . In: Analecta Praemonstratensia 6, 1930, p. 373 f.
  6. ↑ Cf. Jürgen Petersohn: The southern Baltic region in the ecclesiastical-political interplay of forces of the empire, Poland and Denmark from the 10th to the 13th century. Mission, church organization, cult politics. Böhlau-Verlag, Cologne / Weimar / Vienna 1979 (East Central Europe in Past and Present, Volume 17), pp. 445–447; Ambrosius Schneider : Colonization and Mission in the East. In: Ders., Adam Wienand, Wolfgang Bickel, Ernst Coester (ed.): The Cistercienser. History, spirit, art. [first 1974.] 3rd expanded edition, Wienand-Verlag, Cologne 1986, pp. 77–105, here p. 81; Werner Buchholz (Ed.): Pomerania . 2nd edition, Siedler-Verlag, Berlin 2002 (German History in Eastern Europe, Volume 9), p. 42
  7. ^ Klaus Conrad (arrangement): Pommersches Urkundenbuch . Volume 1, 2nd edition (= publications of the Historical Commission for Pomerania. Series 2, Vol. 1). Böhlau Verlag, Cologne / Vienna 1970, No. 84; see. Martin Wehrmann : History of the country and town of Greifenberg . Greifenberg 1927 (reprint: Hamburg 1988, ISBN 3-926033-01-0 ), p. 18. - Outdated print of the document by Fridrich von Dreger : Codex Diplomaticus. Or watch customers, So the Pommersch, Rügianisch and Caminische also approach other neighboring countries. From nothing but originals or archival copies in chronological order. Volume 1: up to Anno 1269 including Stettin 1748, pp. 10-11.
  8. ↑ See Bengt Büttner: The parishes of the island of Rügen. Böhlau-Verlag, Cologne / Weimar / Vienna 2007 (publications of the Historical Commission for Pomerania, Series V, Volume 42), ISBN 978-3-412-00706-5 , p. 43 f.
  9. ↑ Cf. Jürgen Petersohn: The calendar in the handwriting of the Kolbatzer Annalen . In: Ders .: Research and sources on the Pomeranian cult history, primarily of the 12th century. Böhlau-Verlag, Cologne / Vienna 1972 (publications of the Historical Commission for Pomerania, Series V, Issue 18), pp. 52–61.
  10. ↑ Marian Rebkowski: Kołbacz (Kolbatz) and Bialoboki (Belbuck). Archeology of two 12th century monasteries in Pomerania. In: Felix Biermann, Oliver Auge, Christopher Herrmann (eds.): Faith, power and splendor. Spiritual communities of the Baltic Sea region in the age of brick Gothic (Archeology and History in the Baltic Sea Region, Volume 6). Leidorf-Verlag, Rahden / Westf. 2009, ISBN 978-3-89646-466-8 , pp. 125-140.
  11. ^ Klaus Conrad (arrangement): Pommersches Urkundenbuch. Volume 1. 2nd edition (= publications of the Historical Commission for Pomerania. Series 2, Vol. 1). Böhlau Verlag, Cologne / Vienna 1970, No. 146. - Outdated printing of the document by Fridrich von Dreger : Codex Diplomaticus. Or watch customers, So the Pommersch, Rügianisch and Caminische also approach other neighboring countries. From nothing but originals or archival copies in chronological order. Volume 1: up to Anno 1269 incl. Stettin 1748, pp. 75–76.
  12. ↑ a b c d Klaus Conrad (arrangement): Pommersches Urkundenbuch. Volume 1. 2nd edition (=  publications of the Historical Commission for Pomerania. Series 2, Vol. 1). Böhlau Verlag, Cologne / Vienna 1970, No. 84.
  13. ^ A b c Klaus Conrad (arrangement): Pommersches Urkundenbuch. Volume 1. 2nd edition (=  publications of the Historical Commission for Pomerania. Series 2, Vol. 1). Böhlau Verlag, Cologne / Vienna 1970, No. 146.
  14. ↑ Ludwig Wilhelm Brüggemann : Detailed description of the current state of the Königl. Prussian Duchy of Vorpommern and Hinterpommern . Part II, Volume 2, Stettin 1784, p. 407, No. 4.
  15. ^ Martin Wehrmann: History of the country and city of Greifenberg . Greifenberg 1927 (reprint: Hamburg 1988, ISBN 3-926033-01-0 ), pp. 17-18.
  16. ↑ In the opinion of Albert Ulrich: Chronicle of the district of Greifenberg in Hinterpommern . 1990, pp. 284–287, it is about "Broitz".
  17. ^ Martin Wehrmann: History of the country and city of Greifenberg . Greifenberg 1927 (reprint: Hamburg 1988, ISBN 3-926033-01-0 ), pp. 17-18.
  18. ↑ a b Schulz-Vanselow (1979), pp. 8-10.
  19. ↑ Carl August Ludwig von Eichstedt: Family book of the dynastic sex of Eichstedt in Thuringia, Pomerania, the Marches and Silesia . Ratibor 1860, pp. 67-68.
  20. ^ Friedrich von Dreger : Codex Diplomaticus. Or watch customers, So the Pommersch, Rügianisch and Caminische also approach other neighboring countries . Szczecin 1748, Tom. I, p. 549.
  21. ↑ Nhamen der Dorffer sampt all the tenants of the Belbuck Monastery . In: Baltic Studies , Volume 6 AF, Book 1, Tettin 1839, p. 162.
  22. ↑ Heintze: The port of Regamünde . In: Baltic Studies . 18th year, Stettin 1860, pp. 81–114, especially p. 83 .
  23. ↑ a b c H. Riemann: History of the city of Greifenberg in Pomerania. A memorial for the city's six hundred year jubilee . Greifenberg i. P. 1862, pp. 26-31 .
  24. ^ Johann Ernst Fabri : Geography for all estates . Part I, Volume 4, Leipzig 1793, p. 495.
  25. ↑ a b Anonymous ("...... r"): Belbog Abbey near Treptow on the Rega , in: Baltic Studies , Volume 2, First Issue, Stettin 1833, pp. 3–78, especially p. 65 ( online ).
  26. ^ A b Christian Friedrich Wutstrack : Brief historical-geographical-statistical description of the royal Prussian duchy of Vor and Hinter Pomerania . Stettin 1793, p. 563 ( online )
  27. ^ Heinrich Berghaus : Land book of the Duchy of Pomerania and the Principality of Rügen . Part III, Volume 1, Anklam 1967, p. 361
  28. ↑ Otto Fock : Pomeranian stories from seven centuries . Volume 5: Revolution and Reformation , Leipzig 1863, pp. 126-131.
  29. ^ A b c Heinrich Berghaus : Land book of the Duchy of Pomerania and the Principality of Rügen . Part II, Volume 6: Kreise Kamin and Greifenberg , Anklam 1870, pp. 1024-1026 ( online ).
  30. ↑ Hugo Lemcke : The architectural and art monuments of the administrative district of Stettin . Volume IV. The district of Greifenberg, Stettin, 1914.
  31. ^ Leopold von Zedlitz-Neukirch : New Prussian Adelslexikon . First volume: A – D , Leipzig 1836, p. 56.
  32. ↑ Christian Wilhelm Haken : Three contributions to explain the history of the city of Stolp , newly published by FG ​​Feige, Stolp 1866, pp. 7-17 .
  33. ↑ See Hermann Hoogeweg: The founders and monasteries of the province of Pomerania. Volume 1. Leon Saunier's bookshop, Stettin 1924, pp. 90 f. (with further evidence).
  34. ↑ See also Hermann Hoogeweg: The Founders and Monasteries of the Province of Pomerania. Volume 1. Leon Saunier's bookshop, Stettin 1924, p. 69 f. (with further evidence).
  35. ↑ Norbert Backmund: Monasticon Praemonstratense, id est historia circariorum atque canoniarum candidi et canonici ordinis Praemonstratensis. Volume 3. Attenkofersche Buchdruckerei, Straubing 1955–1960, p. 479 Figure No. 28.

Coordinates: 54 ° 4 ′ 4 ″  N , 15 ° 15 ′ 12 ″  E