Korea conflict

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US Marines in the Korean War (photo from December 26, 1950)
Location of Korea

This article sheds light on the ongoing conflict between North and South Korea and their allies. In particular, it is about the predominance of the Korean Peninsula , the management of past points of conflict as well as the dispute over the North Korean nuclear weapons program and, last but not least, the interests of allied third countries (in particular the USA and the PR China , formerly also the Soviet Union ). B. in the Korean War - a proxy war - expressed.

Course of the conflict

The origins and causes of the Korean conflict are described below.

The partition of Korea

Map of the divided Korea

As announced in the Cairo Declaration of 1943, after Japan's surrender in 1945 in World War II, all occupations of the Japanese Empire were reversed. In addition, the national territory of Japan was limited to its present size. The areas spun off from the Japanese Empire were transferred to the previous owners. Japan's former colony of Korea is a special case in the Cairo Declaration . Since this was a separate state before its colonial era, it should be made a separate state again.

As decided in the Yalta Conference , Korea was occupied north of the 38th parallel by the Soviet Union and south of it by the United States of America , since under their trusteeship the proclaimed free and independent Korea was to arise.

The USSR began after their invasion of the North Korea to adjust any zone after communist ideas, even if at first not to the extent as in the Eastern European countries. In the course of a land reform, the large Japanese landowners were expropriated, and important industries were nationalized. The Soviet Union had a strategic interest in building a well-disposed Korean buffer state, as Korea was seen as a possible base of operations for an attack. This project seemed all the more important since Japan quickly developed into an ally of the US after its surrender and the US expanded its own base of operations. The most influential representative of the Soviet Union in Korea until the founding of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea was Colonel General Terenti F. Shtykow .

After the negotiations between the two superpowers over a united Korea were not successful until 1947, the United States brought the Korean question before the United Nations . This was seen by the Soviet side as a violation of the agreement that the Korean question should be resolved by a US-American-Soviet commission. The USSR henceforth did not take part in United Nations conferences on this subject.

On November 14, 1947, the United States passed a UN resolution that provided for free elections , the withdrawal of all foreign troops, and the creation of a UN Commission (UNTCOK: UN Temporary Commission on Korea) for Korea. The USA and the USSR withdrew their troops stationed in Korea by the end of 1948 according to the treaty. The first American soldiers did not return to South Korea until 10 days after the invasion of North Korean troops.

Elections were held in the south on May 10, 1948, and Rhee Syng-man won. However, the elections were boycotted by the left parties. On August 13, 1948, Rhee Syng-man officially took over the business of government from the US military government. The Soviet-controlled north responded with the establishment of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea on September 9, 1948, of which Kim Il-sung became the first president . Both governments saw themselves as legitimate government over all of Korea and also declared that they wanted to enforce this claim militarily.

Korean War

Course of the war (North Korea red and South Korea green)

On June 25, 1950, the North Korean People's Army crossed the border at the 38th parallel and thus initiated the Korean War. The aim of the attack was the forcible integration of South Korea into the socialist People's Democratic Republic. The American President Harry S. Truman had already sent some troops to South Korea again, but they were by no means sufficient to compensate for the material superiority of the North Koreans over the South Korean army . The capital Seoul fell after just three days, and around a month later the North Koreans were already controlling the entire Korean peninsula except for a narrow strip in the south around Busan . Only here did the South Koreans succeed in stabilizing the situation, but the situation remained dangerous. At the beginning of the war, North Korea had expected that the population of the South would take its side after the attack and so the South Korean state would collapse by itself. Although the troops from the north were greeted with joy at first, this sympathy quickly faded when the North Koreans carried out a land reform in the occupied territories and the occupying forces began to terrorize and kill those who refused to submit to the dictatorial regime.

In resolution 85, the UN Security Council decided in the absence of the Soviet Union, which was entitled to veto , to intervene on the side of South Korea. With the landing near Incheon in mid-September 1950, the UN troops, 90% of which consisted of US troops, succeeded in ending the success of the North Koreans. On September 30, South Korean troops crossed the 38th parallel to reunite Korea under its own flag. In November, the first sections of the Yalu river border with China were reached. This feared that the troops could cross the border, as General Douglas MacArthur , who was responsible for the UN operation, had called for, and then intervened with a "volunteer army" in the Korean War. The UN troops were pushed back beyond the 38th parallel, where the situation hardened.

From 1951 onwards, with the mediation of the Soviet Union, armistice negotiations began. The armistice was decided on July 27, 1953 and signed by the UN, North Korea and China. The President of South Korea Syngman Rhee refused the contract to sign. The establishment of a four-kilometer-deep demilitarized zone approximately at the 38th parallel and negotiation rooms in Panmunjeom was planned . The demilitarized zone still represents the border between the two Korean states today.

  • Air bombs destroy storage and port facilities in Wonsan , North Korea (1951)

  • A Korean girl carries her brother past a broken down tank (June 1951)

  • A Sherman tank fires at an enemy bunker (May 1952)

Recent history to this day

From 1960: Cold War

  • October 1966 to 1969 - the conflict over the demilitarized zone (“Second Korean War”) leads to a series of military skirmishes between North Korea, which intervenes in the DMZ, and South Korea and the USA
  • Jan. 21, 1968 - North Korean agents try to assassinate the South Korean President Park Chung-hee in the " Blue House ", but fail.
  • Dec. 11, 1969 - A Korean Airlines YS-11 is hijacked.
  • August 1971 - The first Red Cross talks between North and South Korea take place.
  • July 4, 1972 - The "North-South Joint Statement", in which the three requirements for a reunification were set out, is published: First, the reunification must take place independently of allied or foreign powers. Second, reunification must take place in a peaceful manner and without the use of gun violence. Third, reunification must overcome the differences of ideologies and governments, and also provide for the spiritual unification of the Korean people.
  • August 18, 1976 - In Panmunjeom the "Ax Murder" is (Korean: 판문점 도끼 살인 사건,板門店도끼殺人事件, 도끼蠻行事件 ) held in which two US Army soldiers of North Korean soldiers in the Joint Security Area to be killed. The US soldiers were part of a working group that was supposed to cut trees in the DMZ. Then Operation Paul Bunyan was launched.

From 1980: Approach attempts and arguments

  • May 18-27 , 1980 - Gwangju Uprising ; Students and citizens are fighting against the military dictatorship, the South Korean army shoots 154 to 2,300 unarmed demonstrators, depending on the source, and thousands are injured.
  • Oct. 9, 1983 - North Korean agents bomb South Korean President Chun Doo-hwan in Rangoon
  • 1984 - The North Korean Red Cross supports the south in a flood disaster.
  • 1987 - North Korean agents bomb Korean Airlines Flight 858 ; 115 people die.
  • 1988 - The 1988 Summer Olympics take place in Seoul .
  • September 4-7, 1990 - The first peace negotiations take place in Seoul.
  • March 25, 1991 - A joint Korean team takes part in the 41st World Table Tennis Championships in Japan under the reunification flag .
  • May 6, 1991 - A joint Korean team takes part in the 8th Junior Soccer World Cup in Portugal.
  • December 13, 1991 - The reconciliation agreement between North and South Korea is signed; it agrees on a stop of aggression, trade and cooperation.
  • July 8, 1994 - Kim Il-sung dies.
  • 1994 First nuclear crisis , which was marked by mobilizations in North and South Korea and the ordering of the highest alert of the American units on site.
  • October 8, 1994 - Kim Jong-il is elected First Secretary of the Labor Party of Korea .
  • June 15, 1999 - The first sea battle for Yeonpyeong takes place after North Korea no longer wants to accept the Northern Limit Line .

From 2000: sunshine policy

First inter-Korean summit

A first inter-Korean summit was planned for 1994. However, it did not take place because of Kim Il-sung's death. In fact, the first meeting was held in Pyongyang on June 13-15, 2000 between Kim Dae-jung and Kim Jong-il . The latter was able to gain sympathy in South Korean society through his appearance. Kim Dae-jung was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for the meeting that year . However, this was also criticized because at the summit, probably US $ 400 million had been unofficially paid to North Korea via the South Korean company Hyundai .

Among other things, the establishment of a special economic zone, the Kaesŏng industrial region, was agreed at the summit .

On August 15, 2000, families from North and South Korea were allowed to visit each other for the first time.

From 2002: six-party talks

2007: second inter-Korean summit

The joint declaration, signed on June 15, 2000, stated that the leaders of both countries would hold a second summit in due course. This was originally intended for the year 2000, when a second summit meeting was to take place in South Korea, but was not implemented until 2007. It was not until October 2, 2007 that the leaders of both countries met in the demilitarized zone to hold another peace summit. President Roh Moo-hyun represented South Korea, Kim Jong-il North Korea.

Both sides reaffirmed their willingness to adhere to the objectives of the joint declaration of 2000 and held discussions on various issues related to the further development of North-South relations, the realization of peace on the Korean Peninsula, the common prosperity of the people and unification Korea. On October 4, 2007, South Korean President Roh Moo-hyun and North Korean President Kim Jong-il signed a declaration of peace. The document called for international negotiations to replace the ceasefire agreement that ended the Korean War with a permanent peace treaty .

2010: renewed tension

  • January 13, 2010: Washington rejects North Korea's call for a bilateral peace treaty as a precondition for new disarmament talks. A lifting of the UN sanctions , which North Korea had also mentioned as a prerequisite for returning to the six-party talks, was also denied. Only when Pyongyang returns to the negotiating table and provides evidence that it has given up the nuclear weapons program , the signing of a peace agreement can be discussed, according to the White House .
  • January 25, 2010: The North Korean People's Army criticized South Korea's plans for a first military strike in the event of an impending nuclear attack by North Korea as an “open declaration of war”. South Korean Defense Minister General Kim Tae-young reiterated that South Korea must be ready for a first strike in the event of an impending nuclear attack by North Korea.
  • On March 26, 2010, the South Korean warship Cheonan (PCC-772) was sunk by the North Korean Navy near Baengnyeongdo Island . 46 sailors die. Later, a majority of the investigative commission found that the cause was allegedly a North Korean torpedo , which the North denied. As a result of the attack, South Korea cuts off all trade connections with the north. North Korea denied the attack and thereupon canceled the peace agreement with South Korea.
  • On November 23, 2010, the North Korean artillery attacked the South Korean island of Yeonpyeong . Two South Korean soldiers and two civilians were killed and several dozen wounded. South Korea then returned fire.

From 2011: Kim Jong-uns' reign

When Kim Jong-un was elected First Secretary and thus officially party leader at the IVth Conference of the Labor Party of Korea on April 11, 2012 , it did not initially appear as if there was any sign of a change of course in North Korean politics. In October 2012 , the North Korean news agency (KCNA) threatened an attack without warning if leaflets critical of the regime were repeatedly smuggled into the country by balloon.

In his New Year's speech at the beginning of 2013, Kim Jong-un spoke of an imminent “radical” change for the country, a possible end to the “confrontation” with South Korea and an increase in the standard of living of the population. a. should go hand in hand with an economic upswing in agriculture and light industry . In a plenary session of the Central Committee on March 31, 2013, Kim announced that North Korea would “simultaneously pursue a new strategy of economic developments, such as the establishment of a nuclear force”. This de facto ends his father's doctrine of putting the military first.

North Korea crisis 2013

After Kim announced the preparations for a new nuclear test on January 26, 2013 , the UN Security Council reacted by tightening sanctions against North Korea. This prompted the government of North Korea to issue renewed provocations against South Korea, the USA and the West in general and also to threaten with military means. This was followed by the termination of the 1953 armistice , the proclamation of martial law , the threat of a “preventive nuclear strike” against South Korea and the United States, and the closure of the Kaesŏng Special Economic Zone .

The international community, including the People's Republic of China (actually an ally of North Korea), sharply condemned these renewed threatening gestures and urged North Korea to exercise moderation. The United States believed the threats were mostly war rhetoric, but took the threat seriously and wanted to build additional missile defense stations on its Pacific islands , such as Guam , to forestall a possible attack.

2015: Mine casualties, loudspeaker propaganda and artillery fire

Two South Korean soldiers were mutilated by landmines in the demilitarized zone on August 4 during the US and South Korean military exercise Ulchi Freedom Guardian (UFG) . This escalated events dramatically. An investigation by the United Nations Command (UNC) found that North Korea had laid landmines along a well-known South Korean patrol route, which Pyongyang, North Korea, denied. Seoul (South Korea, South) responded with loudspeaker propaganda in the DMZ that it had discontinued years earlier. In response, the north also reactivated its propaganda broadcasts.

On August 20, the countries exchanged artillery fire across the border. The north announced that it would put its troops on alert. The north threatened to take military action if the south did not stop broadcasting before the 48-hour deadline. The US and South Korea took the unusual step of temporarily halting the UFG military exercise after the artillery exchange.

After three days of negotiations, Seoul and Pyongyang announced an agreement that included expressions of regret, but with no direct apology from the north for the landmine incident. Seoul agreed to stop its propaganda broadcasts and the nations agreed to continue the dialogue in the future.

Talks 2018

From January 9, 2018, South Korea and North Korea will resume bilateral talks for the first time in two years. On April 27, 2018, Kim Jong-un and South Korean President Moon Jae-in met in Panmunjeom in the demilitarized zone between North and South Korea . At the beginning they met on the demarcation line . First Kim crossed the border, then both went briefly to North Korea's side. The main part of the meeting took place in the Peace House on the South Korean side of Panmunjeom.

Relationships since 2020

At the end of May 2020, Korean activists and North Korean exiles repeatedly sent dissident flyers to North Korea. These leaflet campaigns, which had already been carried out in 2012, prompted North Korea to cut the first communication links to South Korea in early June 2020. On June 10, 2020, South Korea announced measures against two organizations that are responsible for regularly dropping leaflets about North Korea. Kim Yo-jong , sister of North Korean leader Kim Jong-un , instructed the North Korean military on May 13 to take another "series of retaliatory measures". At the beginning of May 2020, among other things, she threatened the end of a military agreement with South Korea, which had been concluded in 2018. On June 16, 2020, North Korea blew up a liaison office shared with South Korea in Kaesŏng , which was set up in September 2018 but was closed in the wake of the coronavirus pandemic . In addition, North Korea announced on the same day that it had cut all communications with South Korea. On June 17, the Korean People's Army announced that it had placed its own soldiers on high alert and that it was resuming military exercises on the border with South Korea . According to the North Korean army command, military units are being sent to the border town of Kaesong and the Kumgang Mountains (or the Kŭmgang-san tourist region ); on the other hand, North Korean guards are set up in the demilitarized zone . In addition, according to the army command, the North Korean military is being strengthened on the western sea border.

On June 24, the KCNA announced that Kim Jong-un had revoked all military maneuvers, dismantled propaganda speakers and removed anti-South Korean texts from government websites.

Points of conflict

Dorasan: Access to the tracks to Pyongyang is blocked
A guarded fence a few kilometers from the demilitarized zone

The following points represent the basic causes of the conflict between the two Korean states:

North Korean nuclear weapons program

Estimated range of North Korean missiles

A nuclear program had existed in North Korea since the 1950s, and at the time it was intensively supported by the USSR with the aim of economically modernizing socialist states in the Far East. It was not until 1985 that the Soviet Union tied the delivery of a nuclear reactor to the North Korean signature under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), which should put North Korea's military armaments under international observation. The North Korean nuclear program, which was expanded with Soviet support, was based on so-called gas-graphite reactor technology , which is described as an extremely rich plutonium producer - and thus ideal for building nuclear weapons . Although the North Korean atomic inspirations were viewed with suspicion by the world public until the mid-1980s, no one trusted the Northeast Asian country to soon come into possession of the know-how, technology and raw materials in order to actually be able to build nuclear weapons and make them usable.

In 1986, however, North Korea refused to allow inspectors from the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) access to the Nyŏngby Kernn nuclear facility and threatened to withdraw from the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. After tough negotiations, an escalation of the crisis was temporarily averted by the signing of the Geneva Framework Agreement between the USA and North Korea on October 21, 1994. North Korea undertook to abandon its nuclear weapons program, to remain in the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and to continue the controls by the IAEA. In return, the graphite-moderated reactors in North Korea were to be converted, with American help, into light water reactors , which are not suitable for the production of plutonium suitable for nuclear weapons, and North Korea was to receive oil deliveries annually until they were completed to cope with its energy problems.

On April 18, 1996, the first "four-party talks" between North Korea, South Korea, the USA and China were held. On August 5, 1997, these talks resulted in the recognition of the armistice agreement of 1953. Further negotiations failed. On August 31, 1998, a North Korean medium-range missile of the type " Taepodong-1 " flew over Japan (see also Kwangmyŏngsŏng ).

In October 2002, based on intelligence reports, the US accused North Korea of ​​continuing to work on a nuclear weapons program and thereby violating the Geneva Framework . The North Korean government did not comment directly on the allegations, but indicated that it was in principle entitled to pursue such a program due to the "American aggression". As a consequence, the USA stopped delivering oil to North Korea in December. As a result, North Korea announced on January 10, 2003 its withdrawal from the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.

Finally, on February 10, 2005, North Korea publicly announced that it had operational nuclear weapons and at the same time announced nuclear weapon tests . At the same time, it announced its withdrawal from the six-party talks on the settlement of the nuclear dispute and threatened to expand its arsenal (see also Sŏn'gun : “Military first” doctrine). The state news agency of North Korea, KCNA , accused the US of a "policy of isolation and suffocation" and justified the possession of nuclear weapons as a means of self-defense against the US. According to its own statements, North Korea produced a nuclear weapon explosion for the first time on October 9, 2006 , for which it was sharply criticized internationally by most countries.

The country claims today that it has several operational nuclear weapons and appropriate delivery systems. North Korean scientists are currently working on the development of an ICBM of the type " Taepodong-2 ", which should be able to reach the west coast of the United States equipped with a nuclear warhead .

Other points of conflict

Territorial Issues
This includes B. the dispute over the Northern Limit Line . See also: Demilitarized Zone (Korea)
Political support
For example through the Korean Friendship Association or the anti-imperialist National Democratic Front party, which is banned in South Korea
Human rights
See human rights situation in North Korea and human rights situation in South Korea
terrorism
For example the attack on Korean Airlines Flight 858

Role of third countries and the UN

United States

Korean and American soldiers at the DMZ

The guiding principle of South Korean foreign policy is the strategic partnership with the United States of America because of the common perception of North Korea as a threat. The USA sees South Korea as one of its most important allies - although this also leads to an indirect conflict with the People's Republic of China - and gives it large amounts of so-called “military development aid”. The USA has also stationed large contingents of troops in South Korea (see also United States Forces Korea and the listing of American bases in South Korea ).

North Korea has been in conflict with the US since its inception; initially because of its close ties to the USSR and the PRC during the Cold War , today mainly because of its nuclear weapons program. The US wants to get North Korea to abandon its nuclear weapons program and reach an agreement in Korea in the long term.

People's Republic of China

North Korea has a close relationship with the People's Republic of China - especially after the collapse of the USSR , it depends on the country's economic support. North Korea is an important economic partner for China and is also important as a “ buffer state ” to South Korea and thus to the USA. A friendship treaty between North Korea and the PRC has been in force since 1961, but the mutual obligations have since been reduced.

See also the dispute over the Socotra rock

Soviet Union or Russia

North Korea signed a friendship treaty with the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China in 1961 , which included mutual military and economic aid. Russia terminated the treaty on August 7, 1996, shortly before it expired in September of the same year, and replaced it with a treaty signed in 2006 that no longer contained a military assistance clause.

In September 2012, the Russian Ministry of Finance announced that it would cancel 90 percent of North Korea's debt from the time of the Soviet Union, which totaled 11 billion US dollars, and that the remainder was investing in education, health and energy projects as part of a debt restructuring will.

United Nations

The United Nations has already frequently condemned the provocations on the North Korean side and in particular called for the North Korean nuclear weapons program to be stopped . In addition, they have tried several times in the past for reconciliation between the states and for a peaceful solution to the conflict. However, you were also involved in the Korean War by deploying UN peacekeepers there.

UN Security Council resolutions regarding Korea (selection):

Attempted solutions

Signs of rapprochement

The Korean Union flag is used when North and South Korea perform together (e.g. at the 2004 Summer Olympics)

There have always been signs of rapprochement between the warring Korean states; This includes several joint declarations on peace - the best known is the Seoul Declaration on Peace on the Korean Peninsula , adopted at the Asia-Europe Meeting ( ASEM 3 ) on October 21, 2000 as part of the Sunshine Policy . However, the two countries are still formally at war and their mutual relations are - sometimes more, sometimes less - very tense. Therefore, despite negotiations and joint economic projects, there is currently no prospect of a peaceful settlement of the conflict.

Economic Cooperation

North Korea's gross national product 1950-2008 (US $ per capita)

Due to the very poor economic situation in the north, it is heavily dependent on international economic aid. However, these have been gradually reduced in the course of several resolutions against the country, so that it is currently very economically isolated. North Korea is an important economic partner, especially for China. B. cheap labor are needed. A number of projects have also been started with South Korea which are intended to promote cooperation in the economic field and thus possibly bring the countries closer together. One example of this is the jointly managed Kaesŏng Special Economic Zone , which, however, has often been an expression of confrontation in the past when the states demonstratively closed it in times of crisis. For North Korea, however, these special economic zones are now one of the most important sources of foreign currency .

See also:

Possibility of reunification

Memorial to the reunification of North Korea

The fact that the North and South Koreans care about the reunification of their country is shown by the fact that people meet on the summit of Seoraksan to shout the word “Tong-il” ( Korean: “reunification”) across the border . As in Germany in the 1980s, family reunions are possible to a limited extent, and a cross-border road and railway line have also been set up. The soldiers were no longer exposed to propaganda along the strictly fortified border. However, both sides are still nominally at war, since the end of the Korean War in 1953 only a ceasefire and a non-aggression pact have been concluded; Missile tests and the development of nuclear weapons by the North Korean side and the military maneuvers of South Korea , together with the USA, are putting a strain on the tense relationship.

In addition, the division of the two countries has been going on for a very long time and peaceful reunification is therefore becoming increasingly unlikely, especially since the situation is in many respects not comparable with that of divided Germany ; For example, the economic situation in the north is so precarious that reunification would probably no longer be financially sustainable for South Korea.

See also

literature

  • Gi-Wook Shin / Michael Robinson (ed.): Colonial modernity in Korea . Harvard University, Asia Center. Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, Mass. [u. a.] 1999, ISBN 0-674-14255-1 .
  • André Fabre: Histoire de la Corée . L'Asiathèque, Paris 2000.
  • Juliette Morillot: La Corée, chamanes, montagnes et gratte-ciel . Autrement, Paris 1998.
  • Korea Overseas Information Service: Handbook of Korea . Hollym, Seoul 2002, ISBN 1-56591-022-2 .
  • Martina Deuchler: Confucian Gentlemen and Barbarian Envoys . Seattle / London 1977.
  • Marion Eggert, Jörg Plassen: Small history of Korea . Munich 2005, ISBN 3-406-52841-4 .
  • Ingeborg Göthel: The fall of ancient Korea . Wiesbaden 1996, ISBN 3-447-03808-X .
  • Thomas Kern, Patrick Köller: South Korea and North Korea. Introduction to history, politics, economics and society . Frankfurt am Main 2005, ISBN 3-593-37739-X .
  • Jürgen Kleiner: Korea. Reflections on a distant country . Frankfurt a. M. 1980.
  • Jürgen Kleiner: Korea: A Century of Change . Singapore 2001.
  • FH King: 4000 years of agriculture in China, Korea and Japan . Munich 1984, ISBN 3-922201-05-9 .
  • Hanns W. Maull / Ivo M. Maull: In focus: Korea . CH Beck, Munich 2004, ISBN 3-406-50716-6 .
  • Won-Bok Rhie: Korea Unmasked . Gimmyoung Publishers, Seoul 2005, ISBN 89-349-1178-6 .
  • Joachim Schüring: A divided history . In: Adventure Archeology 4/2005, Spectrum of Science Verl.-Ges., Heidelberg, ISSN  1612-9954 , pp. 70-77.
  • Hanns W. Maull / Ivo M. Maull: Korea . CH Beck, Munich 1987.
  • Du-Yul Song / Rainer Werning: Korea. From the colony to the divided country . Promedia Verlag, Vienna 2012, ISBN 978-3-85371-340-2 .

Web links

Commons : Relations between North and South Korea  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files
Commons : Military History of Korea  - Collection of Pictures, Videos and Audio Files
 Wikinews: Portal: North Korea  - In The News

Individual evidence

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